Petroleum Presentation

Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo León Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo De Educación Bilingue

Petroleum

Teacher: Ari Alejandro Martinez Lopez

Karen Andrea González Rodríguez 2162726 María Ximena Garcés Garza 2163165 Angeline Joleth Rincon Lopez 2163205 Sophia Flores Miranda 2162860 Maximo Dario Garcia Monrov 2163190 Cesar Alejandro Hernandez Romero 2162991

Date: 29/10/2023 Group: 314 Team: 5

Index

Introduction

Classification

Origin

Refining methods

Composition

Major oil producer countries

Properties

Petroleum: The Black Gold

Petroleum is also known as Black Gold - because when crude oil is extracted from the land it is black in color. People call it gold because of its oils and value. It is very difficult to find.

01

Origin

Petroleum: It's ancient origin

Petroleum, or crude oil, is primarily formed from the remains of marine microorganisms, algae, and zooplankton that settled at the bottom of ancient seas and oceans. Over millions of years, these organic materials were buried under layers of sediment, subjected to heat and pressure, and underwent a transformation process called diagenesis, which eventually led to the formation of crude oil reservoirs. These reservoirs are typically found in underground rock formations, such as sandstone and limestone, where the oil can be extracted. In summary, petroleum have its origins in ancient organic materials, with petroleum being the raw material from which petrochemicals are derived through refining and processing.

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02

Composition

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Hydrocarbons: Main Petroleum Components

Analyzing petroleum samples collected from around the world would show that their elemental compositions vary over only a narrow range: 1. Carbon - 83 to 87% 2. Hydrogen - 10 to 14% 3. Nitrogen - 0.1 to 2% 4. Oxygen - 0.05 to 1.5% 5. Sulfur - 0.05 to 6.0% 6. Metals - < 0.1% Common metals are iron, nickel, copper, and vanadium.

The hydrocarbons primarily are alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons. In petroleum industry alkanes are called paraffins; cycloalkanes, naphthenes; and the heteroatomic compounds are lumped together as NSOs.

Hydrocarbons: Main Petroleum Components

Each petroleum variety has a unique mix of molecules which defines its physical and chemical properties. The paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chains which ha the general formula: CnH2n+2.There are four main types of hydrocarbons found in crude oil. 1. paraffins (15-60%) 2. naphthenes (30-60%) 3. aromatics (3-30%) 4. asphaltics (remainder)

03

Properties

Properties

Petroleum, commonly known as crude oil, is a naturally occurring fossil fuel composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other organic materials. It is a complex mixture of various compounds and elements. Here are some of its key properties:

Density

The density of petroleum can vary widely, but it is generally less dense than water. This property is essential for the exploration and extraction of petroleum from underground reservoirs.

Color and Odor

Crude oil can range in color from clear and colorless to dark brown or even black. It often has a distinct, unpleasant odor due to the presence of sulfur compounds.

Viscosity

Viscosity refers to the thickness or resistance to flow of a liquid. Crude oil can vary from very fluid to extremely viscous. Viscosity is a crucial factor in transportation and refining processes.

Flammability

Petroleum is highly flammable. Its flammability range (the concentration of vapor in the air that will ignite) is relatively wide, making it a significant fire hazard.

Boiling Point Range

Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons with different molecular weights, leading to a wide range of boiling points. This property is exploited in the distillation process during oil refining, where various components are separated based on their boiling points.

Solubility

Crude oil is generally not very soluble in water but can dissolve in some organic solvents. This property is crucial when dealing with oil spills and environmental cleanup efforts.

Energy Content

Petroleum is a high-energy fuel source. When burned, it releases a significant amount of energy, which makes it a valuable resource for various applications, including transportation and electricity generation.

Reservoir Properties

In addition to its chemical properties, petroleum reservoirs have specific physical properties, such as permeability (the ability of fluids to flow through rocks), porosity (the volume of pore spaces in rocks), and pressure, which affect the extraction of oil from underground reservoirs.

04

Classifications

Crude Oil

Natural Gas

Classification

This is primarily composed of methane and is often found in association with crude oil. It can be classified as wet or dry gas depending on its impurity content.

This is the unrefined form of petroleum. It consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons, with various fractions that can be separated through refining processes.

Petroleum can be classified into different fractions based on their boiling points and properties. The primary classifications are:

Petrochemical Feedstocks

Refined Products

Certain fractions from refining, such as ethylene and propylene, are used as raw materials for the production of various chemicals and plastics.

After crude oil is processed in refineries, it's separated into different products

Refined Products

Naphtha

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Gasoline

Used in the petrochemical industry for making plastics and chemicals.

Used as an automotive fuel.

Propane and butane used for heating and fuel.

Diesel

Heavy Fuel Oil

Kerosene

Residues

Used as fuel for trucks, ships, and some cars.

Used for industrial heating and power generation.

Heaviest fractions used in asphalt and bunker fuel.

Used for jet fuel and heating.

05

Refining Methods

Refining Methods

Breaking large chains of molecules into smaller ones

Combining smaller molecules to make larger ones

Reshape

Separate

Treat

Method by distillation or absorption

Rearranging of molecular structure

Chemical removal of contaminants

Crack

Combine

These are the basic five refining processes

06

Major Oil Producer Countries

Top Countries

The top 10 oil producers and share of total world oil production in 2022

Countries

2. Saudi Arabia

1. United States

3. Russia

Countries

6. China

5. Iraq

4. Canada

Countries

7. United Arab Emirates

8. Iran

9. Brazil

10. Kuwait

Reflection

The use of petrochemicals has become increasingly important in our daily lives all over the world. The use of these materials is essential for the manufacture of plastics, combustibles, automobile parts, and other items that help and facilitate our daily lives. Life would be very difficult without petrochemicals, and very different than it is today. However, the use of petrochemicals comes at a cost. These materials are made from non-renewable resources and their use has serious environmental consequences. Petrochemicals are also linked to health problems, are a major contributor to air and water pollution, and their use can also contribute to climate change.

References

Composition, classification, and properties of petroleum. (2013). In Cambridge University Press eBooks (pp. 174–191). https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511844188.012 Helmenstine, A. M., PhD. (2019, December 6). Chemical composition of petroleum. ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/chemical-composition-of-petroleum-607575 Government of Canada, Statistics Canada. (2019, April 1). Display definitions - Classification of Refined Petroleum Products - 1 - Motor gasoline. https://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p3VD.pl?Function=getVD&TVD=1175271&CVD=1175272&CLV=0&MLV=3&D=1 El petroleo y la politica exterior de Mexico: del auge petrolero a la privatizacion. (n.d.). vLex. https://vlex.com.mx/vid/petroleo-politica-exterior-mexico-634569425

References

eam, I. (2023, July 5). The world’s top oil producers. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/investing/worlds-top-oil-producers/ Mabanaft Deutschland - Glossary: Refining Process. (s. f.). https://www.mabanaft.de/en/info/industry-glossary-energy-encyclopaedia/refining-process/

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