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Transcript

dr nazanin shahrokni, fall 2024

Middle East Politics

Religion & Statecraft

Abdelkader (born Sept. 6, 1808, Guetna, near Mascara, Alg.—died May 26, 1883, Damascus, Syria) was the amīr of Mascara (from 1832), the military and religious leader who founded the Algerian state and led the Algerians in their 19th-century struggle against French domination (1840–46).https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdelkader

"it is a tribute to Emir Abdelkader, a 19th-century Algerian leader who fought against French colonization and is celebrated as a national hero."

Thank you Maryam Iftekharuddin

Cheb Khaled avec Faudel et Rachid Taha (1, 2, 3 soleil)

Abdel Kader

The global economy or global market logic refers to the interconnected system of economic activities, trade, and financial transactions that spans across national borders. It encompasses the flow of goods, services, capital, and labor between countries, driven by market forces, global supply chains, and international financial institutions.

Studying religion from a socio-political perspective involves examining how religious beliefs, practices, and institutions influence and are influenced by social and political structures. .

in the context ofInterstate System & the Global Economy

The interstate system refers to the network of relationships and interactions among sovereign states in the international arena. It encompasses the rules, norms, and structures that govern state behavior, including diplomatic relations, international organizations, and power dynamics.

Statecraft refers to the art and practice of managing and governing a state or nation. It encompasses the strategies, tactics, and techniques used by political leaders and institutions to achieve national objectives, maintain power, manage internal and external affairs, and navigate complex political landscapes.

Religion & Statecraft

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Modalities of State-Religion Relationships3 C's

States may cooperate with religious institutions to gain support, especially in times of crisis or during nation-building. Religious communities might cooperate with the state in exchange for power & protection

Cooperation

CONFLICT

Religious movements or institutions can act in opposition to state power, challenging its legitimacy or policies

The state co-opts or controls religious institutions to maintain power or legitimacy

CONTROL

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Economic & Market LEgitimizer

Religion is often employed to consolidate state power, either by legitimizing its rule, institutions, and domestic initiatives, by providing a means to project influence and forge alliances internationally, or by supporting the state’s economic plans and endeavors.

Religion as a tool of statecraft

LENDING Domestic Political Legitimacy

FACILITATING Geopolitical Reach & Influence

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States often divide and manipulate religious institutions to suppress dissent, promoting certain clerics while sidelining others to serve political goals.

In secular contexts, religious practices such as halal certification are often regulated by the state, creating tension over who holds religious authority.

Tension Between Secular Regulation & Religious Authority

Religious institutions are not monolithic and often experience internal conflicts over autonomy and political influence.

Internal Tensions Within Religious Establishments

State Induced Tenstions Within Religious Institutions

Tensions arise...

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Talal Asad argues that secularism is not simply the separation of religion and state but a specific way of structuring power, where the state regulates religious practices and defines their acceptable limits.Asad also notes that secular states may incorporate religious principles (like personal status laws), while Islamic states may adopt "secular" aspects like modern legal frameworks.The boundary between secular and Islamic states is not rigid. Both types of states use religion and secularism as tools of governance, and the way these labels function depends on local, historical, and political contexts.

The Secular-Religious Spectrum

Secularism & Religious States as Tools of Governance

Fluid Boundaries Between Secular & Religious States

Secularism as a Disciplinary Mechanism

Secularism as RegulationNot Absence of Religion

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Religious institutions, once seen as outside or resistant to modernity, are now deeply enmeshed in bureaucratic procedures, often (re)shaped by the state or market forces.

Globalization and state intervention have affected religious institutions, leading to their bureaucratization. The bureaucratization of religious practices and institutions shows the intertwining of religion with market and state dynamics. Many dynamics and developments, rather than signaling a return to tradition, are shaped by modern anxieties and addressed through bureaucracies. While movements such as religious revivalism, cultural nationalism, patriarchal family policies, or the reassertion of traditional governance may appear as returns to the past, they are often responses to contemporary challenges and framed within modern contexts.

Bureacratization of Religion

Global level (interstate system + global market)
Local Level (elite competition + factionalism)
Control
Collaboration
Conflict

STATEINSTITUTIONS

RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS

lecture @ a glance

Discuss & Share

Consider the law's implications for citizens and their reactions.

Citizens

Consider the state’s overall project and ideology, while accounting for factionalism and elite competition

State Officials

Consider the resources they could mobilize to support or oppose the state, accounting for the diversity of religious communities.

Religious Leaders

As of recent reforms under Mohammed bin Salman, expatriate women are no longer required to wear an abaya or veil. Saudi women, however, are expected to adhere to veiling in public.

Saudi Arabia

In 1980, after a popular revolution, to Islamize the society, the state imposes Islamic dress code on its citizens

Iran

In 1980, after a military coup, to enforce secularism, the state implemented a ban on veiled women entering public institutions.

Turkey

Class Activity

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Ցտեսություն

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https://earthkosher.com/what-is-kosher-certification/https://www.timesofisrael.com/first-phase-of-major-reform-in-israels-kosher-certification-system-enters-effect/

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