The Middle Ages

The Middle Ages 476 A.D. - 1492 A.D.

Ancient History

Middle Ages

Modern Age

Contemporary Age

Prehistory

1492 (Discovery America Conquer of Granada)

3000 B.C (Writing)

476 A.D. (Fall Roman Empire)

1789 (French Revolution)

5 million years ago (First humans)

NOW

THE MIDDLE AGES

Al-Andalus Christian kingdoms

Visigothic kingdom

1492 (Discovery of America)

476 A.D. (Fall of western Roman Empire)

711 A.D.

The barbarians decided to attack the Roman Empire. The Visigoths were one of those tribes. At first, the Visigoths helped the Romans fight other barbarians. However, after the fall of the Roman Empire, the Visigoths established a new kingdom with its capital in Toledo.

De Ulpiano Checa - First upload: Poniol60Second upload: [1], Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7884833

Visigothic kingdom

The Kingdom of Toledo was established in 507 A.D.

Hispania

Visigothic Kingdom

Visigothic kingdom

Visigothic kingdom

Language, Everyday life, Population and Culture

The Visigoths learned to speak Latin and they adopted Roman laws. Most people lived in small villages and towns became smaller St Isidoro of Sevilla was a bishop and an important Visigoth thinker. He was the first Christian to write an encyclopedia.

De Bartolomé Esteban Murillo - [2], Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=131331

Visigothic kingdom

Religion

Most of the population was Catholic. It didn´t make sense for the Visigoths to remain Arian (this caused many problems). For this reason, in 589 A.D., king Recaredo converted the Visigothic kingdom to Catholicism.

They built small stone churches with horseshoe arches.

De Antonio Muñoz Degrain - [2], Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3273827

Visigothic kingdom

Government

The head of the government was the king. The Visigoth king made the laws. The Council of Toledo helped the king to govern. The nobles and bishops were members of this council: Council of Toledo

Egilo, the last Visigothic queen

Rodrigo, the last Visigothic king

Visigothic kingdom

Buildings

Visigothic kingdom

Art: Working with precious metals (gold, silver, precious stones) Treasure of Guarrazar

Visigothic kingdom

The Battle of Guadalete (711 A.D.)

The Witiza followers and Rodrigo followers were in a civil war. The witizians decided to ask Musa ibn Nusayr for help, but when he sent his troops to help them, he took the opportunity to conquer the Iberian Peninsula. The Muslims defeated the Visigoths at the "Battle of Guadalete" in 711 A.D., and they called the conquered part "al-Andalus". Rodrigo's widow, Egilo, married the son of the Arab commander, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa. In 5 years, they reached the Pyrinees, almost without other fights.

Visigothic kingdom

The Battle of Guadalete (711 A.D.) and al-Andalus

Story of the Battle with avatar

Oxford Education

De Bernardo Blanco y Pérez - [1], Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46309519

Visigothic kingdom

Visigothic kingdom

Al-Andalus (Muslims)

What happened after the Battle of Guadalete?

In the Middle Ages, there was a great Muslim civilisation with its own laws, customs and art. It was called the caliphate and it was ruled by the caliph. After the Muslims defeated the Visigoths in 711 A.D., al-Andalus became part of the caliphate.

Al-Andalus (Muslims)

Al-Andalus (Muslims)

Religion

Islam is a religion that began on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century A.D. The followers of Islam are Muslims. They believe in one god, Allah, and their sacred book is the Koran.

Al-Andalus (Muslims)

Government in al-Andalus

From 711 A.D. to 929 A.D., al-Andalus was an emirate which was ruled by an emir, who represented the caliph. The second emir in al-Andalus was Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa (Nusayr's son). He married Egilona (Rodrigo's widow).

Al-Andalus (Muslims)

Government in al-Andalus

In 929 A.D., an emir called Abderramán III declared that al-Andalus was an independent caliphate. He established the Córdoba Caliphate.

Under his reign, Córdoba became the most important intellectual centre of Western Europe. He made a palace known as the Medina Azahara, expanded the city's library and renovated the Mosque in Córdoba (the name now is Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba).

Al-Andalus (Muslims)

Government in al-Andalus

In the 11th century, there was a period of political crisis in the Córdoba Caliphate. As a result, it was divided into several small kingdoms called taifa kingdoms. Each taifa kingdom was ruled by an emir.

Al-Andalus (Muslims)

Government timeline

Córdoba Caliphate

Kingdom of Granada

Taifa Kingdoms

Emirate

Last taifa kingdom

Abderramán III declared the Córdoba Caliphate 929 A.D.

Battle of Guadalete (711 A.D.)

1238

1031

Al-Andalus (Muslims)

Al-Andalus (Muslims)

Al-Andalus (Muslims)

Al-Andalus (Muslims)

What was life in al-Andalus like?

What was life in al-Andalus like?

People

Muslims, Christians and Jews lived in peaceful coexistence together. However, Christians and Jews could practise their religion with some disadvantages: — They could have a job, but they couldn't have authority over a Muslim. — They had to pay special taxes. — They had to wear a special badge. — They had to obey Muslim laws. - They couldn't carry weapons. Hence, Christians and Jews had fewer rights than Muslims.

What was life in al-Andalus like?

What did they do for a living?

Most people were farmers and agriculture was the most important economic activity. However, there were also artisans who made products such as textiles, leather goods and pottery. Merchants bought and sold these products in the souk.

What was life in al-Andalus like?

THE ALCAZABA o ALCÁZAR

Most important buildings

THE MOSQUE

Since many people were Muslims, the mosque was an important building in the city. They prayed 5 times a day.

It was a fortress. The governor (emir/caliph) lived there.

What was life in al-Andalus like?

What was life in al-Andalus like?

Muslim architecture (buildings)

Minaret

Horseshoe arches

Ornamentation

Mosque with dome

alcázar

What was life in al-Andalus like?

Muslim architecture (buildings)

What was life in al-Andalus like?

Thanks to Muslims

Farming

Gastronomy

Astronomy

Games

Physics

Maths

Chemistry

Words

Medicine

The Christian kingdoms

When the Muslims created al-Andalus, many Christians moved to the mountains in the north.

The Christian kingdoms

The Battle of Covadonga

In 722 A.D. there was a battle between the Chistians and the Muslims. A Visigoth noble called Don Pelayo was the Christian leader. Muslims were defeated. After this battle, Don Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias, which became the Kingdom of León after years.

De Luis de Madrazo y Kuntz - https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obras-de-arte

The Christian kingdoms

Society

Society was divided into three groups: the clergy, nobles and peasants.

The Christian kingdoms

Clergy

In the monasteries, priests and monks copied and translated important books.

The Christian kingdoms

Nobles

The king ruled the country, but the countryside was divided into small areas. Each area was ruled by a noble called the lord.

María de Molina presenta a su hijo Fernando IV en las Cortes de Valladolid de 1295. Óleo sobre lienzo de Antonio Gisbert Pérez.

The Christian kingdoms

Peasants

Peasants live in the countryside. They grew crops and raised animals. There were also artisants, such as blacksmiths and millers.

The Christian kingdoms

Buildings

Christians built many religious buildings that we can still see today, such as churches and monasteries. There were two main styles of architecture: Romanesque and Gothic.

Catedral de León

San Martín de Frómista (Palencia)

The Christian kingdoms

The Christian kingdoms

The Reconquista

Christian kingdoms expanded to the south because they wanted to recover the lands ruled by the Visigoths. Since al-Andalus was divided into small taifa kingdoms in the 11th century, the conquer was easier.

The Reconquista

The Reconquista

Battles and important figures

In 1085 Alfonso VI of Castilla conquered Toledo,

The Reconquista

Battles and important figures

In 1212 the Christians won the Battle of Navas de Tolosa, in Jaén.

De Francisco de Paula Van Halen - Museo del Prado, Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75231086

The Reconquista

Battles and important figures

Fernando III el SantoIn 1229 conquered the Balearic IslandsIn 1236 conquered Cordoba In 1248 conquered Sevilla

The Reconquista

Battles and important figures

In 1266 Jaime I of Aragón conquered the taifa of Murcia, on behalf of his ally Alfonso X "El Sabio". After the conquest, Murcia was placed under the control of Castile. Its Muslim population moved to the suburbs and Alfonso sent Christians to live there.

The Reconquista

Battles and important figures

Granada was the last Muslim kingdom. In 1492 the Christians conquered it. It was in the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabel and Fernando.

Boabdil el chico, the last emir of Granada giving the keys of the city to Fernando the Catholic.

De Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz - See below., Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17424140

The Reconquista

Timeline

SOURCES OF INFORMATION

- Eslava Galán, J. 2020, Historia de España para contada para escépticos. Editorial Planeta. — Oxford Education: Time and change (classbook). — https://www.islamicspain.tv/curriculum/additional-resources/ — https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2001/312/1002527417.html

Gothic

Gótico

It appeared later (mid 13th) Thinner walls, Taller buildings Larger windows Pointed arches

Art in the middle ages

Alhambra de Granada

Place that means the red fortress (el palacio rojo) in arab.The caliph or emir lived there.

War between people of the same country. They fight brothers against brothers, usually depending only in what territory or land they are born.

Romanesque

(Románico)

Its the first style that appeared Thick walls Round arches Small windows

Art in the middle age