HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
START
INDEX
1. Early History
2. Old English
3. Middle English
4. Early Modern English
5. Modern English
6. References
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE & CULTURE
? -450AC
THE IRON AGE
450-1066
OLD ENGLISH
1066-1450
MIDDLE ENGLISH
1450-1750
EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
1750-2020
MODERN ENGLISH
EARLY HISTORY
The period began with the Iron Age in approximately 750 BC and ended in 409 AC with the end of the Roman Empire.
the iron age
- During that period in Britain they spoke Common Brittonic or Brythonic which would evolve into Welsh, Cornish, Cumbric and Breton language. The Welsh language is still present today but only in Wales.
- Another branch of the Insular Celtic is the Goidelic
the roman invasion
the end of the empire
THE IRON AGE
THE IRONAGE
The Iron Age begins in the year 400 BC with the tribe of the Celts.
Language
Culture and society
Language
There were two branches of the insular Celtic languages: on the one hand, there was the Common Brittonic or Brythonic language that evolved into Welsh, Breton, Cornish and Cumbric, and on the other hand, Goidelic language we find Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx.
Culture and society
Regarding their beliefs, they believed in powerful spirits, they met in sacred places such as a river, a lake or a forest and made offerings by sacrificing animals or people, these offerings were led by the druids.The people of Great Britain wore tight trousers with a long linen or wool tunic fastened at the waist with a belt and on their shoulders they had a cape with a brooch, the fabrics were brightly colored and woven with checks or stripes. Both men and women wore their hair long and it could be braided or not, the men wore mustaches or beards.
Around 800 BC, the British learned to use iron, allowing agriculture to be modernized and jobs such as carpenters, potters and metalworkers emerging. The Celts spread throughout Europe and Great Britain, they enjoyed banquets, music and poetry, and they were dedicated to trading metal throughout Europe. The inhabitants of that time lived in round houses within the forts and they fed mainly on cereal, that is, bread, barley and rye, which they complemented with daughters, berries, flowers, nuts, edible roots and they also consumed raised animals, that is, livestock (their meat and dairy products). , birds and wild animals.
Maiden Castle, Dorset, England, the largest and most complex Iron Age hill fort in Britain.
THE ROMAN INVASION
The Romans were in Britain from the first visit of Roman troops until 5 AD when Emperor Claudius conquered most of England. 55 BD until the 5th century
Language
Culture and society
In the south and east of the islands of Great Britain British Latin or British Vulgar Latin emerged with words like "fish" and "London" while in the north and west Common Brittonic prevailed.
In Britain they pronounced the Latin "v" like the "w".
Language
The Romans introduced writing to Britain, the official language they spoke was Latin while Brittonic became the language of daily life.
There are Latin words that are still seen in modern-day Wales such as 'pont' (in Latin 'pons', a bridge), 'bresych' ('brassica', a cabbage), and 'eglwys' ('ecclesia', to church).
Culture and society
The Roman conquest began with the first visits of the Romans to the British Isles in 55 BC and ended with the conquest of most of England in 43 AD.
The Romans created buildings such as hot springs, Roman theaters, but we must highlight Hadrian's Wall.
The country was distributed in villages, the inhabitants were classified into tribal notables who were the richest and then the farmers or sheriffs lived there and there were also huts which were where the peasants lived.
The country was mainly dedicated to agricultural production and lead and iron mines.
Around 380 AD, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Previously they had polytheistic beliefs.
Hadrian's Wall
THE END OF EMPIRE
Gildas (500-570 AD) was a Romano-British monk who wrote "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae"
In the year 409 the British declared Independence from the rules of Constantine III.
“The barbarians drive us to the sea; the sea throws us back on the barbarians: thus two modes of death await us, we are either slain or drowned.” (Gildas, 6 th C)
Transition
When the Romans abandoned Brittany in the year 410, it was invaded by various Germanic peoples in the 5th century such as the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes who entered through the southern and eastern coasts of Brittany.
OLD ENGLISH
This period begins in 449 AD with the invasion of the Anglo-Saxons, then the Vikings in 793 until the rule of the Normans in 1066.
anglo-saxons
- The Anglo-Saxons speak Old English and the Vikings speak Old Norse, both of which have influenced the current language.
Vikings
ANGLO-SAXONS
Gildas and Bede
The invasion
In this period three tribes arrived in Britain: the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes who entered through the southern and eastern coasts in the year 449.
Language
Culture and society
Gildas and Bede
Thanks to two clerics we know about the Anglo-Saxon invasion: Gildas in his book "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae" and Bede in his book "Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum"
The invasion:
The Celts moved to Wales, Scotland, Ireland and Brittany in France, where some Celtic languages are still spoken. The Germans spoke Englisc, for this reason, the island was named England.
Language
Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, is the oldest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.It is a syntactic language and has declensions and three genders (masculine, feminine and neutral).
The Anglo-Saxons and Jutes used runes, it was believed that they had magical powers and were used for divination, then, with the arrival of Latin, the runes were replaced, prevailing only in some literary texts, some authors such as Tolkien invented a type of rune.
Culture and society
-Anglo-Saxon literature contains genres such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, incantations, etc.
A total of 400 manuscripts are preserved, highlighting the poem "Boewulf", "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" and the poem "Hymn of Caedmon" from the 7th century, which is one of the oldest texts in English.
-The seven kingdoms were called "The Heptarchy". -The Anglo-Saxons were primarily rural, dependent on the land for survival. -The social system of that time was divided into: royal family, major nobility, minor nobility, freemen and serfs. -The cities were dedicated to marketing, London was the largest of all cities although it only had 10,000 inhabitants. -The Anglo-Saxon religion was polytheistic although in the 7th century, Christianity was introduced to England and became the main religion.
VIKINGS
Anglo-Saxon chronicle
The invasion
The Vikings from Scandinavia entered through Dorset and invaded the Anglo-Saxons in the year 793. They began by invading the monasteries and their kingdom ended in the year 1066.
Language
Culture and society
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
The Anglo-Saxon Kings wrote the chronicles and it was compiled by King Alfred the Great in the year 890. It is written in Old English and the texts can be found in the "Project Gutenberg"
The invasion:
Athelstan became the first king of England, he defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Brunaburh in 937, including Danelaw. and his In 954, the last Viking king of York was murdered and the English earls seized the kingdom from him.
The last Viking invasion of England occurred in 1066, when Harald Hardrada sailed up the River Humber and marched to Stamford Bridge.
In 793 the first Viking invasion was recorded in Lindisfarne, they began to occupy the north and east of England, they settled in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Orkney, the Isle of Man, they founded the cities of Dublin, Cork and Limerick and They seized Northumbria, East Anglia and parts of Mercia and in 866 made York the capital.
-Alfred Wessex or "The Great" became the only king of England, who defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Edington in 878, the Viking leader Guthrum converted to Christianity. In 886, Alfred took London and fortified it. The same year he signed a treaty with Guthrum. The treaty divided England between Vikings and English.
Language
They used runes although they ended up adopting the Latin alphabet. There were three dialects: Old West Nurse, Old East Nurse and Old Gunish. Currently, we observe irregular verbs from Old Nurse, specifically, the verb sing and the three existing declensions (masculine, feminine and neutral).
English incorporated Scandinavian words from the Old Norse language, specifically, it incorporated about 2000 words into the language, incorporating common words such as: egg, cake, words related to weapons or war clothing and the days Thursday and Friday.
Culture and society
-Viking women defended the honor of their clan, took care of their home and had more freedoms than other women from other communities. -Regarding literature we find poems written in Old Norse such as "Eddaic or Eddic" and "Skaldic", we also find the writer Egil Skallagimsson who wrote the poem "Sonatorrek" (910-990)
-The Vikings believed in several gods (Odin, Thor...) they believed that if they died in a war they would go to Valhalla and made offerings and sacrifices.
-The Vikings were dedicated to trading, plundering and farming.
-There were different social classes: Jarl (nobles or kings), Karl (peasants, farmers and merchants) and Thrall (slaves).
MIDDLE ENGLISH
The period began in 1066 and ends in 1450
THE NORMAN RULE
- The Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, arrived in Britain in 1066, fought at the Battle of Hastings, defeating King Harold, and took the throne of England.
BACK TO ENGLISH
THE NORMAN RULE
The Historical Accounts
The invasion
This period begins in 1066, when William of Normandy conquered England by force after the defeat of King Harold, killing all his opponents and earning himself a bad name in England. It ends in 1399.
Language
Culture and society
The Historical Accounts
-The Bayeux Tapestry: is an embroidered carpet or tapestry that dates back to the 11th century and represents the Norman conquest in 1066 that tells the story from the point of view of the Norman conquerors and has remained in Normandy for centuries.
According to Sylvette Lemagnen she wrote a book in 2005 "La Tapisserie de Bayeux".
-Before the entry of 1066, there are movements dedicated to King Edward the Confessor and his death who was canonized because he professed a great love for the British people.
-In the entry for 1066, in the Anglo-Saxon chronicles there are two parts that explain what the Battle of Hastings was like.
The Normans wrote the history of the conquest in their own terms, therefore it is necessary to highlight several important examples: Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia regum Brittanniae (1136), Wace and Layamon.
The invasion
William The Conqueror imposed the Norman language as the official language and ordered the construction of numerous castles throughout the country to remain in power, of which we still have "Windsor, Colchestes, The Tower of London". -He also built churches, monasteries and cathedrals.
Language
In this period three languages coexisted: Old English which was spoken by the common people, Latin which was spoken and written by the clergy and Latin and Norman which was spoken by the nobles.
Regarding the language, in the royal court and in the aristocracy and the elite, French was spoken, which became the official language while the rest spoke English. As both languages coexisted, English took about 10,000 words from French.
With the arrival of the Black Death (1348) English replaced Latin in instructions at school and French in laws.
Culture and society
-The Anglo-Saxon nobles were displaced to secondary positions, with which many went to other countries.
-The end of slavery was promoted but single women no longer had rights.
- It caused the arrival of feudalism. -In literature, epics and romance stand out; they are also based on magic and Christian beliefs. -Art was also influenced by magic and Christian values, this can be seen in "The bestiaries", for example, Rochester Bestiary and Aberdeen Bestiary
-Most of the population lived in rural areas, in the 12th century their houses began to have foundations.
-They were dedicated to the harvest, the animals were considered of great value and they even lived inside the houses.
-Abbeys were founded around which cities grew.
-In the 12th century, commercial guilds were formed.
-Religion was very important, they made changes in the Church such as leaving only one main bishopric (Canterbury), they replaced the Anglo-Saxon bishops, they changed the ecclesiastical law, the relationship between Monarchy and Pope was altered. The Pope decided to give his blessing to William of Normandy.
BACK TO ENGLISH
The 100 Years' War
The transition
This period begins in 1399 and ends in 1450.
Language
Culture and society
The 100 Years' War
The 100 Years' War began in 1337 when King Edward III invaded France to claim the Aquitaine area. It was a war that lasted 116 years and ended in 1453 with the victory of France, in which the English admitted that the French were stronger and lost most of their territories in France. Eventually, this meant that English once again became the official language and brought an end to the medieval era.
The transition
-During the transition they used English as a form of protest to demand their rights, in short, so that they would be heard and taken into account.
-The Black Death killed numerous clerics, most of whom spoke Latin.
-In 1367, Henry IV was proclaimed King and re-established English as the official language, although this was a gradual process.
Language
-In Late Middle English the declension was lost, the variations of the plural ending "s" or "es" and the distinction between weak verbs and strong verbs were replaced.
-English went from being synthetic to analytic
-In Early Middle English, Old English was used in writing.
-In Central Middle English the dialects were formed (The Southern, The Midland and Northern) with the London Dialect being the most cultivated and prevalent.
-Martin Luther promoted religious reform by questioning the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, the texts of the Bible were prohibited from being translated into English until the King James translation in 1611. -William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English (1526). -The society lived in villages. -Most of the population were peasants.
-The social hierarchy began at the top with the king, then the nobility (lords and clerics), then the knights and finally the peasants.
Culture and society
-One of the main events was the invention of the printing press in 1439 by Johannes Gutenberg, which allowed the language of the London dialects to be standardized.
- William Caxton opened the first printing press in England in 1476.
All this allowed us to define current English spelling. -The first book published was The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye (1437) but the most famous was: Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Thales (1387-1400).
EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
This period begins in 1450 and ends in 1750
queen elizabeth I
william shakespeare
- This period is known as the Renaissance.
language
culture
-One of the main events of this time is the defeat of the Spanish Navy when King Philip II tried to invade England to dethrone the queen but failed.
-The queen was a devout Protestant who promoted the values of the Renaissance with non-religious themes based on nature and classic authors. -When Queen Elizabeth I died, James VI of Scotland became King since she had no descendants.
QUEEN ELIZABETH I
-The accession of Queen Elizabeth I to the throne in 1558 is considered the Golden Age in England, promoting national pride due to the international power it had. All this is because it was a period of achievements in politics, culture and war.
He wrote comedy, sonnets, tragedies and historical works. Of which we are going to highlight: Romeo and Juliet (1595), Hamlet (1603), Othello (1622) among others.
His work is impressive because he related to people with a beautiful portrait of values and emotions.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is the most important representative of Early Modern English, his writings are very popular and he set the standards for how to write in English that prevail today. -He was a poet, playwright and actor.
-Some consonants were silenced and there were also changes in spelling variations, in grammar and in possessives. -During this period he was in the transition to an analytical language. -It gave rise to the Age of Reason.
-The Royal Society of London was created in 1660. Sir Isaac Newton was president from 1703-1727.
-Sir. Isaac Newton published "Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica" in Latin in 1687, becoming the first great work of enlightenment. He later began to do it in English and many words from other disciplines were incorporated into English.
LANGUAGE
-In 1604, Robert Cardrew published the first English language dictionary "Table Alphabeticall" - In this period the change of Great Vowel Shift is of great importance since previously they were pronounced as they were written. -Language changes were introduced as a result of the migrations that came from the north fleeing the Bubonic Plague. -Great importance was given to the order of the words, which caused the structure of Subject+verb+object to be established.
CULTURE
-Queen Elizabeth I supported Protestants, persecuted Catholics and created the Church of England. -Anglicanism was consolidated and the church was subordinated to the monarchy.
-Craft activities and manufacturing were promoted.
-The military and commercial fleet is strengthened.
-The queen established the episcopal system. -King James VI translated the Bible into English in 1611.
modern english
This period begins in 1750 and ends in 2020
SAMUEL JONHSON'S DICTIONARY
- The period begins as a time of prosperity thanks to industrial development.
- The English colonies are formed.
PERSONAL COMPUTER AND INTERNET
language
culture
SAMUEL JONHSON'S DICTIONARY
-In 1755, Samuel Johnson created the first English language dictionary, thus beginning the Modern English period. This dictionary included more than 43000 words and each entry had definitions and examples.
-A fact that influenced the need to incorporate words into the dictionary was the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840).
-The steam engine was incorporated to facilitate transportation.
-Children were forced to work, for this reason, Charles Dickens wrote about the lives of these children and their condition of poverty.
PERSONAL COMPUTER AND INTERNET
-Communication underwent a great change with the invention of the personal computer and the Internet. The main companies that developed the software and hardware are from the UK or the USA.
-The first personal computer was the Kenbak I (1971), then ARPANET (1983), representing a great change when it came to communicating and sharing information, in turn, it allowed us to learn computer language.
-In the online world, English is used as the main and primary language.
LANGUAGE
-English was developing so much that the English of the UK can be distinguished from the English of other English colonies.
-There are standards in the English language established by educational institutions such as Oxford and Cambridge, among others.
-The Oxford English Dictionary is constantly adding new words.
-We are in a phase in which language is mixed with images. -A distinction was made between RP or AmE.
CULTURE
-In culture, the WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) Mentality stands out, since the English consider that their culture, their customs, their religion and their language is the best, all of this has caused the Brexit situation.
-The majority of people who belong to this thought are classist and conservative, for example, Donald Trump.
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HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Nuria Puerto Santos
Created on October 25, 2023
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Transcript
HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
START
INDEX
1. Early History
2. Old English
3. Middle English
4. Early Modern English
5. Modern English
6. References
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE & CULTURE
? -450AC
THE IRON AGE
450-1066
OLD ENGLISH
1066-1450
MIDDLE ENGLISH
1450-1750
EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
1750-2020
MODERN ENGLISH
EARLY HISTORY
The period began with the Iron Age in approximately 750 BC and ended in 409 AC with the end of the Roman Empire.
the iron age
the roman invasion
the end of the empire
THE IRON AGE
THE IRONAGE
The Iron Age begins in the year 400 BC with the tribe of the Celts.
Language
Culture and society
Language
There were two branches of the insular Celtic languages: on the one hand, there was the Common Brittonic or Brythonic language that evolved into Welsh, Breton, Cornish and Cumbric, and on the other hand, Goidelic language we find Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Manx.
Culture and society
Regarding their beliefs, they believed in powerful spirits, they met in sacred places such as a river, a lake or a forest and made offerings by sacrificing animals or people, these offerings were led by the druids.The people of Great Britain wore tight trousers with a long linen or wool tunic fastened at the waist with a belt and on their shoulders they had a cape with a brooch, the fabrics were brightly colored and woven with checks or stripes. Both men and women wore their hair long and it could be braided or not, the men wore mustaches or beards.
Around 800 BC, the British learned to use iron, allowing agriculture to be modernized and jobs such as carpenters, potters and metalworkers emerging. The Celts spread throughout Europe and Great Britain, they enjoyed banquets, music and poetry, and they were dedicated to trading metal throughout Europe. The inhabitants of that time lived in round houses within the forts and they fed mainly on cereal, that is, bread, barley and rye, which they complemented with daughters, berries, flowers, nuts, edible roots and they also consumed raised animals, that is, livestock (their meat and dairy products). , birds and wild animals.
Maiden Castle, Dorset, England, the largest and most complex Iron Age hill fort in Britain.
THE ROMAN INVASION
The Romans were in Britain from the first visit of Roman troops until 5 AD when Emperor Claudius conquered most of England. 55 BD until the 5th century
Language
Culture and society
In the south and east of the islands of Great Britain British Latin or British Vulgar Latin emerged with words like "fish" and "London" while in the north and west Common Brittonic prevailed. In Britain they pronounced the Latin "v" like the "w".
Language
The Romans introduced writing to Britain, the official language they spoke was Latin while Brittonic became the language of daily life. There are Latin words that are still seen in modern-day Wales such as 'pont' (in Latin 'pons', a bridge), 'bresych' ('brassica', a cabbage), and 'eglwys' ('ecclesia', to church).
Culture and society
The Roman conquest began with the first visits of the Romans to the British Isles in 55 BC and ended with the conquest of most of England in 43 AD. The Romans created buildings such as hot springs, Roman theaters, but we must highlight Hadrian's Wall. The country was distributed in villages, the inhabitants were classified into tribal notables who were the richest and then the farmers or sheriffs lived there and there were also huts which were where the peasants lived. The country was mainly dedicated to agricultural production and lead and iron mines. Around 380 AD, Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Previously they had polytheistic beliefs.
Hadrian's Wall
THE END OF EMPIRE
Gildas (500-570 AD) was a Romano-British monk who wrote "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae"
In the year 409 the British declared Independence from the rules of Constantine III.
“The barbarians drive us to the sea; the sea throws us back on the barbarians: thus two modes of death await us, we are either slain or drowned.” (Gildas, 6 th C)
Transition
When the Romans abandoned Brittany in the year 410, it was invaded by various Germanic peoples in the 5th century such as the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes who entered through the southern and eastern coasts of Brittany.
OLD ENGLISH
This period begins in 449 AD with the invasion of the Anglo-Saxons, then the Vikings in 793 until the rule of the Normans in 1066.
anglo-saxons
Vikings
ANGLO-SAXONS
Gildas and Bede
The invasion
In this period three tribes arrived in Britain: the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes who entered through the southern and eastern coasts in the year 449.
Language
Culture and society
Gildas and Bede
Thanks to two clerics we know about the Anglo-Saxon invasion: Gildas in his book "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae" and Bede in his book "Historia Ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum"
The invasion:
The Celts moved to Wales, Scotland, Ireland and Brittany in France, where some Celtic languages are still spoken. The Germans spoke Englisc, for this reason, the island was named England.
Language
Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, is the oldest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.It is a syntactic language and has declensions and three genders (masculine, feminine and neutral).
The Anglo-Saxons and Jutes used runes, it was believed that they had magical powers and were used for divination, then, with the arrival of Latin, the runes were replaced, prevailing only in some literary texts, some authors such as Tolkien invented a type of rune.
Culture and society
-Anglo-Saxon literature contains genres such as epic poetry, hagiography, sermons, Bible translations, incantations, etc. A total of 400 manuscripts are preserved, highlighting the poem "Boewulf", "The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" and the poem "Hymn of Caedmon" from the 7th century, which is one of the oldest texts in English.
-The seven kingdoms were called "The Heptarchy". -The Anglo-Saxons were primarily rural, dependent on the land for survival. -The social system of that time was divided into: royal family, major nobility, minor nobility, freemen and serfs. -The cities were dedicated to marketing, London was the largest of all cities although it only had 10,000 inhabitants. -The Anglo-Saxon religion was polytheistic although in the 7th century, Christianity was introduced to England and became the main religion.
VIKINGS
Anglo-Saxon chronicle
The invasion
The Vikings from Scandinavia entered through Dorset and invaded the Anglo-Saxons in the year 793. They began by invading the monasteries and their kingdom ended in the year 1066.
Language
Culture and society
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
The Anglo-Saxon Kings wrote the chronicles and it was compiled by King Alfred the Great in the year 890. It is written in Old English and the texts can be found in the "Project Gutenberg"
The invasion:
Athelstan became the first king of England, he defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Brunaburh in 937, including Danelaw. and his In 954, the last Viking king of York was murdered and the English earls seized the kingdom from him. The last Viking invasion of England occurred in 1066, when Harald Hardrada sailed up the River Humber and marched to Stamford Bridge.
In 793 the first Viking invasion was recorded in Lindisfarne, they began to occupy the north and east of England, they settled in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Orkney, the Isle of Man, they founded the cities of Dublin, Cork and Limerick and They seized Northumbria, East Anglia and parts of Mercia and in 866 made York the capital. -Alfred Wessex or "The Great" became the only king of England, who defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Edington in 878, the Viking leader Guthrum converted to Christianity. In 886, Alfred took London and fortified it. The same year he signed a treaty with Guthrum. The treaty divided England between Vikings and English.
Language
They used runes although they ended up adopting the Latin alphabet. There were three dialects: Old West Nurse, Old East Nurse and Old Gunish. Currently, we observe irregular verbs from Old Nurse, specifically, the verb sing and the three existing declensions (masculine, feminine and neutral).
English incorporated Scandinavian words from the Old Norse language, specifically, it incorporated about 2000 words into the language, incorporating common words such as: egg, cake, words related to weapons or war clothing and the days Thursday and Friday.
Culture and society
-Viking women defended the honor of their clan, took care of their home and had more freedoms than other women from other communities. -Regarding literature we find poems written in Old Norse such as "Eddaic or Eddic" and "Skaldic", we also find the writer Egil Skallagimsson who wrote the poem "Sonatorrek" (910-990)
-The Vikings believed in several gods (Odin, Thor...) they believed that if they died in a war they would go to Valhalla and made offerings and sacrifices. -The Vikings were dedicated to trading, plundering and farming. -There were different social classes: Jarl (nobles or kings), Karl (peasants, farmers and merchants) and Thrall (slaves).
MIDDLE ENGLISH
The period began in 1066 and ends in 1450
THE NORMAN RULE
BACK TO ENGLISH
THE NORMAN RULE
The Historical Accounts
The invasion
This period begins in 1066, when William of Normandy conquered England by force after the defeat of King Harold, killing all his opponents and earning himself a bad name in England. It ends in 1399.
Language
Culture and society
The Historical Accounts
-The Bayeux Tapestry: is an embroidered carpet or tapestry that dates back to the 11th century and represents the Norman conquest in 1066 that tells the story from the point of view of the Norman conquerors and has remained in Normandy for centuries. According to Sylvette Lemagnen she wrote a book in 2005 "La Tapisserie de Bayeux".
-Before the entry of 1066, there are movements dedicated to King Edward the Confessor and his death who was canonized because he professed a great love for the British people. -In the entry for 1066, in the Anglo-Saxon chronicles there are two parts that explain what the Battle of Hastings was like.
The Normans wrote the history of the conquest in their own terms, therefore it is necessary to highlight several important examples: Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia regum Brittanniae (1136), Wace and Layamon.
The invasion
William The Conqueror imposed the Norman language as the official language and ordered the construction of numerous castles throughout the country to remain in power, of which we still have "Windsor, Colchestes, The Tower of London". -He also built churches, monasteries and cathedrals.
Language
In this period three languages coexisted: Old English which was spoken by the common people, Latin which was spoken and written by the clergy and Latin and Norman which was spoken by the nobles. Regarding the language, in the royal court and in the aristocracy and the elite, French was spoken, which became the official language while the rest spoke English. As both languages coexisted, English took about 10,000 words from French. With the arrival of the Black Death (1348) English replaced Latin in instructions at school and French in laws.
Culture and society
-The Anglo-Saxon nobles were displaced to secondary positions, with which many went to other countries. -The end of slavery was promoted but single women no longer had rights. - It caused the arrival of feudalism. -In literature, epics and romance stand out; they are also based on magic and Christian beliefs. -Art was also influenced by magic and Christian values, this can be seen in "The bestiaries", for example, Rochester Bestiary and Aberdeen Bestiary
-Most of the population lived in rural areas, in the 12th century their houses began to have foundations. -They were dedicated to the harvest, the animals were considered of great value and they even lived inside the houses. -Abbeys were founded around which cities grew. -In the 12th century, commercial guilds were formed. -Religion was very important, they made changes in the Church such as leaving only one main bishopric (Canterbury), they replaced the Anglo-Saxon bishops, they changed the ecclesiastical law, the relationship between Monarchy and Pope was altered. The Pope decided to give his blessing to William of Normandy.
BACK TO ENGLISH
The 100 Years' War
The transition
This period begins in 1399 and ends in 1450.
Language
Culture and society
The 100 Years' War
The 100 Years' War began in 1337 when King Edward III invaded France to claim the Aquitaine area. It was a war that lasted 116 years and ended in 1453 with the victory of France, in which the English admitted that the French were stronger and lost most of their territories in France. Eventually, this meant that English once again became the official language and brought an end to the medieval era.
The transition
-During the transition they used English as a form of protest to demand their rights, in short, so that they would be heard and taken into account. -The Black Death killed numerous clerics, most of whom spoke Latin. -In 1367, Henry IV was proclaimed King and re-established English as the official language, although this was a gradual process.
Language
-In Late Middle English the declension was lost, the variations of the plural ending "s" or "es" and the distinction between weak verbs and strong verbs were replaced. -English went from being synthetic to analytic
-In Early Middle English, Old English was used in writing. -In Central Middle English the dialects were formed (The Southern, The Midland and Northern) with the London Dialect being the most cultivated and prevalent.
-Martin Luther promoted religious reform by questioning the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, the texts of the Bible were prohibited from being translated into English until the King James translation in 1611. -William Tyndale translated the New Testament into English (1526). -The society lived in villages. -Most of the population were peasants. -The social hierarchy began at the top with the king, then the nobility (lords and clerics), then the knights and finally the peasants.
Culture and society
-One of the main events was the invention of the printing press in 1439 by Johannes Gutenberg, which allowed the language of the London dialects to be standardized. - William Caxton opened the first printing press in England in 1476. All this allowed us to define current English spelling. -The first book published was The Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye (1437) but the most famous was: Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Thales (1387-1400).
EARLY MODERN ENGLISH
This period begins in 1450 and ends in 1750
queen elizabeth I
william shakespeare
language
culture
-One of the main events of this time is the defeat of the Spanish Navy when King Philip II tried to invade England to dethrone the queen but failed. -The queen was a devout Protestant who promoted the values of the Renaissance with non-religious themes based on nature and classic authors. -When Queen Elizabeth I died, James VI of Scotland became King since she had no descendants.
QUEEN ELIZABETH I
-The accession of Queen Elizabeth I to the throne in 1558 is considered the Golden Age in England, promoting national pride due to the international power it had. All this is because it was a period of achievements in politics, culture and war.
He wrote comedy, sonnets, tragedies and historical works. Of which we are going to highlight: Romeo and Juliet (1595), Hamlet (1603), Othello (1622) among others. His work is impressive because he related to people with a beautiful portrait of values and emotions.
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
William Shakespeare (1564-1616) is the most important representative of Early Modern English, his writings are very popular and he set the standards for how to write in English that prevail today. -He was a poet, playwright and actor.
-Some consonants were silenced and there were also changes in spelling variations, in grammar and in possessives. -During this period he was in the transition to an analytical language. -It gave rise to the Age of Reason. -The Royal Society of London was created in 1660. Sir Isaac Newton was president from 1703-1727. -Sir. Isaac Newton published "Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica" in Latin in 1687, becoming the first great work of enlightenment. He later began to do it in English and many words from other disciplines were incorporated into English.
LANGUAGE
-In 1604, Robert Cardrew published the first English language dictionary "Table Alphabeticall" - In this period the change of Great Vowel Shift is of great importance since previously they were pronounced as they were written. -Language changes were introduced as a result of the migrations that came from the north fleeing the Bubonic Plague. -Great importance was given to the order of the words, which caused the structure of Subject+verb+object to be established.
CULTURE
-Queen Elizabeth I supported Protestants, persecuted Catholics and created the Church of England. -Anglicanism was consolidated and the church was subordinated to the monarchy. -Craft activities and manufacturing were promoted. -The military and commercial fleet is strengthened. -The queen established the episcopal system. -King James VI translated the Bible into English in 1611.
modern english
This period begins in 1750 and ends in 2020
SAMUEL JONHSON'S DICTIONARY
PERSONAL COMPUTER AND INTERNET
language
culture
SAMUEL JONHSON'S DICTIONARY
-In 1755, Samuel Johnson created the first English language dictionary, thus beginning the Modern English period. This dictionary included more than 43000 words and each entry had definitions and examples. -A fact that influenced the need to incorporate words into the dictionary was the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840). -The steam engine was incorporated to facilitate transportation. -Children were forced to work, for this reason, Charles Dickens wrote about the lives of these children and their condition of poverty.
PERSONAL COMPUTER AND INTERNET
-Communication underwent a great change with the invention of the personal computer and the Internet. The main companies that developed the software and hardware are from the UK or the USA. -The first personal computer was the Kenbak I (1971), then ARPANET (1983), representing a great change when it came to communicating and sharing information, in turn, it allowed us to learn computer language. -In the online world, English is used as the main and primary language.
LANGUAGE
-English was developing so much that the English of the UK can be distinguished from the English of other English colonies. -There are standards in the English language established by educational institutions such as Oxford and Cambridge, among others. -The Oxford English Dictionary is constantly adding new words. -We are in a phase in which language is mixed with images. -A distinction was made between RP or AmE.
CULTURE
-In culture, the WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) Mentality stands out, since the English consider that their culture, their customs, their religion and their language is the best, all of this has caused the Brexit situation. -The majority of people who belong to this thought are classist and conservative, for example, Donald Trump.
Bibliography:
Bibliography:
Bibliography:
tHANK YOUBY: NURIA PUERTO
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Con las plantillas de Genially podrás incluir recursos visuales para dejar a tu audiencia con la boca abierta. También destacar alguna frase o dato concreto que se quede grabado a fuego en la memoria de tu público e incluso embeber contenido externo que sorprenda: vídeos, fotos, audios... ¡Lo que tú quieras! ¿Necesitas más motivos para crear contenidos dinámicos? Bien: el 90% de la información que asimilamos nos llega a través de la vista y, además, retenemos un 42% más de información cuando el contenido se mueve.
Puedes utilizar esta función...
Para destacar datos super-relevantes. El 90% de la información que asimilamos llega a través de la vista.
Truquito:
La interactividad es la pieza clave para captar el interés y la atención de tus estudiantes. Un genially es interactivo porque tu grupo explora y se relaciona con él.