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The Middle Ages
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The Middle Ages 476 A.D. - 1492 A.D.
NOW
1789 (French Revolution)
1492 (Discovery America Conquer of Granada)
476 A.D. (Fall Roman Empire)
3000 B.C (Writing)
5 million years ago (First humans)
Contemporary Age
Modern Age
Middle Ages
Ancient History
Prehistory
711 A.D.
1492 (Discovery of America)
476 A.D. (Fall of western Roman Empire)
Al-Andalus Christian kingdoms
Visigothic kingdom
THE MIDDLE AGES
The barbarians decided to attack the Roman Empire. The Visigoths were one of those tribes. At first, the Visigoths helped the Romans fight other barbarians. However, after the fall of the Roman Empire, the Visigoths established a new kingdom with its capital in Toledo.
De Ulpiano Checa - First upload: Poniol60Second upload: [1], Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=7884833
Visigothic Kingdom
Hispania
Visigothic kingdom
The Kingdom of Toledo was established in 507 A.D.
Visigothic kingdom
De Bartolomé Esteban Murillo - [2], Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=131331
The Visigoths learned to speak Latin and they adopted Roman laws. Most people lived in small villages and towns became smaller St Isidoro of Sevilla was a bishop and an important Visigoth thinker. He was the first Christian to write an encyclopedia.
Visigothic kingdom
Language, Everyday life, Population and Culture
They built small stone churches with horseshoe arches.
De Antonio Muñoz Degrain - [2], Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3273827
Most of the population was Catholic. It didn´t make sense for the Visigoths to remain Arian (this caused many problems). For this reason, in 589 A.D., king Recaredo converted the Visigothic kingdom to Catholicism.
Visigothic kingdom
Religion
Rodrigo, the last Visigothic king
Egilo, the last Visigothic queen
The head of the government was the king. The Visigoth king made the laws. The Council of Toledo helped the king to govern. The nobles and bishops were members of this council: Council of Toledo
Visigothic kingdom
Government
Visigothic kingdom
Buildings
Visigothic kingdom
Art: Working with precious metals (gold, silver, precious stones) Treasure of Guarrazar
The Witiza followers and Rodrigo followers were in a civil war. The witizians decided to ask Musa ibn Nusayr for help, but when he sent his troops to help them, he took the opportunity to conquer the Iberian Peninsula. The Muslims defeated the Visigoths at the "Battle of Guadalete" in 711 A.D., and they called the conquered part "al-Andalus". Rodrigo's widow, Egilo, married the son of the Arab commander, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa. In 5 years, they reached the Pyrinees, almost without other fights.
Visigothic kingdom
The Battle of Guadalete (711 A.D.)
Story of the Battle with avatar
Oxford Education
De Bernardo Blanco y Pérez - [1], Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=46309519
Visigothic kingdom
The Battle of Guadalete (711 A.D.) and al-Andalus
Visigothic kingdom
Visigothic kingdom
In the Middle Ages, there was a great Muslim civilisation with its own laws, customs and art. It was called the caliphate and it was ruled by the caliph. After the Muslims defeated the Visigoths in 711 A.D., al-Andalus became part of the caliphate.
Al-Andalus (Muslims)
What happened after the Battle of Guadalete?
Al-Andalus (Muslims)
Islam is a religion that began on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century A.D. The followers of Islam are Muslims. They believe in one god, Allah, and their sacred book is the Koran.
Al-Andalus (Muslims)
Religion
From 711 A.D. to 929 A.D., al-Andalus was an emirate which was ruled by an emir, who represented the caliph. The second emir in al-Andalus was Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa (Nusayr's son). He married Egilona (Rodrigo's widow).
Al-Andalus (Muslims)
Government in al-Andalus
Under his reign, Córdoba became the most important intellectual centre of Western Europe. He made a palace known as the Medina Azahara, expanded the city's library and renovated the Mosque in Córdoba (the name now is Mosque-Cathedral of Córdoba).
In 929 A.D., an emir called Abderramán III declared that al-Andalus was an independent caliphate. He established the Córdoba Caliphate.
Al-Andalus (Muslims)
Government in al-Andalus
In the 11th century, there was a period of political crisis in the Córdoba Caliphate. As a result, it was divided into several small kingdoms called taifa kingdoms. Each taifa kingdom was ruled by an emir.
Al-Andalus (Muslims)
Government in al-Andalus
Last taifa kingdom
Kingdom of Granada
Taifa Kingdoms
Córdoba Caliphate
Government timeline
Al-Andalus (Muslims)
1238
1031
Abderramán III declared the Córdoba Caliphate 929 A.D.
Battle of Guadalete (711 A.D.)
Emirate
Al-Andalus (Muslims)
Al-Andalus (Muslims)
Al-Andalus (Muslims)
Al-Andalus (Muslims)
What was life in al-Andalus like?
Muslims, Christians and Jews lived in peaceful coexistence together. However, Christians and Jews could practise their religion with some disadvantages: — They could have a job, but they couldn't have authority over a Muslim. — They had to pay special taxes. — They had to wear a special badge. — They had to obey Muslim laws. - They couldn't carry weapons. Hence, Christians and Jews had fewer rights than Muslims.
What was life in al-Andalus like?
People
Most people were farmers and agriculture was the most important economic activity. However, there were also artisans who made products such as textiles, leather goods and pottery. Merchants bought and sold these products in the souk.
What was life in al-Andalus like?
What did they do for a living?
It was a fortress. The governor (emir/caliph) lived there.
THE ALCAZABA o ALCÁZAR
THE MOSQUE
Since many people were Muslims, the mosque was an important building in the city. They prayed 5 times a day.
What was life in al-Andalus like?
Most important buildings
What was life in al-Andalus like?
alcázar
Mosque with dome
Minaret
Ornamentation
Horseshoe arches
What was life in al-Andalus like?
Muslim architecture (buildings)
What was life in al-Andalus like?
Muslim architecture (buildings)
Chemistry
Physics
Astronomy
Words
Games
Farming
Medicine
Maths
Gastronomy
What was life in al-Andalus like?
Thanks to Muslims
When the Muslims created al-Andalus, many Christians moved to the mountains in the north.
The Christian kingdoms
De Luis de Madrazo y Kuntz - https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obras-de-arte
In 722 A.D. there was a battle between the Chistians and the Muslims. A Visigoth noble called Don Pelayo was the Christian leader. Muslims were defeated. After this battle, Don Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias, which became the Kingdom of León after years.
The Christian kingdoms
The Battle of Covadonga
Society was divided into three groups: the clergy, nobles and peasants.
The Christian kingdoms
Society
In the monasteries, priests and monks copied and translated important books.
The Christian kingdoms
Clergy
María de Molina presenta a su hijo Fernando IV en las Cortes de Valladolid de 1295. Óleo sobre lienzo de Antonio Gisbert Pérez.
The king ruled the country, but the countryside was divided into small areas. Each area was ruled by a noble called the lord.
The Christian kingdoms
Nobles
Peasants live in the countryside. They grew crops and raised animals. There were also artisants, such as blacksmiths and millers.
The Christian kingdoms
Peasants
San Martín de Frómista (Palencia)
Catedral de León
Christians built many religious buildings that we can still see today, such as churches and monasteries. There were two main styles of architecture: Romanesque and Gothic.
The Christian kingdoms
Buildings
The Christian kingdoms
The Christian kingdoms
Christian kingdoms expanded to the south because they wanted to recover the lands ruled by the Visigoths. Since al-Andalus was divided into small taifa kingdoms in the 11th century, the conquer was easier.
The Reconquista
The Reconquista
In 1085 Alfonso VI of Castilla conquered Toledo,
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
In 1212 the Christians won the Battle of Navas de Tolosa, in Jaén.
De Francisco de Paula Van Halen - Museo del Prado, Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75231086
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
Fernando III el SantoIn 1229 conquered the Balearic IslandsIn 1236 conquered Cordoba In 1248 conquered Sevilla
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
In 1266 Jaime I of Aragón conquered the taifa of Murcia, on behalf of his ally Alfonso X "El Sabio". After the conquest, Murcia was placed under the control of Castile. Its Muslim population moved to the suburbs and Alfonso sent Christians to live there.
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
Boabdil el chico, the last emir of Granada giving the keys of the city to Fernando the Catholic.
De Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz - See below., Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17424140
Granada was the last Muslim kingdom. In 1492 the Christians conquered it. It was in the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabel and Fernando.
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
Timeline
The Reconquista
- Eslava Galán, J. 2020, Historia de España para contada para escépticos. Editorial Planeta. — Oxford Education: Time and change (classbook). — https://www.islamicspain.tv/curriculum/additional-resources/ — https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2001/312/1002527417.html
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
It appeared later (mid 13th) Thinner walls, Taller buildings Larger windows Pointed arches
Art in the middle ages
Gothic
Gótico
Alhambra de Granada
Place that means the red fortress (el palacio rojo) in arab.The caliph or emir lived there.
War between people of the same country. They fight brothers against brothers, usually depending only in what territory or land they are born.
Its the first style that appeared Thick walls Round arches Small windows
Art in the middle age