Volcanoes
And their impact on local population
What is a Volcano
- A Volcano is an opening trough the earth crust in which lava, gases and ashes exits the earth's inside
- Volcanoes are mostly recongnizable by their moutain shape and visible smoke at the top
- It can be either on ground or underwater
When did the volcanoes started to form?
- The volcanoes started forming way before the dinosaurs started to exist; Volcanoes are 3.8 BILLION Years old, Dinosaurs are only 245 million years old
- While most of the volcanoes are already formed and will jot grow some will continue to grow bigger like the Paricutín situated in mexico which formed only 80 years ago in 1943
- Volcanoes formed most of the islands of the world like the Hawaiian archipel
The location of volcanoes and why are they here
- Volcanoes are mainly concentrated on the borders of the tectonic plates ( The plates that separates the continents)
- They are mainly here because the cracks in those borders permits lava to flow through the rocks to get to the surface of the earth
- The country with the most volcanoes is the USA with 173 volcanoes, They are mainly in alaska because of the meeting of the North american tectonic plate and the pacific plate
Types of volcanic eruptions
- There are 6 main types of volcanic eruptions:
The Plinian and Pelean eruption
The plinian eruption starts with a big explosion producing a gigantic cloud of ash that looks like an umbrella this cloud can extend up to dozens of kilometers away from the volcano It also has some lava flows
The pelean eruption is the same as the plinian but the ash doesn't stay in the air, instead it forms a cloud on the cloud rapidly descending the mountain to speeds up to 600km/h
The Vulcarian eruption
- The vulcarian eruption is the most intense and dangerous type of eruption out of all 6, it starts off with a massive explosion which causes ashes, rocks and Lava to be thrown in the air and then fall.
- The ash cloud can sometimes produce so much static electricity that it produces a thunderstorm at the top of the volcano
The Hawaiian and Icelandic eruption
The Hawaiian and Icelandic eruptions are very similar they both have long lava flows, They produce lava rivers and lava lakes (sometimes), And they are only native to some parts of the world
The Strombolian eruption
The strombolian eruption is an eruption with high speed lava flows and rocks thrown hundreds of meters in the air by the pressure of the gasses underneath them it also starts with an explosion. This eruption doesnt produce a lot of ash which makes it one of the best to photograph but it is also dangerous with rocks falling out of the sky
How volcanoes are monitored and how can we predict the next eruptions
- The volcanoes are monitored closely by the national authorities of each country, They mostly use instruments like:
- Sismographs : An active volcano will produce tremors (small earthquakes) before an eruption it is a clear indicator that an eruption is near
- Gas detectors: When volcanoes are about to erupt they produce rare gases like Radon, Xenon and Argon these gases can be detected by gas detectors they are also a reliable way to know when a volcano is about to erupt
- Angle monitors: When Volcanoes are about to erupt they inflate like a big balloon and because of that their sides are steeper and it is detected by the monitors
The impact volcanoes have on the population living near them
The impact volcanoes have on the local population is different depending on the country the volcano is situated, the location of the volcano (is it near citys, natural reserves?) for this we wil take two examples, one in a "developped" country and another in a "underdeveloped" country
In a developed country : Piton de la fournaise in La Réunion, France
The Piton de la Fournaise is a very active Hawaiian eruption type volcano which erupted lastly on the 3rd of july 2023, The authorities set a alert level of 2.2 on this day which meant that the eruption followed the predicted path and did not cause harm, neither material nor human the last death from this volcano dates back to the 20th century
In an underdeveloped Country : The Democratic Republic of Congo
The volcano Nyiragongo is a hawaiian eruption type volcano which last erupted in May 2021 and killed 15 peope fleeing the lava, This is only the last eruption, in 2002 one of the most violent eruption of the volcano, the city of Goma was flooded with 25 millions cubic meters of lava and it killed more than a 100 People, destroying 14 000 Homes and forcing the population to go to Rwanda for safety
This disaster was caused because the authorities did not plan that the volcano would erupt so violently, Nobody was ready and here are the consequences but with this tragedy the Authorities have learned and now the volcan is better monitored, but i'ts still not as good as the monitoring in La réunion
The advantages of living near a volcano
Living near a volcano is dangerous but there is also benefits: -The geothermic activity can be used to heat the house by inserting a pipe in the naturally heated ground and running water trough it, the pipe will conduct the ground heat and therefore heat the water -Since you live in a danger zone houses will be cheaper and you will have less neighbors but don't get too comfy, you still live next to an active volcano
The soil fertility
The ash from a volcano is a natural soil fertilizer which permits the crops planted to grow bigger, faster and have a better taste and even sometimes, a unique taste created by the ash (Like the Vesuvius Wine)
The Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is a clean renewable energy that uses the heat produced by the magma to heat water and heat the house
It is done by getting a pipe deep in the ground,passing water trough it, the heat of the magma conducted by the soil will transfer to the water which can then be used to heat the house, take a shower, a bath
Cheap Houses
Living in a dangerous sector you can get houses for really cheap but you can lose them at any moment that's why they sell for cheap
Thank you for your attention. Any questions ?
Volcanoes and their impact on population
César Frappart
Created on September 22, 2023
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Transcript
Volcanoes
And their impact on local population
What is a Volcano
When did the volcanoes started to form?
The location of volcanoes and why are they here
Types of volcanic eruptions
The Plinian and Pelean eruption
The plinian eruption starts with a big explosion producing a gigantic cloud of ash that looks like an umbrella this cloud can extend up to dozens of kilometers away from the volcano It also has some lava flows
The pelean eruption is the same as the plinian but the ash doesn't stay in the air, instead it forms a cloud on the cloud rapidly descending the mountain to speeds up to 600km/h
The Vulcarian eruption
The Hawaiian and Icelandic eruption
The Hawaiian and Icelandic eruptions are very similar they both have long lava flows, They produce lava rivers and lava lakes (sometimes), And they are only native to some parts of the world
The Strombolian eruption
The strombolian eruption is an eruption with high speed lava flows and rocks thrown hundreds of meters in the air by the pressure of the gasses underneath them it also starts with an explosion. This eruption doesnt produce a lot of ash which makes it one of the best to photograph but it is also dangerous with rocks falling out of the sky
How volcanoes are monitored and how can we predict the next eruptions
The impact volcanoes have on the population living near them
The impact volcanoes have on the local population is different depending on the country the volcano is situated, the location of the volcano (is it near citys, natural reserves?) for this we wil take two examples, one in a "developped" country and another in a "underdeveloped" country
In a developed country : Piton de la fournaise in La Réunion, France
The Piton de la Fournaise is a very active Hawaiian eruption type volcano which erupted lastly on the 3rd of july 2023, The authorities set a alert level of 2.2 on this day which meant that the eruption followed the predicted path and did not cause harm, neither material nor human the last death from this volcano dates back to the 20th century
In an underdeveloped Country : The Democratic Republic of Congo
The volcano Nyiragongo is a hawaiian eruption type volcano which last erupted in May 2021 and killed 15 peope fleeing the lava, This is only the last eruption, in 2002 one of the most violent eruption of the volcano, the city of Goma was flooded with 25 millions cubic meters of lava and it killed more than a 100 People, destroying 14 000 Homes and forcing the population to go to Rwanda for safety
This disaster was caused because the authorities did not plan that the volcano would erupt so violently, Nobody was ready and here are the consequences but with this tragedy the Authorities have learned and now the volcan is better monitored, but i'ts still not as good as the monitoring in La réunion
The advantages of living near a volcano
Living near a volcano is dangerous but there is also benefits: -The geothermic activity can be used to heat the house by inserting a pipe in the naturally heated ground and running water trough it, the pipe will conduct the ground heat and therefore heat the water -Since you live in a danger zone houses will be cheaper and you will have less neighbors but don't get too comfy, you still live next to an active volcano
The soil fertility
The ash from a volcano is a natural soil fertilizer which permits the crops planted to grow bigger, faster and have a better taste and even sometimes, a unique taste created by the ash (Like the Vesuvius Wine)
The Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is a clean renewable energy that uses the heat produced by the magma to heat water and heat the house
It is done by getting a pipe deep in the ground,passing water trough it, the heat of the magma conducted by the soil will transfer to the water which can then be used to heat the house, take a shower, a bath
Cheap Houses
Living in a dangerous sector you can get houses for really cheap but you can lose them at any moment that's why they sell for cheap
Thank you for your attention. Any questions ?