Grammar 4ºESO

English Grammar 4th ESO

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Module 2

Starter

Module 3

Module 1

Module 5

Module 6

Module 4

Starter

Present Simple / Present Continuous Past Simple / Past Continuous Present Perfect Simple Used to Future tenses

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Present Simple

This tense is used to talk about: routines, preferences, timetables & general truths

The Present Simple affirmative is formed with the base form of the verb. Be careful with the 3rd person singular, it adds an -s. In the following cases, we add -es to the verb: VB ending in ss, sh, ch & x: pass-passes, clash-clashes, match-matches, mix-mixes VB ending in o: do-does, go-goes VB ending in y changes for i : study-studies, worry-worries

We have French class on Tuesdays. Sean lives near the beach..

Present Simple

This tense is used to talk about: routines, preferences, timetables & general truths

The Present Simple negative is formed by adding don't & doesn't (3rd person singular) before the VB. The Present Simple interrogative is formed by adding do & does. You can follow this structure:(Wh-) + Aux + Sub + VB + (O)?

They don't like the way the book is written. The school doesn't open at the weekend. Do you know where I can find Tim? Does she care about what I am saying? When does the lesson start? Why don't you tell him the truth?

Adverbs of frequency & time expressions

Time expressions

Adverbs of frequency

We write them before the VB but after the VB to be

Once / twice a year / weekEvery day / week / year On + day of the week

AlwaysUsually Often Sometimes Rarely Never

Present Continuous

This tense is used to talk about: things happening at the moment of speaking & arranged future plans

The Present Continuous affirmative is formed with the VB to be + a VB ending in -ing. Be careful in the following cases when adding -ing: 1 syllable VB ending in C+V+C (except w, x or y) double the C: set-setting, stop-stopping Same as before but 2 syllable VB with accent in the last syllable: refer-referring VB ending in l usually double it: travel-travelling, cancel-cancelling VB ending in ie change for y: lie-lying, die-dying

My friends and I are watching a documentary about junk food. Tomorrow, they are cleaning their rooms.

Present Continuous

This tense is used to talk about: things happening at the moment of speaking & arranged future plans

The Present Continuous negative is formed using the negative form of the VB to be + VB ending in -ing. The Present Continuous interrogative is formed using the VB to be + VB ending in -ing. You can follow this structure:(Wh-) + Aux + Sub + VB + (O)?

We aren't painting the house walls because it's raining I'm not calling her right now, I'll do it later. What are you thinking about? Are they going out tonight? When is Harry having his birthday party? Is he coming with us?

Stative verbs

Stative verbs are used to express (dis)likes, feelings, wishes, mental activities, possession & perception. They refer to states rather than actions and that's why they are not usually used with the Present Continuous. When they are used in this tense, they usually have a different meaning.

Past Simple

This tense is used to narrate events in the past that are closed. In affirmative, if the VB is regular we add -ed, if it's irregular, we use the 2nd column.

We dived into the pool. Her sister hung her jacket when she she got home. I didn't see that coming. Dad didn't cook dinner yesterday, he was sick. When did you buy that dress? Did you reply to our boss' email?

The Past Simple negative is formed by adding didn't before the VB. The Past Simple interrogative is formed by adding did. You can follow this structure:(Wh-) + Aux + Sub + VB + (O)?

Past Continuous

This tense is used to talk about events in progress in the past.

The Past Continuous affirmative is formed by adding was/were + VB-ing. The Past Continuous negative is formed by adding wasn't/weren't before the VB. The Past Continuous interrogative is formed by adding did. You can follow this structure:(Wh-) + Aux + Sub + VB + (O)?

I was reading a novel when you called. They were dancing all night. You weren't paying attention, that's why you don't understand it. She was studying all the afternoon. Were they drawing that building? Where were you going when I saw you?

When, While & As

When

While

As

When is used when a short action interrupts a long action. It's usually followed by Past Simple.

As is used when two actions happen at the same time.

While is used when a short action interrupts a long action. It's usually followed by Past Cotninuous. It's also used when two actions happen at the same time.

As they were looking at the map, I was searching on Google.You were doing the dishes as she was drying them.

She was studying for a test when I called her. When Kelly saw Tom, he was mowing his lawn.

While Pam was writing an email, her boss entered the room. Leah was painting while Will was playing football.

Present Perfect Simple

This tense is used to talk about actions that started in the past & continue in the present. Also to talk about past actions that have consequences in the present & to talk about very recent actions

We form the Present Perfect Simple with have (or has for the 3rd person singular) + Past Participle (-ed for regular verbs / 3rd column for irregular verbs): The negative is formed writing haven't/hasn't + Past Participle: For the questions, we use the formula: (Wh-)+Aux+S+VB+(O)?

Jimmy has read 3 comics this month. We have visited grandpa twice this week. I haven't seen Susan yet, maybe she's still in the UK. Ben hasn't handed the homework. I hope he does before 6. Where have you been all this time? I've been looking for you! Has he tasted sushi before?

Present Perfect Simple

This tense is used to talk about actions that started in the past & continue in the present. Also to talk about past actions that have consequences in the present & to talk about very recent actions

The Present Perfect Simple collocates with the following time expressions: 1) Since: for a precise moment in time, used at the end of the sentence I have been a teacher since 2019. 2) For: for a period of time, used at the end of the sentence I have been a teacher for 5 years. 3) Never: only used with affirmative VB She has never dived into the ocean. 4) Ever: used in questions between the S & the VB Have you ever tried playing golf? 5) Already: used between the have & the VB, to indicate you have done something before Matt has already done the homework. 6) Just: used between the have & the VB, to indicate something has been done recently We have just finished cooking dinner. Let's set the table.

Present Perfect Simple

This tense is used to talk about actions that started in the past & continue in the present. Also to talk about past actions that have consequences in the present & to talk about very recent actions

7) Yet: used at the end of negative sentences to indicate something hasn't been done until that moment 8) Always: used between have & VB to indicate repetition 9) Recently: used between have & VB 10) Lately: its collocation depends on the type of sentence 11) Several times: used at the end of the sentence; more than once 12) So far: used at the end of the sentence; until this moment 13) Over the years: used at the end of the sentence; indicates repetition

I haven't listened to that podcast yet. They have always been there to support me. Violet has recently bought a car. Have you heard of Sonia lately? We have met at Goiko several times this month. I can't say I have received any complaint about her so far. Tom & Jerry have been very good friends over the years.

Used to

This tense is used to talk about routines in the past. We normally use it to talk about things that we usually did in the past but no longer do, or things we didn't usually do, but now we do.

I used to spend a lot of time with my grandparents as a kid. We used to eat together on Sundays They didn't use to get along but now they are good friends. I didn't use to like that subject. Where did you use to go on holidays? Did she use to go to judo lessons?

In affirmative, we write used to + base form. In negative, didn't use to + base form. In interrogative, you can follow this structure:(Wh-) + Aux + Sub + use to + VB + (O)?

Be going to

This tense is used to talk about intentions, plans & decisions. It's also used to talk about predictions with evidence.

In affirmative, we write am/is/are going to + VB In negative, am not/isn't/aren't going to + VB In interrogative, you can follow this structure:(Wh-) + Aux + Sub + use to + VB + (O)?

He's going to fall if keeps on walking that way.We are going to travel to Peru this summer. I am not going to go to that party, I don't feel like it. They aren't going to arrive on time, they are still on the traffic jam. Are you going to celebrate your birthday next month? Where is she going to study next year?

Will

This tense is used to talk about future predictions with no evidence & spontaneous decisions.

In affirmative, we write will + VB In negative, won't + VB In interrogative, you can follow this structure:(Wh-) + Aux + Sub + use to + VB + (O)?

No worries, I'll explain the task again.In 2050, we will live in houses controlled by AI. He won't go to the university when he finishes his studies. We won't be on Earth in 100 years. How will life be in 2300? Will aliens visit the Earth?

Present Simple

The Present Simple can be used with future meaning when referring to timetables.

The plane leaves at 7 pm.The shop doesn't open until 3.

Present Cotinuous

The Present Continuous with future value is used when talking about arranged near future plans.

We are leaving the house at 10 to be at the party on time. I'm buying the tickets for the show this afternoon.

Future Continuous

The tense is used to indicate an action that will be developing in the future.

In affirmative, we write will be + VB-ing In negative, won't be+ VB-ing In interrogative, you can follow this structure:(Wh-) + Aux + Sub + use to + VB + (O)?

Tomorrow in the morning, I will be swimming. During the next few months, we will be studying this unit. He won't be coming to the meeting since he feels sick. You won't be driving the car during the road trip. What will you be doing next Tuesday? Will she be running the Berlin marathon?

Module 1

Present Perfect Simple / Past Simple Past Perfect Simple / Past Simple Reflexive pronouns

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Present Perfect Simple

This tense is used to talk about actions that started in the past & continue in the present. Also to talk about past actions that have consequences in the present & to talk about very recent actions

We form the Present Perfect Simple with have (or has for the 3rd person singular) + Past Participle (-ed for regular verbs / 3rd column for irregular verbs): The negative is formed writing haven't/hasn't + Past Participle: For the questions, we use the formula: (Wh-)+Aux+S+VB+(O)?

Jimmy has read 3 comics this month. We have visited grandpa twice this week. I haven't seen Susan yet, maybe she's still in the UK. Ben hasn't handed the homework. I hope he does before 6. Where have you been all this time? I've been looking for you! Has he tasted sushi before?

Past Simple

This tense is used to narrate events in the past that are closed. In affirmative, if the VB is regular we add -ed, if it's irregular, we use the 2nd column.

We dived into the pool. Her sister hung her jacket when she she got home. I didn't see that coming. Dad didn't cook dinner yesterday, he was sick. When did you buy that dress? Did you reply to our boss' email?

The Past Simple negative is formed by adding didn't before the VB. The Past Simple interrogative is formed by adding did. You can follow this structure:(Wh-) + Aux + Sub + VB + (O)?

Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple

We use the Present Perfect Simple to talk about an event in the past wich has certain relationship with the present. We didn't say when it happened. In the Past Simple, the event is already over, there's no relationship with the present and we do say when it happened.

I have passed the exam! I'm so happy! Last month, I passed all my exams. She has eaten a rotten apple so she feels sick. Yesterday she ate a rotten apple and we had to take her to the hospital.

Past Perfect Simple

This tense is used to talk about past actions that happened before other actions in the past. The action that is "more recent" is usually in the Past Simple.

We form the Past Perfect Simple with had + Past Participle (-ed for regular verbs / 3rd column for irregular verbs): The negative is formed writing hadn't + Past Participle: For the questions, we use the formula: (Wh-)+Aux+S+VB+(O)?

When we entered the room, the film had already started. She had read the book before the teacher told her to do so. I hadn't seen her for ages before yesterday. You hadn't told me about your engagement! Had you travelled to India before 2021?

Past Perfect Simple vs Past Simple

The Past Perfect Simple is normally used in sentences with the Past Simple. The first tense indicates the action that happened before the action which is in the Past Simple. In order to explain why something happened in the past, we can use the Past Perfect Simple.

We had booked all our activitites before we arrived in the city. They had cleaned the house before they left for their holidays. We didn't go to the party because we hadn't slept the night before. She didn't want to speak to him because they had had a fight.

Reflexive pronouns

The reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves & themselves) are used when the subject & the object of the sentence are the same. They are also used to emphasize & in this case, they are placed at the end of the sentence.

If you believe in yourself, you can achieve whatever you want. Is he sure he wants to go by himself? I can drive him. We can do it ourselves, we don't need your help. Thanks anyway! I made this beautiful painting myself! The student herself was able to solve that super difficult problem. The kids themselves make their beds every morning.

Module 2

Defining relative clauses Non-defining relative clauses Some / any / no compounds

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Relative clauses

Relative clauses are subordinate sentences that provide extra information about the antecedent mentioned in the main clause. They are introduced by a relative pronoun. These are who, which, when, where, whose & that. We normally use relative clauses to link two sentences.

Finn is my teacher. He is 36 years old. Finn, who is 36 years old, is my teacher. This is the house. We used to live there. This is the house where we used to live. I love the present. You bought it for me. I love the present which/that you bought for me.

Defining relative clauses

Defining relative clauses add essential information in order to identify the antecedent. The relative pronouns can be the subject or the object of the subordinate clause. If they act as the object, who, which, when & that can be omitted.

- Who: it is used when the antecedent is a person. It can be replaced by that. In formal language, we can use whom when it acts as the object of the sentence.

This is the man (who/that) I saw breaking into the house. Jen is the friend who helped me with a difficult situation. These are the students (who/whom) I taught last year.

-Which: it is used when the antecedent is a thing or an animal. It can be replaced by that.

The book (which/that) you bought last week is broken. That's the cat which/that appeared in the garden yesterday.

Defining relative clauses

Defining relative clauses add essential information in order to identify the antecedent. The relative pronouns can be the subject or the object of the subordinate clause. If they act as the object, who, which, when & that can be omitted.

.- Where: it is used when the antecedent is a place.

This is the school where they are going to study next year. Madrid is the place where they met each other.

- When: it is used when the antecedent is a temporal clause. It can be replaced by that when it appears after nouns that refer to time (day, week, year, time and so on).

2001 is the year when/that he was born.That was the day when/that I started university.

- Whose: it is used when the antecedent is a person & it expresses possession.

Susan is the woman whose car was stolen.He is the boy whose friend is rich.

Non-defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses add information which is NOT necessary to identify the antecedent. They appear between commas and are introduced by who, which, when, where & whose. They cann0t be replaced by that.

Brenda, whose husband is a plumber, works with me. Joe, who used to be in the reading club, is her neighbour. The book, which she forgot to bring, is quite old. John, who has a cat, is on holidays now.

Some/ any / no compounds

They are sometimes used in relative clauses. If they act as the subject of the clause, the VB must be in singular.

From some we form someone, somewhere & something which are used in affirmative sentences as well as interrogative sentences which expect an affirmative answer (petitions, offers...)

Someone is coming, we should go and say hi. They must be somewhere in the forest. I have something important to tell you.

From any we form anyone, anywhere & anything which are used in negative sentences as well as interrogative sentences. These compounds can also be used in affirmative sentences with a different meaning.

She didn't know anyone when she first came to the city. Is there anywhere you would like to go? They told the police they didn't remember anything. The robbers could be anywhere now.

Some/ any / no compounds

They are sometimes used in relative clauses. If they act as the subject of the clause, the VB must be in singular.

From no we form no one, nowhere & nothing which are used only in affirmative sentences since they already have a negative meaning.

No one can do this alone, we must work together.They had nowhere to go so he offered them his house. There is nothing you can do to make me change my mind.

Module 3

Present Simple Passive / Past Simple Passive Future Simple Passive The Passive

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The Passive

The Passive is used to emphasize the agent that receives the action rather than the "doer". By placing the agent at the beginning of the sentence, we give it more relevance: We can also use the passive when we don't know the subject of a sentence or we just want to omit it:

These poems were written by Emily Dickinson.The actress was given a standing ovation by the audience. The musician was awarded with a prize. The film was carefully recorded. The cameras were fixed inmediately.

The Passive

To form the passive, we have to do the following changes:

Emily Dickinson wrote these poems. These poems were written by Emily Dickinson.

1) Analize the sentence and find the Subject, the Verb & the object 2) Place the Object at the beginning of the sentence 3) Analize the verbal tense and add "to be" in this same tense. Then add the verb in the past participle (3rd column or -ed) 4) Place the Subject at the end of the sentence after "by" Tip: when your sentence is done, you should have at least 2 more words

The Passive

Practise with the following sentences: 1) My grandfather built this house in 1943. 2) John will tell you later. 3) The girl brings a watch for her friend. 4) Teachers won't teach students in the future. 5) The kid broke his mother's phone. 6) They broke into the house last night. 7) He ironed the sheets. 8) Susan gives an amazing speech at the end of each year. 9) She created a marvellous film. 10) The paparazzis saw the actor when he left his house.

The Passive

Practise with the following sentences: 11) She drove him to his house at night. 12) People speak Portuguese in Brazil. 13) Everybody loves Mr Brown. 14) The wolf ate the rabbit. 15) Somebody will fix this problem. 16) A technician will repair the computer tomorrow. 17) James cooked dinner last night. 18) The dentist pulled out my tooth. 19) The waitress serves breakfast at 7 o'clock. 20) The teacher sent him out of the classroom.

The Passive

Practise with the following sentences: 21) the major will open the new sports centre next month. 22) Many parents influence their children strongly. 23) Somebody stole Jack's car yesterday. 24) The company will present their new product soon. 25) The neighbours collect rubbish from the beach every Saturday. 26) The king gave a present to his servants. 27) The singer composes a song for her love. 28) The fan asked his idol for an autograph. 29) The doctor advised the patient to take the tablets for a week. 30) The businessman will buy a piece of land there.

Module 4

Gerunds & infinitives Modal verbs

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Gerunds

The Gerund is the form with -ing. It acts as a noun in the following cases: - As a subject of the sentence when we talk about actions in general: - As a direct object of some verbs (finish, enjoy, avoid, miss, recommend, suggest, imagine, regret, keep, mind, dislike, etc: - After prepositions: - After certain structures (can't stand, feel like, don't mind, it's no use, look forward to, have no problem, have fun, spend time, etc):

Swimming is good for your health. We really enjoyed meeting them. He apologised for arriving late. Susan spends so much time reading.

Infinitives

The Infinitive is the form preceded by to and it is used in the following cases: - After verbs such as decide, want, promise, hope, pretend, refuse, offer, agree, seem, appear, choose, expect, learn, plan, wish, allow, etc: - After adjectives such as easy, happy, sad, lucky, weak, hard, nice, difficult, etc:

Jim refused to work with that team. That student is always happy to help her mates.

Gerunds & Infinitives

VB & ADJ followed by to-infinitive

VB followed by gerund

VB followed by both

- Decide- Want - Promise - Hope - Pretend - Refuse - Offer - Agree - Seem - Appear - Choose - Expect - Learn - Wish - Plan - Allow -Wait

- Easy- Happy - Sad - Lucky - Hard - Nice - Weak

Some verbs (like, love, hate prefer, begin, start, continue) can be followed by both without changing the meaning. However, some verbs change their meaning depending whether thye are followed by a gerund or an infinitive.

- Can't stand- Feel like - Don't mind - It's no use - Look forward to - Have no problem - Have fun

- Finish- Enjoy - Avoid - Miss - Recommend - Suggest - Imagine - Regret - Keep - Mind - Dislike

Modal verbs

Modal verbs are special verbs for several reasons. First of all, most of them don't change, that is they don't have past form or don't add -s in the PS 3rd person singular. Secondly, the are always followed by an infinitive verb. Finally, they add a special meaning to the sentence. This meaning is what we will use toclassify them into different categories: obligation & necessity, advice, lack of obligation, prohibition, ability, permission & possibility. TRY NOT TO USE TRANSLATION!

We can speak three different languages. Ken musts do the mediation activity. They should apologise for their behaviour.

Obligation & necessity

In order to express obligation or necessity there are 3 modal verbs we can use: must, have to & need to. When expressing obligation, there is no choice, the person is "forced" to do the action. Must can only be used in the present Have to is a "semi-modal" because it can be conjugated. Thus, adds -s in the 3rd person singular PS & it can be used in the past or the future. Need to is also a "semi-modal" so the rules aforementioned apply.

At school, students must obey the rules. She has to wake up early because she wants to walk her dog before going to work. We need to have our passports with us during the trip.

Advice

Advice is expressed using should or shouldn't. When we express advice, we have a choice to make, we can decide to follow the advide (or not) and there are no consequences. Another tip you can remember is that obligation usually comes from a "superior" but advice is normally given by an equal.

I think you should try that cooking course, it seems fun! He shouldn't keep on doing sport if he doesn't feel well.

Prohibition

Prohibition is used when the person is "forced" not to do an action. It is expressed using mustn't.

You mustn't cross the street when the traffic lights are red. We mustn't bring our dog to that beach, it's forbidden.

Lack of obligation

Lack of obligation is actually the opposite of obligation. When we express lack or absence of obligation, it means that there is no need to carry out an action but we can do it if we want to. We use not have to or not need to, which are, again, a "semi-modals".

You don't have to come with me, I can go alone. (But nothing will happen if you decide to do so). Jill didn't need to walk her dog, Jenny had already done it. (But Jill can walk the dog again if she wants to).

Possibility

May & might are used to express possibility, that is, when we aren't sure about something. When using may, the action is more probable. They both can be used in affirmative & negative form.

I might go to the party at the weekend if I finish all my work. We may not be the best friends, but we should do this together.

Ability

Ability can be expressed with can (Present), could (Past) & be able to (all tenses).

These kids can dance pretty well! Lily could play the violin when she was only 5 years old. They will be able to buy the tickets next year.

Permission

Permission can be expressed with can (Present), could (Past) to say what we are allowed to do (or not).

She can't come to the concert, her parents don't allow it.When I was a kid, I could have sleepovers once a month.

Module 5

Zero & First Conditional clauses Time clauses Second & Third Conditional clauses Review of conditionals & time clauses

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Conditionals

Conditional sentences are complex pharses in which we have two parts: one refers to a condition that needs to happen (let's call it the "activator") so that the following action happens too (the "result"). If I learn languages, it will be easier for me to communicate with people from other countries. As you can see, for the result (purple) to happen, "activator" (green) has to happen in the first place. That is, if the "activator" doesn't happen, there is no result. In English there are 4 conditionals: Zero, First, Second & Third - and they are classified according to the probability of the result to happen if the "activator" occurs.

Zero conditional

It is used for general truths, if the "activator" happens, the result will happen 100%.The good thing about Conditionals is that they all have a fixed structure. For Zero Conditional the structure is the following: If + S + Present Simple, S + Present Simple If you heat water to 100º, it boils. If you mix blue and yellow, you obtain green. You sweat if you do exercise.

First conditional

It is used when there is a high probability that the result happens if the "activator" occurs .The structure for the First Conditional is the following: If/Unless + S + Present Simple, S + will + VB If you eat too much sugar, you will get sick. She won't be happy if he doesn't study for his exams. Unless you improve your marks, you won't pass the subject. It is important to remember that we can place the "activator" at the beginning or at the end of the sentence but we CANNOT mix the verbal tenses, that is if & will can NEVER be in the same part of the sentence.

Second conditional

It is used when the probability of the result to happen is lower (50%) because it is usually a hypothetical situation or an advice.The structure for the Second Conditional is the following: If/Unless + S + Past Simple, S + would + VB If she talked to me, we would share the car to go to work. Sam would be happier if he had a job outdoors. If I were you, I would apologise to Ben. When the VB in the "activator" is to be, we normally use were for all subjects. Just remember Beyonce's song If I were a boy...

Third conditional

It is used when the probability of the result to happen is 0% because we are talking about a past situation, sometimes to show regret.The structure for the Second Conditional is the following: If/Unless + S + Past Perfect, S + would have + Past Participle If they had read the book, they would have passed the test. You would have been amazed if you had seen us at the festival. She would have come to the party if she hadn't been ill.

Module 6

Reported statements Reported questions Reported orders, requests, offers & suggestions

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Reported speech

Reported speech is used to reproduce the words that another person said. "I travelled to 4 different cities last year" Serena said. Serena said that she had travelled to 4 different cities the year before. The first sentence is in direct speech because we can see the actual words the person said. In reported speech, another person reproduces these words and thus, there are some changes. When dealing with reported speech, we have to notice the kind of sentence we are reporting. It can be a statement, a question, an offer, an order or a suggestion. The type of sentence will determine the type of reporting verb we need to use.

Reported speech

In reported speech, when talking about a general truth, we don't change verbal tenses. "I believe in ghosts" Thomas said. Thomas said that he believes in ghosts. The changes from direct to reported speech also affect references to place, time & pronouns (except 3rd person, which usually doesn't change).

Reported speech

Reported speech

Reported statements

The most common reporting verbs in statements are say and tell. However, the structure they follow is different so we need to be careful. Say + something + (to someone) He said (that) he would like to study in Oxford. Perry said (that) he had seen something starnge in the basement. Tell + someone + something The teacher told us that we had been selected for a grant. The principal told the employees that they would receive a higher salary.

Reported questions

There are two types of questions in English: - Yes/No or closed questions. The answer is "Yes" or "No". In order to change them to indirect speech, we use the verb ask + if/whether followed by the subject & the verb. Since it is no longer a question, there is NO inversion nor question mark. "Do you like anime series?" she asked She asked if/whether I liked anime series

Reported questions

There are two types of questions in English: - Wh- or open questions. They cannot be answered with "yes" or "no". They start with Wh- words. When turned into a reported question, we use the verb ask followed by the wh- word, the subject & the verb. "When did you mother arrive to town?" Mary asked me Mary asked me when my mother had arrived to town. "Where is Susan's laptop?" Sam wondered. Sam wondered where Susan's laptop was.

Reported orders, requests & offers

In order to turn an order into reported speech, we write the verbs tell or order and then the imperative verb of the direct sentence in infitive with to. If we choose to use tell, it must be followed by an indirect object. "Study for the exam!" the teacher said. The teacher told us to study for the exam. "Make your bed!" mum said. Mum ordered to make my bed. "Don't shout in class" the instructor said. The instructor told us not to shout in class.

Reported orders, requests & offers

With the previous structure, we can use ask to express requests. "Please, could you turn off the music?" he said to me. "Please, turn off the music" he said to me. He asked me to turn off the music. In order to change a direct offer into an indirect one, we use the verbs offer or promise and the infinitive verb with to. "I'll help you with your English homework" my classmate said. My classmate offered to help me with my English homework.

Reported suggestions

To change a direct suggestion into a reported suggestion, we use the reporting verbs suggest or recommend and then say what the person suggested. We can also use advise for advice as well as invite for invitations. These last are always followed by an indirect object and the infinitive verb with to. "We should make a party to celebrate your birthday" she said. She suggested that we make a party to celebrate my birthday. She suggested making a party to celebrate my birthday. "You should study more if you want to pass the year" she said. She advised me to study more if I wanted to pass the year.

VB with change of meaning

Remember + gerund: remember having done something in the past. I don't remember seeing him yesterday. Remember + to- VB: remember to do something. Please, remember to hand the essay tomorrow. Forget + gerund: in negative sentences to indicate the impossibility of forgetting something. She will never forget meeting him for the first time. Forget + to- VB: forget to do something. Sam forgot to tell his brother about the trip. Stop + gerund: stop doing something, a habit. I stopped eating unhealthy food as a New Year's resolution. Stop + to- VB: stop an action to do another one. We stopped the rehearsal to have a break.

Have been vs Have gone

- We use have been when we have visited/gone to a place and returned, that is, for completed visits. They have been to Cairo once. - We use have gone when the person hasn't returned yet. Where is Susan? She has gone to Scotland.

Past Perfect Simple

- We use the same time expressions as we do with the Present Perfect Simple.

Have been vs Have gone

- We use have been when we have visited/gone to a place and returned, that is, for completed visits. They have been to Cairo once. - We use have gone when the person hasn't returned yet. Where is Susan? She has gone to Scotland.