COLONIZATION

COLONIZATION IN NORTH AMERICA IN THE 16th CENTURY

Cecilia Calzolari, Martina Tuzzi, Yuliana Guzman

COLONIZATION TIMELINE

1492

1522-1572

20.000 YEARS AGO

1550-1800

1507-1513

THE LITTLE ICED AGEthe consequences were the intensification of the seasons

THE REALIZATIONthe first to realize that it was America, was Amerigo Vespucci, followed by Vasco Nunez, who discovered the new ocean, called 'Pacific'

THE 1st EXPLORATION Christopher Columbus wanted to reach the Indies, but thanks to a calculation error, he descovered a new land

THE FIRST SETTLEMENTSthey were natives Americans from Mongolia, with over 250 tribes (mohicans or incas)

THE CONQUISTADORES they discovered the minerals and the wealth of the territory, and began to subdue the populations

THE TRIBES ORGANIZATION

CHIEF TRIBE

• decided the tasks for each member of the tribe, who had to respect

WOMEN

• they had an important relevance in the tribe
• setting up the tepee
• cooking and taking care of the children

OLDER PEOPLE

• transmitted values, music, the education and the devotion of the religion and the totems to the youngest

HERDS

• when they moved to another land, even the tribes became nomad and grew up adding new uses, costumes and knowledge

THE ARRIVAL OF THE COLONISTS

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

• wanted to reach Indies, but he did a mistake with his calculations
• in fact, he arrived in 1492 on the Bahamas Islands, which became possession of the Spanish land

AMERIGO VESPUCCI

• in 1507 he realized that the error was in having calculated the indies at 50° south latitude; and Europe bigger than how it actually is

VASCO NU'ÑEZ DE BALBOA

• in 1513 he definitvely comfirmed that the new World was separated by the Pacific Ocean, because it crossed the land in the Magellian Strait

THE CONQUISTADORES

WHO?

• from 1522 the Spanish colonists started to conquer America for its raw materials and precious metal settlements
• submitted the natives of Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, except for the North, because they looked at them as an inferior population
• THE SPANISH established a new empire in North America, exploring the present-day Arizona, Colorado, California, Nevada, Mexico and Texas

• 1568-1648 80 YEARS WAR
• FRANCE took the territory of the present-day Canada
• HOLLAND conquested present-day New York, with Connecticut and New Jersey
• ENGLAND became a colonial power with the Virginia Colony

1497 Saint's Johns

1553 Roanoke

STAGES OF COLONIALISM

Conquest

Colonization

Evangelization

Discovery

Mid 16th century

1564

1566-1587

1570-1571

1559-1561

1565

Spanish in South Carolina

Laudonniere led a new French Huguenot colonization and reached Florida in June

August 28

settlement in Pensacola fails

Settlement of ten Spanish Jesuits fails, murdered by the natives

On that expedition they founded five forts

Spanish founded San Agustin de la florida, the oldest European settlement occupied today in the US

Tristan and Arellano disembarks with more than 1400 people in 11 ships from Veracruz

Mid 16th Century

1585

Walter Raleigh

1598

1598-1603

made planes to establish the Colony and Dominion of Virginia.

Juan de Oñate

1583

attempted to colonize the New World

is autorized to colonize the territory and spread the catholic faith among native Americans

England formally claims Newfoundland

EXPORTATIONS AND IMPORTATIONS

The Europeans imported unknown animal species to America, such as the horse, the mule, the ox, while from America corn, potatoes, tomatoes, tobacco and cocoa arrived in Europe. Tobacco became a valuable export

CONSEQUENCES

• Disappearance of numerous native languages ​​and the near extinction of others
• Destruction of cultural works of indigenous peoples (texts, works of art, religions, temples, cities, artisanal works, monuments)
• Disappearance of the political and organizational systems of indigenous people
• Slavery and forced work
• New ways of communication and transportation, especially maritime, between Europe and America.
• Diffusion of disease

SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES

• The shock of the Conquest devastated the entire indigenous demographic system.
• There was the imposition of colonial logic.
• the conquistadores established the encomienda, a system that served to entrust entire villages to the new Spanish masters.
• The way of life of those lands was erased, along with the support networks of clan and family.
• Slavery, forced labor and destruction of communities spread.

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NEW OBJECTS

As European settlements grew throughout the 1600s, European goods flooded native communities. Many native inhabitants abandoned their animal-skin clothing in favor of European textiles. Similarly, clay cookware gave way to metal cooking implements.

Conflict increased as colonization spread and Europeans placed greater demands upon the native populations, including expecting them to convert to Christianity.

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES...

...AND NEW CULTIVATIONS

European ideas about owning land as private property clashed with natives’ understanding of land use. Colonizers established fields, fences, and other means of demarcating private property.

European expansion in the Americas led to an unprecedented movement of plants across the Atlantic.Enslaved Africans adapted to their new surroundings by learning the use of New World plants through experimentation or from the native inhabitants.

DIFFUSION OF DISEASE

When European colonizers landed on unexplored American soil they brought with them diseases for which the native populations had no antibodies. Then took into account a technologically superior military force and the use of horses, never seen before in those lands. The diseases brought by the Europeans, much faster than the armies, spread across America from tribe to tribe, eventually wiping out 95% of the indigenous population.

SITOGRAPHY

https://pressbooks-dev.oer.hawaii.edu/ushistory/chapter/the-impact-of-colonization/ https://www.britannica.com/event/American-Revolution https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/european-colonization-north-america/ https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/exploration-and-colonization-north-america https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/exploration-of-north-america https://www.history.com/news/jamestown-colony-settlement-facts

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