Task 2 - Understanding Social Science

Summaries of the book Philosophy of the social sciences: a new introduction” by Nancy Cartwright and Eleonora Montuschi

Student: * Magnolia Ruano *Cristian David Ordoñez Gomez *Maricela Botina Zambrano *Anyeli Balarezo Hurtado

Grupo 551034_22

TUTOR: DIEGO ALBERTO SALAS CORREA COURSE: DIDACTICS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y ADISTANCIA (UNAD)

Table of contents

01

Objectives

02

Part I; Climate Change, 3-Some Priority Topics for Future Research, wendy Parker.

03

Well Being , 5-Theories of Prudential Good. anna alexandrova

04

Part IV; formal models, 10 - Choice models. katie steele

Norms, 11- conventions and the power of expectations, Cristina Bicchieri.

05

8. Feminist Standpoint Theory-Sharon Crasnow

06

14. Measurement- Nancy Cartwright and Rosa Runhardt

07

Scientific Objectivity - Helen Longino

08

09

Individuals or Populations? - Eleonora Montuschi

Explore different theoretical concepts useful for the contextualization of Social Sciences as a teaching resource.

Part I; Climate Change, 3-Some Priority Topics for Future Research, wendy Parker.

Anthropogenic climate change, social change, equity, justice, evaluation, judgment and justification for there to be social change. 3.1 The most impactful thing for the climate at this time is the emission of greenhouse gases, causing negative impacts on human beings and the environment. Currently, there are people who do not want to know about climate change and others who know do not want to collaborate with Caring for the environment. Shove (2010) argues for the need to look beyond what she calls the ‘attitude-behaviour-choice’ models of social change that are inspired by paradigms in psychology and economics and often deeply embedded in policy discussions; she calls for exploring approaches that make use of other resources in the social sciences, such as social theories of practice and transition

Part I; Climate Change, 3-Some Priority Topics for Future Research, wendy Parker.

3.2 The large cities of the developed and rich countries of the world pollute the environment and the poor countries are the most affected since equity and justice are often forgotten throughout the world, forgetting the responsibility of caring for future generations taking into account that there is the UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Part I; Climate Change, 3-Some Priority Topics for Future Research, wendy Parker.

.3 IPCC intentional body in charge of evaluating scientific knowledge relating to climate change, judgments are not appropriate in this field sociologists and philosophers of science would play an important role.

Well Being , 5-Theories of Prudential Good. anna alexandrova

The pleasure of living

Roger Crisp (2006: 622): ‘What is good for any individual is the enjoyable experience in her life, what is bad is the suffering in that life, and the life best for an individual is that with the greatest balance of enjoyment over suffering.’ Hedonists can accept that things other than enjoyment can be good for us, but only instrumentally. Great art, friendship, virtue can all benefit us, but only via their causal effect on our experiences.

Well Being , 5-Theories of Prudential Good. anna alexandrova

First, what does not matter is the relationship of desire, but rather the goals or the realization of values. Second, we can restrict what desires or beliefs count, real or idealized, like the gardener who knows what his role is, cutting grass all his life but things must always change and the human being must adapt to change always seeking to be well.

The pleasure of living

Part IV; formal models, 10 - Choice models. katie steele

Choice models determine human behavior that goes from the particular to the general.

Game models in human behavior.

The author, Ketie, exposes the concept of individual decision and how these highlight a series of acts, states and results.

The concept of individual decision

The author, Ketie, exposes the concept of individual decision and how these highlight a series of acts, states and results.

The game models

The game models that are framed within the interaction processes between agents.

Norms, 11- conventions and the power of expectations, Cristina Bicchieri.

Social Norms Build Thoughts

Norms, 11- conventions and the power of expectations, Cristina Bicchieri.

Parsons (1951) who “considers individuals as bearers of social values”,

Norms, 11- conventions and the power of expectations, Cristina Bicchieri.

The constructed social norm is the result of a balanced system of beliefs. Social dynamics

Scientific Objectivity

The social sciences put all their forces into applying three basic principles but that They are important when it comes to achieving accurate objectives. The first has to do with engaging with real events that attest to your theory and significant contributions that are made to each one. Before introducing the second, it is important to mention that value judgments are assumptions that occur in the field of practice with the aim of being objective, and that include the point of view and opinions of those who participate, which is why we seek to eliminate values of descriptions and explanations, which although they may be present since sometimes in one way or another they are linked to events and agents, should not be the whole in an investigation, therefore more value should be given to real facts as such , avoiding at all costs that they intercept true descriptions, these values appear both at the level of the results of social research and at the level of the means and resources of this research.

Individuals or Populations?

Some of the strategies implemented to know the anatomy of a phenomenon are known as methodological reductionism, which aims to know in depth the characteristics, details, modus operandi of the same. This is where the methodological individualism method used in the social sciences becomes relevant, which defends that All phenomena are initially explainable or sustainable by individual facts. Within the research of human behavior there are some approaches such as classical genetics (study personality to understand its development) and molecular (examine very small components), socio-environmental (determine behavior within the social environment), neuroanatomical (interaction between neurons) and neurophysiological (it is directly related to the nervous system) that in one way or another make significant contributions on scales to achieve the objective, evidencing in a certain way that although they differ, since each one has a different range of application, they are also similar when it comes to contributing to behavior in relation to that of others.

Feminist Standpoint Theory

The acceptance of the recognition of women is something complex to assume because of certain traditions that establish that the role of a man is more relevant than that of a woman, from this basis there is a deep criticism of the respect for human rights. Now, this problem has developed a continuous process of investigation to find different efficient alternatives that allow the protection and valorization of the rights and fundamental principles of women against discrimination. As the sociologist Dorothy Smith puts it, ‘From the point of view of “women’s place” the values assigned to different aspects of the world are changed. Some come into prominence while other standard sociological enterprises diminish’ (2004: 21).

Measurement

Measurement in the social sphere is related to the classification of a conflict, enumeration and assignment to a given group, but it is not an easy process to apply, it is also necessary to organize data and reinforce them with coherent and explanatory foundations that demonstrate the veracity of the events. At this point, three different activities are highlighted: Characterization, representation and procedure.

Conclusions

Katie's reading is critical of choice models, and even of social scientists themselves and their positions in the past.

Climate change is everyone's responsibility but there must be leaders to be able to take care of the planet and instead of moving forward this is being forgotten, so where is the current responsibility for future generations.

Human beings are created to have the pleasure of living well and we all strive to achieve goals in order to be well and not suffer. Many human beings forget this part of pleasure by doing things contrary to the path of being if the final objective is to be able to live in the best way.

The objectivity of interests is emphasized in two concepts: The knowledge thesis and epistemic advantage thesis. The most important model of interest for understanding feminist theory is when it offers various alternatives of conceptualization to understand the success of feminist methodology and thus to understand the improvement of knowledge through epistemic advantage.

Measurement in the social sciences can be developed in different ways, either as a number to an individual unit or the assignment of a unit to a specific category. All this is related to the confrontation of realities in the country and the comparison with other states, which can serve as a basis for study to prevent future wars or at least reduce the damage caused. Taking these concepts into account, it is emphasized that the implementation of measures and the balance of requirements depend on the objective of the research.

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