Medieval history in Spain: Al-Ándalus
3. Life in Al-Ándalus
1. Visigoths
2. Al-Ándalus
Timeline
RESOURCES
RESOURCES
EXTRA WORK
VIDEOS COMPILATION
GAMES AND LIVEWORKSHEETS
VIDEOS COMPILATION
VIDEOS COMPILATION
GAMES AND LIVEWORKSHEETS
EXTRA WORK
Do you want to boost your mark in Social science and you don't know how? Here is a way. If you deliver me through "aula virtual" this task, your mark will improve (how much? we'll see) You can send me your works until the 23th of October. You can do it by yourself or small groups (2-3 people)
You can find more information in page 13 of the book.
Visigothic kingdom
476. Western Roman Empire fell
557 - 585. Visigoths conquered the Peninsula. Capital in Toledo
589. Visigoths became Catholics
711. Battle of Guadalete
714. Capture of Zaragoza
722. Battle of Covadonga
756. Abderramán I establishes the Emirate of Córdoba
AL-ÁNDALUS
929. Abderramán III establishes the Caliphate of Córdoba
1. THE VISIGOTHS
END AND BEGINNING
When the Roman Empire was too big and divided into two, some Germanic tribes, called barbarians by Romans, moved into Roman territory. The Germanic tribes that entered Hispania were the Suevi, Alans and Vandals. Another Germanic tribe, the Visigoths, also came to the Iberian Peninsula and expelled the other barbarians (except the Suevi).
They finally invaded Rome and that was the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
A NEW KINGDOM APPEARS
The Visigoths finally established a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. Toletum (Toledo) became the capital city in 507 AD. They spoke Latin.
In 589 AD, the Visigoths converted into Catholicism under the reign of Recaredo I.
BYE BYE VISIGOTHS
In 711 AD, Muslim armies from the north of Africa and the king Rodrigo fought them in the Battle of Guadalete. Visigoths were completely defeated and the capital was conquered. The Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo was over, but a few stayed strong in the north. The period of Al-Andalus has just begun.
VISIGOTHS
VISIGOTHIC ART
IMPORTANT PEOPLE OF THE TIME
Recaredo
Leovigildo
VISIGOTHIC ART
Visigoths made a lot of jewellery using gold and precious stones. They built small churches made of stone, with small windows and horseshoe arches.
Isidoro
Rodrigo
2. AL-ÁNDALUS
A PART OF A CALIPHATE
Muslims defeated the Visigoths in 711 AD, so their territory, now called al-Ándalus, became part of the Caliphate of Damascus (or Omeya). Meanwhile the Moors conquered many cities (such as Zaragoza) a small group of visigoths continued fighting in the north. In 722 AD, muslims finally were defeated in the Battle of Covadonga.
This battle, won by Don Pelayo, is considered the start of the "Reconquista".
FIRST PROBLEMS
It was a very unstable period. Some Moors in Al-Andalus were against the new emir and rebelled. On the other side, the Christians saw Moors' weakness and took the chance by conquering many territories.
After a coup, Abderramán, the last survivor of the Omeyas, run away and ended in Al-Ándalus. There, some loyal noblemen named him emir and in Al-Andalus he created an independent emirate in Córdoba. An emir was a ruler with the civic and military power. The religious power was owned by the caliph.
GOLDEN AGE
Under his reign, Córdoba became the most important intellectual centre of Western Europe. He made a palace known as the Medina Azahara, expanded the city's library and renovated the Mosque in Córdoba with Almanzor.
In 929 A.D., an emir called Abderramán III declared that Al-Andalus was an independent caliphate: the Córdoba Caliphate.
MUSLIM CONQUEST
3. LIFE IN AL-ÁNDALUS
IMPORTANT PEOPLE OF THE TIME
A CITY IN AL-ÁNDALUS
Abderramán I
Don Pelayo
RELIGION AND SOCIETY
ART AND ARQUITECTURE
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LEGACY
Abderramán III
Averroes
A CITY IN AL-ÁNDALUS
RELIGION AND SOCIETY
Muslims, Christians and Jews lived in peaceful coexistence together. However, Christians and Jews could practise their religion with some disadvantages: They had to pay special taxes, they had to wear a special badge, they had to obey Muslim laws....
During Al-Ándalus period, the main religion was the Islam. Islam is a religion that began on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century A.D. The followers of Islam are called Muslims. They believe in one god, Allah, and their sacred book is the Koran.
AL-ANDALUS SOCIETY
Because of these disadvantages, Christians could have the chance of changing their religion. When a Christian converted to Islam, it was called Muladi. If he lived in Muslim territory maintaining his faith, it was called Mozarab.
Muslim arquitecture had some characteristics: Mathemathic perfection was seeked. Low height. More horizontal than vertical. Decoration using patterns and plants motifs. Lobed and horseshoe arches.
ART AND ARQUITECTURE
We can mainly find examples of muslim art in the arquitecture of alcázares and mosques. This is because in Islam, it wasn't allowed to represent religious characters in paints or sculptures However we can find some examples of sculptures in "The Patio of the Leones" in Granada.
MEZQUITA OF CÓRDOBA
MEZQUITA VR
MEZQUITA
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LEGACY
LANGUAGE
FOOD AND FARMING
MUSIC AND DANCE
MATHEMATHICS
What was life in al-Andalus like?
What was life in al-Andalus like?
People
Muslims, Christians and Jews lived in peaceful coexistence together. However, Christians and Jews could practise their religion with some disadvantages: — They could have a job, but they couldn't have authority over a Muslim. — They had to pay special taxes. — They had to wear a special badge. — They had to obey Muslim laws. - They couldn't carry weapons. Hence, Christians and Jews had fewer rights than Muslims.
What was life in al-Andalus like?
What did they do for a living?
Most people were farmers and agriculture was the most important economic activity. However, there were also artisans who made products such as textiles, leather goods and pottery. Merchants bought and sold these products in the souk.
What was life in al-Andalus like?
Most important buildings
THE MOSQUE
THE ALCAZABA
It was a fortress. The governor lived there.
Since many people were Muslims, the mosque was an important building in the city.
What was life in al-Andalus like?
What was life in al-Andalus like?
Muslim architecture (buildings)
What was life in al-Andalus like?
Thanks to Muslims
Farming
Gastronomy
Astronomy
Games
Physics
Maths
Chemistry
Words
Medicine
The Christian kingdoms
When the Muslims created al-Andalus, many Christians moved to the mountains in the north.
The Christian kingdoms
The Battle of Covadonga
In 722 A.D. there was a battle between the Chistians and the Muslims. A Visigoth noble called Don Pelayo was the Christian leader. Muslims were defeated. After this battle, Don Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias, which became the Kingdom of León after years.
De Luis de Madrazo y Kuntz - https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obras-de-arte
The Christian kingdoms
Society
Society was divided into three groups: the clergy, nobles and peasants.
The Christian kingdoms
Clergy
In the monasteries, priests and monks copied and translated important books.
The Christian kingdoms
Nobles
The king ruled the country, but the countryside was divided into small areas. Each area was ruled by a noble called the lord.
María de Molina presenta a su hijo Fernando IV en las Cortes de Valladolid de 1295. Óleo sobre lienzo de Antonio Gisbert Pérez.
The Christian kingdoms
Peasants
Peasants live in the countryside. They grew crops and raised animals. There were also artisants, such as blacksmiths and millers.
The Christian kingdoms
Buildings
Christians built many religious buildings that we can still see today, such as churches and monasteries. There were two main styles of architecture: Romanesque and Gothic.
San Martín de Frómista (Palencia)
Catedral de León
The Reconquista
Christian kingdoms expanded to the south because they wanted to recover the lands ruled by the Visigoths. Since al-Andalus was divided into small taifa kingdoms in the 11th century, the conquer was easier.
The Reconquista
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
In 1212 the Christians won the Battle of Navas de Tolosa, in Jaén.
De Francisco de Paula Van Halen - Museo del Prado, Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75231086
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
Jaime I was king of Aragón. He conquered the Balearic Islands from the Muslims in 1229 and parts of Valencia in 1244.
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
In 1266 Jaime I of Aragón conquered the taifa of Murcia, on behalf of his ally Alfonso X "the Wise". After the conquest, Murcia was placed under the control of Castile. Its Muslim population moved to the suburbs and Alfonso sent Christians to live there.
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
Granada was the last Muslim kingdom. In 1492 the Christians conquered it. It was in the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabel and Fernando.
De Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz - See below., Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17424140
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
- Eslava Galán, J. 2020, Historia de España para contada para escépticos. Editorial Planeta. — Oxford Education: Time and change (classbook). — https://www.islamicspain.tv/curriculum/additional-resources/ — https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2001/312/1002527417.html
Saint Isidoro of Sevilla
560 AD - 636 AD
- Counselor of many kings.
- Bishop of Sevilla for several decades.
- Wrote many books about religion, history, science, music...
Recaredo
559 AD - 601 AD
- King after his father Leovigildo.
- He converted himself and his kingdom to Catholicism.
Abderramán III
891 AD - 961 AD
- First caliph of the Caliphate of Córdoba.
- Ruled during a great period of prosperity, war victories, scientific and cultural development...
- During his reign he built lots of libraries, universities, schools... and the city of Medina Azahara.
Rodrigo
688 AD - 711 AD
- Last Visigothic King.
- Came to the throne violently after a civil war.
- Defeated by the muslims (and other traitors) in the Battle of Guadalete.
Leovigildo
519 AD - 586 AD
- Established the capital in Toledo.
- Defeated the Suevi in Galicia and the Vandals in Andalucía.
- Founded Vitoria.
Don Pelayo
? AD - 737 AD
- Defeated the Muslims in the Battle of Covadonga.
- First king of the Kingdom of Asturias.
Abderramán I
731 AD - 788 AD
- First independent emir of Córdoba.
- Started the building of the Mezquita de Córdoba.
Averroes
1126 AD - 1198 AD
- Wrote many books about philosophy, medicine, physics, mathematics...
- A lot of information about ancient Greek philosophers' ideas (Aristotle for example) remained until our days thanks to him.
X MEDIEVAL HISTORY IN SPAIN: AL-ÁNDALUS
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Transcript
Medieval history in Spain: Al-Ándalus
3. Life in Al-Ándalus
1. Visigoths
2. Al-Ándalus
Timeline
RESOURCES
RESOURCES
EXTRA WORK
VIDEOS COMPILATION
GAMES AND LIVEWORKSHEETS
VIDEOS COMPILATION
VIDEOS COMPILATION
GAMES AND LIVEWORKSHEETS
EXTRA WORK
Do you want to boost your mark in Social science and you don't know how? Here is a way. If you deliver me through "aula virtual" this task, your mark will improve (how much? we'll see) You can send me your works until the 23th of October. You can do it by yourself or small groups (2-3 people)
You can find more information in page 13 of the book.
Visigothic kingdom
476. Western Roman Empire fell
557 - 585. Visigoths conquered the Peninsula. Capital in Toledo
589. Visigoths became Catholics
711. Battle of Guadalete
714. Capture of Zaragoza
722. Battle of Covadonga
756. Abderramán I establishes the Emirate of Córdoba
AL-ÁNDALUS
929. Abderramán III establishes the Caliphate of Córdoba
1. THE VISIGOTHS
END AND BEGINNING
When the Roman Empire was too big and divided into two, some Germanic tribes, called barbarians by Romans, moved into Roman territory. The Germanic tribes that entered Hispania were the Suevi, Alans and Vandals. Another Germanic tribe, the Visigoths, also came to the Iberian Peninsula and expelled the other barbarians (except the Suevi).
They finally invaded Rome and that was the end of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD.
A NEW KINGDOM APPEARS
The Visigoths finally established a kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula. Toletum (Toledo) became the capital city in 507 AD. They spoke Latin.
In 589 AD, the Visigoths converted into Catholicism under the reign of Recaredo I.
BYE BYE VISIGOTHS
In 711 AD, Muslim armies from the north of Africa and the king Rodrigo fought them in the Battle of Guadalete. Visigoths were completely defeated and the capital was conquered. The Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo was over, but a few stayed strong in the north. The period of Al-Andalus has just begun.
VISIGOTHS
VISIGOTHIC ART
IMPORTANT PEOPLE OF THE TIME
Recaredo
Leovigildo
VISIGOTHIC ART
Visigoths made a lot of jewellery using gold and precious stones. They built small churches made of stone, with small windows and horseshoe arches.
Isidoro
Rodrigo
2. AL-ÁNDALUS
A PART OF A CALIPHATE
Muslims defeated the Visigoths in 711 AD, so their territory, now called al-Ándalus, became part of the Caliphate of Damascus (or Omeya). Meanwhile the Moors conquered many cities (such as Zaragoza) a small group of visigoths continued fighting in the north. In 722 AD, muslims finally were defeated in the Battle of Covadonga.
This battle, won by Don Pelayo, is considered the start of the "Reconquista".
FIRST PROBLEMS
It was a very unstable period. Some Moors in Al-Andalus were against the new emir and rebelled. On the other side, the Christians saw Moors' weakness and took the chance by conquering many territories.
After a coup, Abderramán, the last survivor of the Omeyas, run away and ended in Al-Ándalus. There, some loyal noblemen named him emir and in Al-Andalus he created an independent emirate in Córdoba. An emir was a ruler with the civic and military power. The religious power was owned by the caliph.
GOLDEN AGE
Under his reign, Córdoba became the most important intellectual centre of Western Europe. He made a palace known as the Medina Azahara, expanded the city's library and renovated the Mosque in Córdoba with Almanzor.
In 929 A.D., an emir called Abderramán III declared that Al-Andalus was an independent caliphate: the Córdoba Caliphate.
MUSLIM CONQUEST
3. LIFE IN AL-ÁNDALUS
IMPORTANT PEOPLE OF THE TIME
A CITY IN AL-ÁNDALUS
Abderramán I
Don Pelayo
RELIGION AND SOCIETY
ART AND ARQUITECTURE
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LEGACY
Abderramán III
Averroes
A CITY IN AL-ÁNDALUS
RELIGION AND SOCIETY
Muslims, Christians and Jews lived in peaceful coexistence together. However, Christians and Jews could practise their religion with some disadvantages: They had to pay special taxes, they had to wear a special badge, they had to obey Muslim laws....
During Al-Ándalus period, the main religion was the Islam. Islam is a religion that began on the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century A.D. The followers of Islam are called Muslims. They believe in one god, Allah, and their sacred book is the Koran.
AL-ANDALUS SOCIETY
Because of these disadvantages, Christians could have the chance of changing their religion. When a Christian converted to Islam, it was called Muladi. If he lived in Muslim territory maintaining his faith, it was called Mozarab.
Muslim arquitecture had some characteristics: Mathemathic perfection was seeked. Low height. More horizontal than vertical. Decoration using patterns and plants motifs. Lobed and horseshoe arches.
ART AND ARQUITECTURE
We can mainly find examples of muslim art in the arquitecture of alcázares and mosques. This is because in Islam, it wasn't allowed to represent religious characters in paints or sculptures However we can find some examples of sculptures in "The Patio of the Leones" in Granada.
MEZQUITA OF CÓRDOBA
MEZQUITA VR
MEZQUITA
CONTRIBUTIONS AND LEGACY
LANGUAGE
FOOD AND FARMING
MUSIC AND DANCE
MATHEMATHICS
What was life in al-Andalus like?
What was life in al-Andalus like?
People
Muslims, Christians and Jews lived in peaceful coexistence together. However, Christians and Jews could practise their religion with some disadvantages: — They could have a job, but they couldn't have authority over a Muslim. — They had to pay special taxes. — They had to wear a special badge. — They had to obey Muslim laws. - They couldn't carry weapons. Hence, Christians and Jews had fewer rights than Muslims.
What was life in al-Andalus like?
What did they do for a living?
Most people were farmers and agriculture was the most important economic activity. However, there were also artisans who made products such as textiles, leather goods and pottery. Merchants bought and sold these products in the souk.
What was life in al-Andalus like?
Most important buildings
THE MOSQUE
THE ALCAZABA
It was a fortress. The governor lived there.
Since many people were Muslims, the mosque was an important building in the city.
What was life in al-Andalus like?
What was life in al-Andalus like?
Muslim architecture (buildings)
What was life in al-Andalus like?
Thanks to Muslims
Farming
Gastronomy
Astronomy
Games
Physics
Maths
Chemistry
Words
Medicine
The Christian kingdoms
When the Muslims created al-Andalus, many Christians moved to the mountains in the north.
The Christian kingdoms
The Battle of Covadonga
In 722 A.D. there was a battle between the Chistians and the Muslims. A Visigoth noble called Don Pelayo was the Christian leader. Muslims were defeated. After this battle, Don Pelayo established the Kingdom of Asturias, which became the Kingdom of León after years.
De Luis de Madrazo y Kuntz - https://www.museodelprado.es/coleccion/obras-de-arte
The Christian kingdoms
Society
Society was divided into three groups: the clergy, nobles and peasants.
The Christian kingdoms
Clergy
In the monasteries, priests and monks copied and translated important books.
The Christian kingdoms
Nobles
The king ruled the country, but the countryside was divided into small areas. Each area was ruled by a noble called the lord.
María de Molina presenta a su hijo Fernando IV en las Cortes de Valladolid de 1295. Óleo sobre lienzo de Antonio Gisbert Pérez.
The Christian kingdoms
Peasants
Peasants live in the countryside. They grew crops and raised animals. There were also artisants, such as blacksmiths and millers.
The Christian kingdoms
Buildings
Christians built many religious buildings that we can still see today, such as churches and monasteries. There were two main styles of architecture: Romanesque and Gothic.
San Martín de Frómista (Palencia)
Catedral de León
The Reconquista
Christian kingdoms expanded to the south because they wanted to recover the lands ruled by the Visigoths. Since al-Andalus was divided into small taifa kingdoms in the 11th century, the conquer was easier.
The Reconquista
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
In 1212 the Christians won the Battle of Navas de Tolosa, in Jaén.
De Francisco de Paula Van Halen - Museo del Prado, Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=75231086
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
Jaime I was king of Aragón. He conquered the Balearic Islands from the Muslims in 1229 and parts of Valencia in 1244.
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
In 1266 Jaime I of Aragón conquered the taifa of Murcia, on behalf of his ally Alfonso X "the Wise". After the conquest, Murcia was placed under the control of Castile. Its Muslim population moved to the suburbs and Alfonso sent Christians to live there.
The Reconquista
Battles and important figures
Granada was the last Muslim kingdom. In 1492 the Christians conquered it. It was in the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabel and Fernando.
De Francisco Pradilla y Ortiz - See below., Dominio público, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17424140
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
- Eslava Galán, J. 2020, Historia de España para contada para escépticos. Editorial Planeta. — Oxford Education: Time and change (classbook). — https://www.islamicspain.tv/curriculum/additional-resources/ — https://www.elmundo.es/cronica/2001/312/1002527417.html
Saint Isidoro of Sevilla
560 AD - 636 AD
Recaredo
559 AD - 601 AD
Abderramán III
891 AD - 961 AD
Rodrigo
688 AD - 711 AD
Leovigildo
519 AD - 586 AD
Don Pelayo
? AD - 737 AD
Abderramán I
731 AD - 788 AD
Averroes
1126 AD - 1198 AD