LANGUAGE HISTORY AND CHANGE
1- What language is?
2- how does language began?
3- Family trees!
4- Indo-european
5- Cognates
The majority principle.
6- Comparative reconstruction and sounds
The most natural development principle
In order to do this we have two principles
History of English
There are many languages that have changed their structure and ways to be written through the years . When a language is influenced by another of course they will eventually modify their sounds, the ways it is written, etc.
Prosthesis
Metathesis
Epenthesis
Bibliography: - Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, April 28). Old English language. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Old-English-language. - Mallory, J. and D. Adams (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the
Proto-Indo-European World Oxford University Press. - Paul V. Cubberley, "Russian: A Linguistic Introduction" (2002) ISBN 0521796415, p.35, books.google.com.
The majority principle
So, in this case the majority of initial similar sounds of words will keep the sound through the time, in contrast the minority will be transformed over the years.
Examples:
Cavallo (italian)
Caballo (spanish)
Cheval (French)
So, in this case the first two words begin with a “K” sound and the last one with an S sound. That is why the “K” sound is more likely to be the original sound. As we are going to see later in the most natural development , the /K/ sound is stop and /s/ sound is fricative, so it means that /K/ sound is the original sound acording to the rule.
What language is?
According to Collins English dictionary, a language is a system of communication which consists of a set of sounds and written symbols which are used by the people of a particular country or region for talking or writing (Collins English Dictionary, 2009).In human comunication, sounds, facial expresions and signals are used to comunicate with other people.
The most natural development principle:
It is based on the fact that certain types of sound change are very common, whereas changes in the other direction are extremely unlikely.
Stops become fricatives. ripa⇒ riva
Vowels at the ends of words disappear: vino ⇒ vin
Consonants at the ends of words go from voiced to voiceless. rizu ⇒ ris
Consonants between two vowels go from voiceless to voiced. muta ⇒ muda
Information and Examples taken from: Comparative Reconstruction, Majority and Natural Development Principle Sound and Word Reconstruction - YouTube
What is metathesis?
Acording to the Ohio state university, metathesis is a linguistic pattern in which two sounds occur in one order in one form of a particular word, but in the opposite order in another form of the same word (Ohio state university, 2019).
How does the language began?
The origin of the language is a very debated topic, since the language are words that disappeared in the air, it becomes harder to find physical evidence to show what was its origin. The real thing is that we, as humans, are sociable beings so we are usually influenced from other languages and through the cultural transmission characteristics of the language many words can be borrowed from other languages, so eventually the language will be transformed over the years.
Family tree!
It shows the history of each language, i mean, their ancestors and how these new languages are closely related. Is very common to use some terms such as mother, brother, daughter in order to show their relationship. For example, we can say that Spanish and Italian are brothers because both of them come from the italic language.
What is a cognate?
We can say that cognates are words that have the same origin or root from a language. if they have the same linguistic pattern, meaning,or pronunciation, they are called: perfect cognates. example: the word “atencion” in spanish and “attention” in english they both come from the root latin.
The false cognates are similar in spelling and pronunciation but different in meaning. example: in spanish the word “embarazo” and the english word “embarrassed” have totally different meanings.
Comparative reconstruction
The aim of this procedure is to reconstruct what must have been an earlier or even the possible “proto” form in the common ancestral language. Cognates are the most common in in order to compare
Indo- european
Indo-European is the language family with the largest population and distribution in the world, they have several similarities in grammar and vocabulary. These languages were mainly spoken in Europe and asia. There we have: Celtic, German, Italic, etc.
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Transcript
LANGUAGE HISTORY AND CHANGE
1- What language is?
2- how does language began?
3- Family trees!
4- Indo-european
5- Cognates
The majority principle.
6- Comparative reconstruction and sounds
The most natural development principle
In order to do this we have two principles
History of English
There are many languages that have changed their structure and ways to be written through the years . When a language is influenced by another of course they will eventually modify their sounds, the ways it is written, etc.
Prosthesis
Metathesis
Epenthesis
Bibliography: - Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, April 28). Old English language. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Old-English-language. - Mallory, J. and D. Adams (2006) The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World Oxford University Press. - Paul V. Cubberley, "Russian: A Linguistic Introduction" (2002) ISBN 0521796415, p.35, books.google.com.
The majority principle
So, in this case the majority of initial similar sounds of words will keep the sound through the time, in contrast the minority will be transformed over the years. Examples: Cavallo (italian) Caballo (spanish) Cheval (French) So, in this case the first two words begin with a “K” sound and the last one with an S sound. That is why the “K” sound is more likely to be the original sound. As we are going to see later in the most natural development , the /K/ sound is stop and /s/ sound is fricative, so it means that /K/ sound is the original sound acording to the rule.
What language is?
According to Collins English dictionary, a language is a system of communication which consists of a set of sounds and written symbols which are used by the people of a particular country or region for talking or writing (Collins English Dictionary, 2009).In human comunication, sounds, facial expresions and signals are used to comunicate with other people.
The most natural development principle:
It is based on the fact that certain types of sound change are very common, whereas changes in the other direction are extremely unlikely. Stops become fricatives. ripa⇒ riva Vowels at the ends of words disappear: vino ⇒ vin Consonants at the ends of words go from voiced to voiceless. rizu ⇒ ris Consonants between two vowels go from voiceless to voiced. muta ⇒ muda Information and Examples taken from: Comparative Reconstruction, Majority and Natural Development Principle Sound and Word Reconstruction - YouTube
What is metathesis?
Acording to the Ohio state university, metathesis is a linguistic pattern in which two sounds occur in one order in one form of a particular word, but in the opposite order in another form of the same word (Ohio state university, 2019).
How does the language began?
The origin of the language is a very debated topic, since the language are words that disappeared in the air, it becomes harder to find physical evidence to show what was its origin. The real thing is that we, as humans, are sociable beings so we are usually influenced from other languages and through the cultural transmission characteristics of the language many words can be borrowed from other languages, so eventually the language will be transformed over the years.
Family tree!
It shows the history of each language, i mean, their ancestors and how these new languages are closely related. Is very common to use some terms such as mother, brother, daughter in order to show their relationship. For example, we can say that Spanish and Italian are brothers because both of them come from the italic language.
What is a cognate?
We can say that cognates are words that have the same origin or root from a language. if they have the same linguistic pattern, meaning,or pronunciation, they are called: perfect cognates. example: the word “atencion” in spanish and “attention” in english they both come from the root latin. The false cognates are similar in spelling and pronunciation but different in meaning. example: in spanish the word “embarazo” and the english word “embarrassed” have totally different meanings.
Comparative reconstruction
The aim of this procedure is to reconstruct what must have been an earlier or even the possible “proto” form in the common ancestral language. Cognates are the most common in in order to compare
Indo- european
Indo-European is the language family with the largest population and distribution in the world, they have several similarities in grammar and vocabulary. These languages were mainly spoken in Europe and asia. There we have: Celtic, German, Italic, etc.