Module 2 Topic 7 Physical, Polictical, Ecomonic Geography

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Economic Geograpgy

Economic geography helps to identify the type of markets and consumers, as to calculate the production required to satisfy the goods needed to satisfy them. In this topic, you will learn about the economic and political geography, which are part of human geography, and the importance of studying the demographics - get to know the human side of geography: the study of social and cultural events and phenomena.

physical geography

physical geography "is the discipline that studies the Earth's surface in its natural or physical appearance", i.e. the earth's crust, the climate, the hydrosphere, etc. Among its auxiliary sciences are

Biogeography

Meteorology

Hydrology

Geophysics

Geology

physical geography

comprises several elements, including: The landscape Continental and Oceanic waters The climate Flora and Fauna The soil and its substrates

Soil and its substrates

landscape

Flora and Fauna

The Climate

Continental Water

Oceanic Waters

renewable and non-renewable resources

human geography

which studies "the relationship and interplay between the activities of human beings and their geographical environment" (Salinas, 2012). In this branch we find as most important auxiliary sciences

Anthropology

Political Science

History

Demography

Economy

Colonial geography

History knowledge provides for a better understanding of cultural and social processes that affect, change and shape the dynamics of a society that sits or migrates from one region or another. These were huge areas of Earth occupied and exploited by some European countries such as Spain, France, Britain, the Netherlands and Portugal.

Colonial geography

All these powers appropriated extensive geographical areas, which they dominated politically, socially, and economically looking for quick wealth, and the control and exploitation of natural and human resources. The colonial powers were known as the metropolis and the dominated countries were called colonies. Mexico was a colony between 1521 and 1821. This system was called colonialism.

Consequences of colonialism

Increased geographical exploration trips, as to discover and occupy the geographic areas subject to economic exploitation. Increased knowledge of the Earth's surface. Exploitation of industries and international trade. Increasing State division of the world, over 80% of the current states were, at first, colonies of the European metropolis.

Abuses of colonialism

Indiscriminate killings of native peoples, many of whom were practically exterminated. Excessive exploitation of natural and human resources for the colonial powers’ profit. Slavery of numerous inhabitants of occupied geographical areas, especially in Africa, where more than 20 million Africans were taken as slaves to America. Almost total destruction of many indigenous cultures with the imposition of languages, religion, customs, and social organization forms.

Population geography

is a branch of human geography that studies "the distribution of the population and its relationship with the physical and social aspects" (Salinas, 2012). It is responsible for studying and understanding human populations, its processes, structure, dimensions and trade patterns. It also examines how demographic factors (migration, birth and death rates) influence trading. For example, a dimensionally bigger population will require a greater amount of goods, than a smaller one. However, if this population mostly consists of people aged from 60 to 70, demanded products will be very different from those for individuals aged 25 to 30.

demographic indicators

are used, which provide information on the number of individuals within a population, as well as the most important and well-known features: Birth rate: indicates the number of births recorded in a group for every 1,000 people in a given year. Mortality rate: indicates the number recorded of deaths recorded in a group for every 1,000 people in a given year. Infant mortality rate: number of children dying before their first year of life per 1,000 live births. Population growth rate: is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period as a fraction of the initial population, often expressed as a percentage. Fertility rate: average number of offspring born per woman. Human sex ratio: is the ratio of males to females in a population. Literacy - illiteracy: number of individuals aged 15 or over can (not) read in a population, often expressed as a percentage. Life expectancy: probable duration of the life of a person according to the conditions under which he/she was born and live.

general population censuses

are well-known to be very comprehensive and precise. The aspects that can be investigated in such range from: number, distribution by state and municipality, age range, sex, marital status, nationality, nutrition, clothing, housing, literacy, language, religious beliefs, occupation, income, etc. Economic censuses do not necessarily arise in certain periods, but according to the needs of the countries. They do not either necessarily include the entire population, but only certain economic sectors of interest. There are other types of censuses, which include agricultural, forestry, fishery, mining, industrial, educational and service censuses.

Political Geography

Political geography is a subdivision of human geography, which was first addressed in 1897, in a work of the German Geographer Friedrich Ratzel This branch of Geography deals with political institutions, government systems, the impact of policy decisions and any process that takes place within this field. It equally applies to small-organized groups or organization as for countries. political geography has a vision influenced by the geographic factors that were studied before

Political geography

is a subdivision of human geography

political geography is a branch of applied geography whose applied study provides important data in order to find out the reasons for a society to settle in a particular location, the given economic activities they develop, or their trading and exchange with other societies. It also studies what kind of policy decisions are affecting those activities and how consumption behaviors are affected by both geographic and demographic factors. integration of the human, natural and cultural landscapes it provides for a global and individual consciousness that leads us to create and maintain a better world in every way.

Economical Geography

have a great presence and power of influence in the world. This science is responsible for studying everything related to goods’ needs, production, and satisfaction. These goods are intended to satisfy human desires and consumption. This science allows us to better understand the process of goods or services’ trading intended for human satisfaction.

there are different jobs people do, and these activities are classified into three economic sectors:

Primary sector covers activities directly related to natural resources such as mining, oil and gas extraction, agriculture, forestry and fisheries. Secondary sector: In this sector raw materials are transformed into goods. It comprises manufacturing, metal-mechanic, electronic, petrochemical, power, water and other industries. Tertiary sector emerges from the above sectors and covers activities that do not produce tangible goods, but services such as trading, transport and communications.

Globalization

is an economic process that comprises the elements of technology, culture and society at a large scale. It consists of the communication between the different countries of the world unifying their markets, cultures and societies through economic, political and social transformations.

human landscape

allowing us to understand how and where production processes are established. world population is divided into ethnic groups, which are a set of anthropological characteristics shared by a group and transmitted by inheritance. For example, dark skin colors predominate in high isolated areas such as Africa, while groups with clear eyes and skin inhabit the colder, less sunny regions. The population is also divided by its language or tongue, which is interesting for Geography because of its distribution in the world, but also as a factor in human relations, in the integration of nationalities and the transmission of culture. A group sharing a language is called a linguistic group.

geography is interested in religion as it influences different aspects such as: Economics: The banning for consuming certain foods in some religions prevents the development of related activities. For example, no vineyards are grown in the Middle East, since the consumption of wine in Islam is not allowed. It also promotes tourism to certain religious centers like Mecca, Rome or Mexico City. Politics: some of the separatist movements were motivated by religion, such as conflicts in India, Yugoslavia or Northern Ireland. Social. Religion is also a bond between nations, for example, it has allowed the unity of the Jewish people until today. Cultural: religion has inspired works of art in every way.

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