Petroleum, Black Gold

Delivery date: 30 / 10 / 23

Group 301

Professor: Leilania Lizeth Gomez Ruiz

START

Team 3 Members:Kalyani Vellayikodath ID: 2162938 Camila Edith Araujo Salinas ID: 2162898 Sofia Cruz Gutierrez ID: 2162786 Valeria Esperanza Mejia Rubio ID: 2163017 Yamil Alejandro Rodríguez Garza ID: 2163261 Jessica Mariana Cedillo Silva ID: 2163410

Stage 3 hydrocarbons in organic chemistry

Petroleum, Black Gold

• References

• Reflexion

• Major Oil-Producing Countries

• Petroleum Refining Methods

• Classification of Petroleum

• Properties of Petroleum

• Composition

• Main stages in its origin

• Origin of Petroleum

• Introduction

INDEX

01

Petroleum, sometimes called "black gold" because of its appearance, is a liquid that can be green, yellow, brown or black in colour. It is made mainly of carbon and hydrogen in varying amounts. What is interesting is that this "black gold" originated millions of years ago from tiny organisms that lived in the Earth's oceans long before humans existed.The curious thing is that petroleum can be found in many different places in the Earth's layers, so it is sometimes difficult to determine exactly where it comes from. It's like a geological mystery that scientists have been trying to solve.

Introduction

INDEX

INDEX

Petroleum is a liquid primarily made up of hydrocarbons, created over millions of years from the decomposition of ancient aquatic microorganisms in Earth's ancient seas. This transformation occurred due to pressure, high temperatures, and the action of bacteria in an environment lacking oxygen. The process takes anywhere from 10 to 100 million years and can be found in various geological layers.

Origin of Petroleum

INDEX

• Accumulation of Organic Material: Millions of years ago, ancient seas on Earth were populated by aquatic microorganisms. As these microorganisms died, their remains accumulated on the seafloor

• Deposition of Inorganic Sediments: Over time, successive layers of inorganic sediments, such as sand and clay, were deposited on top of the organic remains. This buried the remains deeper in the subsurface

• Pressure and Temperature: The accumulation of sediment layers exerted increasing pressure on the buried organic remains. Additionally, the temperature increased as you went deeper into the Earth

main stages in its origin

INDEX

• Transformation Process: In these conditions of high pressure, temperature, and oxygen absence (an anaerobic environment), the organic remains underwent a slow transformation process. This process, known as diagenesis, resulted in the formation of crude oil.

• Duration of the Process: The formation of petroleum can take between 10 and 100 million years, depending on geological conditions and the composition of the organic remains.

main stages in its origin

INDEX

Petroleum is primarily composed of carbon (83-87%) and hydrogen (11-14%). It also contains impurities such as sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen, and other organic compounds with elements like sulfur, nickel, and vanadium. Its color varies from green to black, and its composition can vary between reservoirs.

Composition

INDEX

• Viscosity: Petroleum viscosity refers to its resistance to flow and can vary with temperature and composition.
• Volatility: Petroleum's volatility depends on the boiling points of its components.
• Surface Tension and Capillary Force: These properties are important in the migration of petroleum through underground rocks.
• Fluorescence: Petroleum can exhibit fluorescence under the influence of infrared rays.

• Density: Petroleum is less dense than water, and its density varies depending on its composition and asphalt content
• Odor: The odor of petroleum can vary depending on its composition, being aromatic in some cases and unpleasant in others due to the presence of compounds like hydrogen sulfide.
• Color: The color of petroleum can range from yellow to black, with its shade darkening with higher asphalt content.

Properties of Petroleum

Petroleums are classified based on the predominant hydrocarbon series, such as paraffins, naphthenics, aromatics, and asphaltenes. Each of these groups has specific properties and behaviors due to the structure and number of carbon atoms in their hydrocarbons.

• Paraffins: Contain linear hydrocarbon chains.
• Naphthenics: Characterized by the presence of carbon cycles in their molecules.
• Aromatics: Contain benzene rings in their structure.
• Asphaltenes: Have a more complex structure with a higher asphalt content.

Classification of Petroleum

INDEX

Petroleum Refining Methods

• Distillation: In fractional distillation, crude oil is heated and separated into fractions based on their boiling points. This results in products such as gasoline, kerosene, diesel, and residue.

• Cracking: In this stage, larger hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller ones, increasing the yield of useful products.

• Reforming: Here, molecules are rearranged to improve the quality of some products, such as gasoline.

• Combination: Smaller molecules can be combined to obtain larger and more valuable molecules, such as lubricants.

• Treatment: Impurities like sulfur, nitrogen, and metals are removed, and the chemical composition of products is adjusted.

INDEX

INDEX

The major oil-producing countries in 2022 were the United States, Saudi Arabia, Russia, Canada, Iraq, China, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Brazil, Kuwait, Mexico, and Norway. Oil production significantly increased in several of these countries, especially in the Middle East and North America, while it decreased in Europe

Major Oil-Producing Countries

Even though the petrochemical industry is of great importance in our daily lives, it has an alarming environmental impact. The extraction and processing of oil and natural gas results in oil spills, greenhouse gas emissions and widespread pollution. This not only affects ecosystems and biodiversity, but also endangers the health of nearby communities. The transition to clean energy and the adoption of more sustainable technologies are crucial to reduce these impacts.

INDEX

Reflexion

¡THANKS!

References

• “Características del petróleo.” Servicio Geológico Mexicano, 22 March 2017, https://www.sgm.gob.mx/Web/MuseoVirtual/Aplicaciones_geologicas/Caracteristicas-del-petroleo.html. Accessed 29 October 2023.

• “El Proceso de Refinación de Petróleo.” Oiltanking, https://www.oiltanking.com/es/publicaciones/glosario/el-proceso-de-refinacion-de-petroleo.html. Accessed 29 October 2023.

• “Estadísticas sobre producción de crudo | Crudo.” Enerdata, https://datos.enerdata.net/petroleo-crudo/datos-produccion-energia-mundial.html. Accessed 29 October 2023.

• “Introducción: ¿Qué es y de dónde proviene el petróleo?” Rincón educativo, https://rinconeducativo.org/es/recursos-educativos/introduccion-que-es-y-de-donde-proviene-el-petroleo/. Accessed 23 October 2023.