THE MOLECULES OF LIFE
- The basics organic chemistry - Life molecules - Polymerization
The Basics of Organic Chemistry
- organic chemistry - carbon - chains - hydrocarbons (aliphatic, aromatic)
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Isomers and functional groups
Life Molecules
- hydrogen - oxygen - carbon - nitrogen
Living organisms are fundamentally made up of 4 elements: - hydrogen - oxygen - carbon - nitrogen But there are also other elements considered intermediate and traces of other elements. Living organisms also contain biomolecules such as GLUCIDES and PROTEINS that are big and have a high molecular mass. They are natural polymers (they are formed by chains of many smaller molecules called MONOMERS (which are identical or similar one another).
GLUCIDES are ternary compounds made of CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN. They are also calledf CARBOHYDRATES because their molecular formulas can be expressed as carbon hydrates. According to their CONSTITUTION they can be classified into: - MONOSACCHARIDES - DISACCHARIDES - POLYSACCHARIDS. Monosaccharides have the simplest structure; disaccharides are formed by 2 monosaccharides molecules linked by a chemical bond called GLYCOSIDIC; polysaccharides are made up of many monosaccharides molecules linked by glycosidic bonds. The FUNCTION of GLUCIDES are different: - they represent the most important and immediate source of energy - they supply the base products for the synthesis of other biological molecules
PROTEINS are polymers from monomers constituted by all the 20 amino acids present in nature. There are a great variety of proteins because amino acids combine with each other. Their biological functions are very different: - they have a structural function because they help to build the body framework - they have a catalytic function - they transport other molecules (for example oxygen in the blood) - they control the PH value of the blood
In the living organisms there are also LIPIDS. They are composed of CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN. They are classified into: - complex lipids (for example tryglicerids) - simple lipids (for example steroids) Tryglicerids represent concentrated energy resources and a fundamental component of biological membranes. They constitute the external layer of leaves and fruits. They are more energetic than carbohydrates but their energy is released slowly Steroids perform ormonal functions.
POLYMERIZATION is a chemical process in which two or more monomers join together creating a macromolecule called polymer. This chemical process can be: - a condensation reaction - an addition reaction
Condensation Polymerization is a form of a step-growth polymerization where smaller molecules or monomers react with each other to form larger structural units (usually polymers) while releasing by-products such as water or methanol molecule. The by-products are normally referred to as condensate.
Addition Polymerization is a type of polymerization reaction that involves the bonding of monomer molecules without the loss of any other atoms. In this process, a chemically active molecule called an INITIATOR is needed to start what is known as a chain reaction. Examples of addition polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.
In a chemical reaction two elements are very important: - catalyst - initiator.
A CATALYST is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
An INITIATOR is a substance which starts a chain reaction.
The molecules of life
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Transcript
THE MOLECULES OF LIFE
- The basics organic chemistry - Life molecules - Polymerization
The Basics of Organic Chemistry
- organic chemistry - carbon - chains - hydrocarbons (aliphatic, aromatic)
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
Isomers and functional groups
Life Molecules
- hydrogen - oxygen - carbon - nitrogen
Living organisms are fundamentally made up of 4 elements: - hydrogen - oxygen - carbon - nitrogen But there are also other elements considered intermediate and traces of other elements. Living organisms also contain biomolecules such as GLUCIDES and PROTEINS that are big and have a high molecular mass. They are natural polymers (they are formed by chains of many smaller molecules called MONOMERS (which are identical or similar one another).
GLUCIDES are ternary compounds made of CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN. They are also calledf CARBOHYDRATES because their molecular formulas can be expressed as carbon hydrates. According to their CONSTITUTION they can be classified into: - MONOSACCHARIDES - DISACCHARIDES - POLYSACCHARIDS. Monosaccharides have the simplest structure; disaccharides are formed by 2 monosaccharides molecules linked by a chemical bond called GLYCOSIDIC; polysaccharides are made up of many monosaccharides molecules linked by glycosidic bonds. The FUNCTION of GLUCIDES are different: - they represent the most important and immediate source of energy - they supply the base products for the synthesis of other biological molecules
PROTEINS are polymers from monomers constituted by all the 20 amino acids present in nature. There are a great variety of proteins because amino acids combine with each other. Their biological functions are very different: - they have a structural function because they help to build the body framework - they have a catalytic function - they transport other molecules (for example oxygen in the blood) - they control the PH value of the blood
In the living organisms there are also LIPIDS. They are composed of CARBON, HYDROGEN and OXYGEN. They are classified into: - complex lipids (for example tryglicerids) - simple lipids (for example steroids) Tryglicerids represent concentrated energy resources and a fundamental component of biological membranes. They constitute the external layer of leaves and fruits. They are more energetic than carbohydrates but their energy is released slowly Steroids perform ormonal functions.
POLYMERIZATION is a chemical process in which two or more monomers join together creating a macromolecule called polymer. This chemical process can be: - a condensation reaction - an addition reaction
Condensation Polymerization is a form of a step-growth polymerization where smaller molecules or monomers react with each other to form larger structural units (usually polymers) while releasing by-products such as water or methanol molecule. The by-products are normally referred to as condensate.
Addition Polymerization is a type of polymerization reaction that involves the bonding of monomer molecules without the loss of any other atoms. In this process, a chemically active molecule called an INITIATOR is needed to start what is known as a chain reaction. Examples of addition polymers include polyethylene, polypropylene, etc.
In a chemical reaction two elements are very important: - catalyst - initiator.
A CATALYST is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.
An INITIATOR is a substance which starts a chain reaction.