A2.2. Cell structure
Unity and diversity - Cells
Guiding questions
- What are the features common to all cells and the features that differ?
- How is microscopy used to investigate cell structure?
A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms
The Cell Theory
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are the basic units of life
- All cells arise from other cells.
A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms
The Cell Theory
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are the basic units of life
- All cells arise from other cells.
A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms
The Cell Theory
- All living things are made of cells
- Cells are the basic units of life
- All cells arise from other cells.
A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms
NOS
The Cell Theory
(observation)
A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms
NOS
The Cell Theory
Deductive reasoning: generating predictions from theories.
A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms
To what extent does scientific collaboration need to occur in the same time frame or location?
A2.2.2 Microscopy skills
AoS!
PRACTICAL
NOS
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
Magnification is the ability to make small objects seem larger
Resolution is the shortest distance between two separate points that can still be distinguished as distinct objects
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
Electron microscopy
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
Freeze Fracture microscopy
Discovery: integral proteins are scattered through the center of membranes, supportting the Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
Cryogenic electron microscopy
The samples are frozen at cryogenic temperatures (-180ºC or lower): - Improves resolution - Reduces damage from the electron beam - Allows visualizing molecules (e.g. proteins)
The structure of the SARS-CoV 2 coronavirus spike protein was first elucidated using cryogenic electron microscopy
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
Immunofluorescence
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
Fluorescent dyes and light microscopy
Fluorescence dyes are commonly used to visualise biological structures and monitor drug delivery within the body.
Hippocampal neurons and synaptic vessicles
Intestine section
A2.2.4 Structures common to cells in all living organisms
A2.2.4 Structures common to cells in all living organisms
DNA
Plasma Membrane
Genetic material
Cell individualization Transport
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm (and cytosol)
Substances diffusion Metabolic reactions
Protein synthesis
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure AND A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure AND A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure
CELL ENVELOPES
- (Capsule: adhesion to surfaces) - Cell wall: - Shape - Turgor pressure - Cell membrane: - Regulates exchange of materials
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure
CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES
- Cytoplasm: gel-like fluid substance- metabolic reactions- 70S* Ribosomes: - protein translation- (Pili and flagella: - attachment, DNA swaping, locomotion)
* S = Svedberg units, a measure of particle density
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure
GENETIC MATERIAL
- DNA chromosome:- Single - Naked - Loop - Nucleoid- Plasmids - Circular and naked - Smaller - Can be exchanged - Antibiotic resistance genes
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
PLASMA MEMBRANE - Separation - Exchange control COMPARTMENTALIZED CYTOPLASM - Create higher concentrations - Separate damaging substances - Control conditions (e.g. pH) - Separate metabolic reactions
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
MEMBRANE-BOUND CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES Endoplasmic Reticulum - Rough ER: protein synthesis - Smooth ER: lipid synthesis Golgi apparatus: protein processing Vesicles: transport Lysosomes: hydrolysis Vacuoles: storage and osmotic balance
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
MEMBRANE-BOUND CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES Mitochondria: cellular respiration
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
80S Ribosomes
Free: synthethise cell proteins Attached to the rER: synthethise secretory and membrane proteins
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
Cytoskeleton
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
NUCLEUS
Chromosomes: DNA with histones
Double membrane with pores
Compare and contrast the structure of prokaryote and eukaryote cells [8 marks]
A2.2.8 Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi and plants
Plant Cell
A2.2.8 Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi and plants
Centrioles - Microtubule organization - Cell division Flagella: - Whimp-like structures - Made of microtubles - Cell locomotion Cilia: - hair-like structures - made of microtubules - movement of substances past the cell Lysosomes: - Vesicles with hydrolytic enzymes
A2.2.8 Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi and plants
Cell wall - Cellulose - Protection - Maintains osmotic pressure and shape Vacuole - Larger than in animal cells - Regulates osmotic pressure Chloroplasts - Double membrane organelles - Photosynthesis - Chlorophyll (green pigment) Other plastids - storage functions (e.g. amyloplasts)
A2.2.8 Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi and plants
Centrioles Cell wall - Made of chitin (polysaccharide) Vacuoles: - Break down molecules - Storage of ions and others Buds: - Daughter cells (fungi reproduce through budding)
FUNGAL CELLS
A2.2.9 Atypical cell structure in eukaryotes
Multinucleate cells Anucleate cells
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs
AoS!
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs
AoS!
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs AND A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs
AoS!
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs AND A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs
AoS!
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs AND A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs
AoS!
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs AND A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs
AoS!
Secretory vessicles
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs AND A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs
AoS!
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs AND A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs
AoS!
Nucleus Chromosome
Vacuole and cell wall Ribosomes Plasma membrane Microvilli
A2.2.7 Processes of life in unicellular organisms
MR HM GREN
A2.2.7 Processes of life in unicellular organisms
Response to stimuli
Metabolism
Movement
Homeostasis
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
MR HM GREN
A2.2.7 Processes of life in unicellular organisms
Paramecium Chlamydomonas
A2.2.7 Processes of life in unicellular organisms
How do Paramecium and Chlamydomonas carry out the 8 functions of life?
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
First cells originated in water
Topics A1.1 (Water) and A2.1 (origin of cells)
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Symbiotic ancestors of mitochondria were aerobic bacteria
Cellular respiration
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Symbiotic ancestors of chloroplasts were photosynthetic bacteria
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
NOS
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Evidence of endosymbiosis
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Evidence of endosymbiosis
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Evidence of endosymbiosis
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Evidence of endosymbiosis
A2.2.13 Cell differentiation as the process for developing specialized tissues in multicellular organisms
Different patterns of gene expression are triggered by changes in the environment
A2.2.14 Evolution of multicellularity
Multicellularity has evolved repeatedly
A2.2.14 Evolution of multicellularity
A2.2.14 Evolution of multicellularity
Advantages of multicellularity Cell specialization
Larger body size
Linking questions
- What explains the use of certain molecular building blocks in all living cells?
- What are the features of a compelling theory?
A2.2 Cell structure
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Transcript
A2.2. Cell structure
Unity and diversity - Cells
Guiding questions
A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms
The Cell Theory
A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms
The Cell Theory
A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms
The Cell Theory
A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms
NOS
The Cell Theory
(observation)
A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms
NOS
The Cell Theory
Deductive reasoning: generating predictions from theories.
A2.2.1 Cells as the basic structural unit of all living organisms
To what extent does scientific collaboration need to occur in the same time frame or location?
A2.2.2 Microscopy skills
AoS!
PRACTICAL
NOS
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
Magnification is the ability to make small objects seem larger
Resolution is the shortest distance between two separate points that can still be distinguished as distinct objects
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
Electron microscopy
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
Freeze Fracture microscopy
Discovery: integral proteins are scattered through the center of membranes, supportting the Fluid Mosaic Model of the cell membrane
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
Cryogenic electron microscopy
The samples are frozen at cryogenic temperatures (-180ºC or lower): - Improves resolution - Reduces damage from the electron beam - Allows visualizing molecules (e.g. proteins)
The structure of the SARS-CoV 2 coronavirus spike protein was first elucidated using cryogenic electron microscopy
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
Immunofluorescence
A2.2.3 Developments in microscopy
Fluorescent dyes and light microscopy
Fluorescence dyes are commonly used to visualise biological structures and monitor drug delivery within the body.
Hippocampal neurons and synaptic vessicles
Intestine section
A2.2.4 Structures common to cells in all living organisms
A2.2.4 Structures common to cells in all living organisms
DNA
Plasma Membrane
Genetic material
Cell individualization Transport
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm (and cytosol)
Substances diffusion Metabolic reactions
Protein synthesis
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure AND A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure AND A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure
CELL ENVELOPES
- (Capsule: adhesion to surfaces) - Cell wall: - Shape - Turgor pressure - Cell membrane: - Regulates exchange of materials
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure
CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES
- Cytoplasm: gel-like fluid substance- metabolic reactions- 70S* Ribosomes: - protein translation- (Pili and flagella: - attachment, DNA swaping, locomotion)
* S = Svedberg units, a measure of particle density
A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure
GENETIC MATERIAL
- DNA chromosome:- Single - Naked - Loop - Nucleoid- Plasmids - Circular and naked - Smaller - Can be exchanged - Antibiotic resistance genes
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
PLASMA MEMBRANE - Separation - Exchange control COMPARTMENTALIZED CYTOPLASM - Create higher concentrations - Separate damaging substances - Control conditions (e.g. pH) - Separate metabolic reactions
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
MEMBRANE-BOUND CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES Endoplasmic Reticulum - Rough ER: protein synthesis - Smooth ER: lipid synthesis Golgi apparatus: protein processing Vesicles: transport Lysosomes: hydrolysis Vacuoles: storage and osmotic balance
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
MEMBRANE-BOUND CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES Mitochondria: cellular respiration
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
80S Ribosomes
Free: synthethise cell proteins Attached to the rER: synthethise secretory and membrane proteins
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
Cytoskeleton
A2.2.6 Eukaryote cell structure
NUCLEUS
Chromosomes: DNA with histones
Double membrane with pores
Compare and contrast the structure of prokaryote and eukaryote cells [8 marks]
A2.2.8 Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi and plants
Plant Cell
A2.2.8 Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi and plants
Centrioles - Microtubule organization - Cell division Flagella: - Whimp-like structures - Made of microtubles - Cell locomotion Cilia: - hair-like structures - made of microtubules - movement of substances past the cell Lysosomes: - Vesicles with hydrolytic enzymes
A2.2.8 Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi and plants
Cell wall - Cellulose - Protection - Maintains osmotic pressure and shape Vacuole - Larger than in animal cells - Regulates osmotic pressure Chloroplasts - Double membrane organelles - Photosynthesis - Chlorophyll (green pigment) Other plastids - storage functions (e.g. amyloplasts)
A2.2.8 Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi and plants
Centrioles Cell wall - Made of chitin (polysaccharide) Vacuoles: - Break down molecules - Storage of ions and others Buds: - Daughter cells (fungi reproduce through budding)
FUNGAL CELLS
A2.2.9 Atypical cell structure in eukaryotes
Multinucleate cells Anucleate cells
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs
AoS!
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs
AoS!
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs AND A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs
AoS!
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs AND A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs
AoS!
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs AND A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs
AoS!
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs AND A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs
AoS!
Secretory vessicles
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs AND A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs
AoS!
A2.2.10 Cell types and cell structures viewed in light and electron micrographs AND A2.2.11 Drawing and annotation based on electron micrographs
AoS!
Nucleus Chromosome
Vacuole and cell wall Ribosomes Plasma membrane Microvilli
A2.2.7 Processes of life in unicellular organisms
MR HM GREN
A2.2.7 Processes of life in unicellular organisms
Response to stimuli
Metabolism
Movement
Homeostasis
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
MR HM GREN
A2.2.7 Processes of life in unicellular organisms
Paramecium Chlamydomonas
A2.2.7 Processes of life in unicellular organisms
How do Paramecium and Chlamydomonas carry out the 8 functions of life?
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
First cells originated in water
Topics A1.1 (Water) and A2.1 (origin of cells)
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Symbiotic ancestors of mitochondria were aerobic bacteria
Cellular respiration
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Symbiotic ancestors of chloroplasts were photosynthetic bacteria
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
NOS
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Evidence of endosymbiosis
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Evidence of endosymbiosis
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Evidence of endosymbiosis
A2.2.12 Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis
Evidence of endosymbiosis
A2.2.13 Cell differentiation as the process for developing specialized tissues in multicellular organisms
Different patterns of gene expression are triggered by changes in the environment
A2.2.14 Evolution of multicellularity
Multicellularity has evolved repeatedly
A2.2.14 Evolution of multicellularity
A2.2.14 Evolution of multicellularity
Advantages of multicellularity Cell specialization
Larger body size
Linking questions