B1 Book

REFUSING

ADVISING

APOLOGIZING

AGREEING

GIVING BAD NEWS

GIVING BAD NEWS

DISAGREEING

GIVING YOUR OPINION

ASKING FOR AN OPINION

ASKING FOR AN OPINION

ADVISING

You should/could... It's a good idea to + verb How about... verb-ing? Why don't you...? If I were you, I would

REFUSING

I'm sorry, but... It sounds good, but ... Unfortunately, ... I'd love/like to, but... I wish I could, but...

APOLOGIZING

I'm (so/truly) sorry, I apologize for... I hope you can forgive me. Sorry, it's my fault. I didn't mean to.

AGREEING

You're (certainly) right. I completely agree with you. That's right. I feel the same way. You've nailed it!

DISAGREEING

I'm not sure about that. I disagree with you. Are you pulling my leg? I think you're mistaken. I'm afraid I can't agree with that.

ASKING FOR AN OPINION

How do you see it? What's your point of view about...? Can I get your opinion about...? How do you feel about...? Do you share the view that...?

GIVING YOUR OPINION

If you ask me, ... I feel that... Without a doubt, ... It seems to me that... I can't help thinking that...

INFORMAL EMAIL

FILM REVIEW

FOR AND AGAINST ESSAY

Therefore

However

Moreover

In short

In fact

By the way

That is

Hopefully

Explanation

Verbs: ing/to/ed

Explanation

Questions

Negative Sent.

Explanation

Pronouns

Explanation

Questions

What did you do in summer?

Did you like the film?

Has she ever played volleyball?

Where did you go in summer?

How was the film?

Does she know how to play?

What's your opinion about the film?

Did you go abroad in summer?

Is it her first time playing volleyball?

I visited Canada in summer.

To be honest, I didn't like the film.

She has never played volleyball.

Why didn't she come to school?

Will you go with us to the cinema?

Because she's sick.

Would you like to go to the cinema?

How do you go to school?

Do you want to do something later?

I go to school by bus.

No sorry, I'm busy.

How many subjects are there?

There are 10 subjects.

Do you think that is a good idea?

Where is Carl ?

When is the concert?

Do you agree with the new plan?

Can you tell me where Carl is?

The concert is next Friday.

How about doing yoga?

Do you know where Carl is?

How long does the film last?

It's a good idea!

For two hours.

I don't know where Carl is.

Negative Sentences

I have all the exams. Everyone is invited. She has a cat. I have everything. Take either of these two. Take any of these three. I have some pets. I have a question. I'll go everywhere. Everybody can come. She got a salary.

have no exams/don't have any exams. No one is/ anyone isn't invited. has no cat/ doesn't have any cat. nothing/ don't have anything. neither/ don't take either of... none/ don't take any.... no pets/ don't have any pets. no question/ don't have any question. nowhere/ don't go anywhere. nobody/ anybody can't come. no salary/ doesn't have any salary.

I have a problem.I visited San Francisco I have watched that film. I'm going to do it to fail. She must do the activities. Eating fast food is common. He missed the class to see her. They came last week. They had visited Paris. Chloe is friendly. He has a dog.

I don't have a/any problem.I didn't visit San Francisco I haven't watched that film. I'm going to do it not to fail. She mustn't do the activities. Not eating fast food is common. He missed the class not to see her. They didn't come last week. They hadn't visited Paris. Chloe isn't friendly. He doesn't have a/any dog.

STRUCTURES

Past Tenses

Want/Need/Like

Past Tenses

The more

Past Tenses

Although

BECAUSE OF

While/Whereas

Such... that...

Not only... but also...

2nd conditional

Present Tenses

As long as

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Reported Speech

Once/As soon as

Worth

Not only but also

As long as

Past Tenses

Be/get used to

The more/The more

Passive Voice

Although

As soon as

Future Tenses

Because of

Perfect Modals

Third/M Conditional

While/whereas

Passive Voice

USED TO

Despite

Too

So... that

SO THAT

Modal Verbs

Enough

Unless

Second Conditional

It is said that...

So that

So... that...

Want/Need/Like

Modal Verbs

Aunque

Although I was tired, I couldn’t sleep. =Aunque estuve cansado, no pude dormir.

Even If

Although it is difficult to save money sometimes, it is necessary in case of an emergency.

"Aunque" for hypothetical cases is "even if"

He decided to go to that remote area, although I told him it was a bad idea.

Even if I had a lot of money, I would not buy that house.(aunque tuviera mucho dinero) caso hipotéticoEven if they were professional players, they would live in the countryside.

Although = Even though (+ emphasis)

Even though he does not speak English, he went to Australia alone.

Even though she did not finish college, she runs an international company.

Would

Remember that "would" has different meanings. One of them is to be a synonym for "used to". However, it can only be used if...

Solía

My mother used to work, now she is unemployed. =Mi madre solía trabajar, ahora está desempleada.

The action after "would" can be repeated.

Everyone knows we are talking about the past.

In my childhood, I would play with my grandparents every weekend.

I used to have dinner at 10 P.M, but I changed it because that was too late.

The action can be repeated (every weekend) and everyone knows we are talking about the past (in my childhood).

I didn't use to recycle. Now, I do it every day.

When I was 10 years, I would like to play football every day.

The action CANNOT be repeated (you cannot repeat "like"). You have to use "used to".

During the 2nd World War, people would save food.

You can save several times and the 2nd World War was in the past.

Common Mistakes

NO subject + verb after because of

Because of they had a lot of exams, they couldn't go to the cinema.

Debido a/Por

En español diríamos "debido a que tuvieron". En inglés no se puede poner ese "que" para que tenga sentido. Quedaría así:"Debido a tuvieron". The trick is: si puedes poner because, no puedes poner "because of". También puedes traducirlo por "POR x razón" "Because they had a lot of exams" Correct. "Because of they had a lot of exams" Incorrect. Para expresar esa frase pudiendo usar despite hay 3 formas 1) Añadiendo the fact that Because of the fact that they had a lot of exams... 2) Poniendo el verbo en ing sin sujeto Because of having a lot of exams... 3) Poniendo un sustantivo después Because of the exams...

He's sad because of the film. = Está triste debido a/por la película.

The accident happened because of the lack of security.

She got the job because of his high English level.

The antenna was broken because of the storm.

Synonyms: due to, owing to, on account of, as a consequence of, in the wake of...

FORMAL

FORMAL

LITERARY

FORMAL

FORMAL

Normally, "due to" goes after the verb to be. However, more and more, English speakers use it interchangeably with "because of".This disaster is due to the storm.

Common Mistakes

La coma solo va cuando das información extra, si estás especificando no se pone coma:My brother who/that is a doctor (aquí no hay coma porque estas especificando que estás hablando de tu hermano que es doctor, no de otro) En la estructura de la coma no se puede usar "that"

We want to see the new Tom Carter film, which was released on Friday. = Queremos ver la nueva película de Tom Carter, que fue lanzada el viernes.

Have a look at the following examples. What is in bold is extra information. We use "who", "where", "when", "which" depending on whether it is a person/place/time/thing

Esta estructura se utiliza para dar información extra sobre algo/alguien. En vez de poner dos frases diferentes acerca de una cosa/persona, lo acercamos con una coma. En vez de: I am going to download Instagram. It is very famous. Ponemos: I am going to download instagram, which is very famous.

We are going to meet Jim, who has just come from London.

I was born in Las Palmas, where my parents met.

She was born in 1945, when the Second World War ended.

I'm going to visit Lanzarote, which is famous for its volcanoes.

Para que

My uncle is working hard so that my cousin can go to the university. =My tío está trabajando mucho para que mi primo pueda ir a la universidad.

Common Mistakes

I’ll go by car so that I can take more luggage for my trip.

"So that" NO significa "por tanto". Para ello, hay que quitar el "that".

I learnt English so that I could have a good salary.

My mother bought a house in the countryside so that we will have a place to spend our summers.

Do not write comma before so that.

You can omit "that" to make it more informal.

In order that

Normally, you need a modal verb after the subject.

It is a formal synonym for "so that".

The government will approve a new law in order that the deprived can afford housing.

Present: canPast: could Future: will

No solo X, sino también...

She can speak not only English, but also French. = Ella no solo puede hablar inglés, sino también Francés.

Common Mistakes

Not only no va al inicio de una frase. Tiene que ir después del sujeto (she not only...) o después del verbo (she plays not only X but also...)

Smoking is not only bad for our health, but also for our social life.

They not only study at the university, but also they do sports every day.

The car not only is economical but also feels good to drive.

SYNONYMS

Siempre y cuando

You can go to the cinema as long as you finish your homework. = Puedes ir al cine siempre y cuando acabes tus deberes.

I will help you to pass as long as you take it seriously.

I will accept the job on condition that I am offered a competitive salary.

I'll lend you the book providing that you promise to give me it back next week.

We're going skiing next week provided that there's enough snow.

Present Continuous

Present Simple

Subject + verb(s)

Subject + to be + verb-ing

She plays football. Ellos juegan al fútbol.

They are doing their homework. Están haciendo los deberes

I'm writing a poem. Estoy escribiendo un poema.

We work as teachers. Trabajamos como profesores.

Usos: Igual que en español, lo que se puede utilizar también para hablar del futuro cuando está todo organizado al 100% y confirmado. I'm having dinner tonight. (está 100% organizado y confirmado) Pregunta: el verbo to be al principio Negación: poner "n't" o "not" después del verb to be

Usos: Igual que en español. A tener en cuenta: Con she/he/it se añade "s" al verbo-> plays do-> does Pregunta: do/does + subject + verb Negación: subject + don't/doesn't + verb

Present P. Continuous

Present Perfect

Subject + have/has + 3rd form

Subject + has/have + been + verb-ing

My father has changed his job. Mi padre ha cambiado de trabajo.

It has been raining a lot. Ha estado lloviendo mucho.

They have been eating a lot recently. Han estado comiendo mucho recientemente.

They have bought a new house. Han comprado una nueva casa.

Usos: Igual que en español salvo el "just". A tener en cuenta: "already" se pone después de have para decir "ya he hecho X" I have already done it. "just" se pone después de have para decir "acabo de hacer X". I have just finished my homework. "yet" se pone al final en frases negativas para decir "todavía no he hecho X" I haven't done my homework yet. Pregunta: have/has + subject + verb 3rd form Negación: poner "n't" o "not" después de "have"

Usos: Igual que en español. A tener en cuenta: Pregunta: have/has + subject + been + verb-ing Negación: poner "n't" or "not" después de have.

Past Continuous

Past Simple

Subject + was/were + verb-ing

Subject + 2nd form (-ed si no es irregular)

My mother finished university in 2002. Mi madre terminó la universidad en 2022.

He was cooking when I got home. Estaba cocinando cuando llegué a casa.

They were working the whole day! Estaban trabajando todo el día.

We bought a new car. Compramos un coche nuevo.

Usos: Igual que en español. A tener en cuenta: Pregunta: was/were + subject + verb-ing Negación: poner "n't" or "not" después de was/were.

Usos: Igual que en español salvo para hablar de casos hipotéticos. (Si TUVIERA-> if I HAD) A tener en cuenta: Cuando se hace la frase en pregunta/negación, se pone el verbo sin cambiar. Al poner did en preguntas y didn't en negaciones, ya sabemos que es sobre el pasado. She didn't go to school. Go se queda igual. Did she pay for it? Pay se queda igual.

F. Continuous

Going to

Will

Subject + will + be + verb-ing

Subject + to be + going to + verb

Subject + will + verb

Sorry, I will be studying. Lo siento, estaré estudiando.

Do you need help? Ok, I will help you. ¿Necesitas ayuda? Vale, te ayudaré.

I'm going to study. See you! Voy a estudiar. ¡Nos vemos!

I will be working when the match starts. Estaré trabajando cuando el partido empiece.

I think he will come with us. Creo que vendrá con nosotros.

She is going to study in New York. Va a estudiar en Nueva York.

Usos: Igual que en español. Pregunta: will + subject + be + verb-ing Negación: poner "not" después de will. La negación con contracción es won't.

Usos: Igual que en español. Pregunta: to be + subject + going to + verb. Negación: poner "n't" o "not" después del verbo to be

Usos: Igual que en español en casi todos los casos. A tener en cuenta: La contracción es "ll"-> I'll do it. Pregunta: will + subject + verb Negación: poner "not" después de will La negación con contracción es "won't"

A menos que

Trick

Don't buy that expensive car unless you are rich. = No compres ese coche caro a menos que seas rico.

If you write a negative sentence with "if", change it and write the affirmative version with "unless".

I wouldn't eat that food unless I was really hungry.

I wouldn't do that unless I'm totally sure it will work.

I will not go to the cinema if you don't go.

Can you turn the radio off unless you’re listening to it?

I will not go to the cinema unless you go.

Unless you study dilligently, you'll never understand trigonometry.

Mientras que

While

He loves foreign holidays, whereas his brother prefers to stay at home. = A el le encanta las vacaciones en el extranjero, mientras que su hermano prefiere quedarse en casa.

While significa lo mismo que whereas, pero si queremos decir "mientras" solamente, solo podemos usar "while". Va seguido de un verbo en continuo (be + ing). While I was watching the TV, she was studying. Mientras estaba viendo la tele, ella estudiaba. Someone knocked the door while I was having a shower. Alguien tocó la puerta mientras me estaba duchando. While: mientras y mientras que Whereas: mientras que

He loves foreign holidays, whereas/while his brother prefers to stay at home.

Paul likes action films whereas/while Lennie mostly watches detective stories.

Whereas/while some people try to fight climate change, others decide to ignore the problem.

Quiero que... X haga Y cosa

En español, decimos "necesito que tú", "quiero que él", "me gustaría que nosotros"...

Sin embargo, en inglés no se dice I want that you.../I need that you.../I would like that you...

Lo que hay que hacer es poner la persona en vez de "that" y luego poner lo que quieres que haga con "to"I want you to study-> quiero que estudies. I would like them to come over my place-> me gustaría que se pasaran por mi casa. I needed him to finish as soon as possible-> Necesitaba que terminara lo más pronto posible.

IMPORTANT

Si ...ERA, -RÍA...

El "would" nunca va en la parte del "if"."Was" nunca va en la parte del "if". Hay que poner "were". Esto no es pasado, es para hablar de un caso hipotético. (Si fuera cierto...) Ese "fuera", "comiera", "rompiera" etc es simplemente el verbo en pasado, pero no tiene nada que ver con el pasado.

If I lived in China, I would learn Chinese. = Si viviera en China, aprendería Chino.

If they had a lot of money, they would buy a house.

If I had more free time, I would go with you.

If there were more buses, we would leave the car at home.

If she were not sick, she would be here with us.

Suficiente(mente)

Your marks are good enough to study engineering. = Tus notas son lo suficientemente buenas para estudiar ingeniería.

There isn't enough bread to make sandwiches.

ENOUGH + NOUN

I don't have enough money to buy a new car.

The exam is easy enough to pass without being too stressed.

ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH

The problem is important enough to take it seriously.

Demasiado (como para...)

That restaurant is too expensive to go every day. = Ese restaurante es demasiado caro para ir todos los días.

There're too many people at this party. Let's go to a different one.

TOO + ADJECTIVE

Mickael is too arrogant to be my friend.

TOO MUCH/MANY + NOUN

In the coffee there's too much sugar to drink.

This dish is too spicy to eat unless you love that kind of food.

Variation

You can use inversion with this structure. The inversion is what we do with questions: to place the auxiliary verb before the subject.

Tan... que... (with adjectives)

This restaurant is so expensive that only rich people go. = Este restaurante es tan caro que solo gente rica va.

So compelling was the film that I'll watch it again.

So difficult can the exam be that we should study for days.

This is so serious that we have to solve it right now.

So tall is this building that there are 30 floors.

He's so hooked on the new game that he does not hang out with his friends anymore.

Inversions are used to give emphasis and are usually formal.

She has so many followers on Instagram that she cannot leave home.

This structures is used with "many/much".

You can also use this structure without that:It's so nice! It's so important!

Variation

You can use inversion with this structure. The inversion is what we do with questions: to place the auxiliary verb before the subject.

Tan... que... (with (adjective) + noun)

It was such a cold afternoon that we stopped playing. = Era una tarde tan fría que paramos de jugar.

Such was the extent of the dammage that the car was a total write-off.

Russia is such a big country that it has eleven time zones.

Such was the party that everything happened so fast.

The boy has such fine manners that everyone likes him.

Such is the problem that everyone is affected.

It was such an interesting book that I lent it to my friends.

Inversions are used to give emphasis and are usually formal.

Una vez que.../Tan pronto como...

I'll hit you up once I finish my homework. = Te llamaré una vez que termine los deberes.

As soon as I finish all my studies, I will travel around the world.

Let me know once you've tidied up your room.

She started shouting as soon as she saw the insect.

Can

Could

Podría

Could you give me some bread?

Must

Can

Might

Poder (presente)

Puede que

Sorry, I can't go to the cinema. I'm busy.

They might go with us. It depends on the weather.

Must

Must

Must

Would

-ía en verbos

Deber (presente)

She must be sleeping. It's 04:00 A.M.

If I had a lot of money, I would buy a house.

Should

Shall

Should

que tal si...

Debería

You should come with us. It will be fun !

Shall we go to eat out? I'm hungry.

May

May

Puede que

IMPORTANT:Modal verbs have different meanings and rules.

I may be wrong, but I think that it is not a good idea.

The passive voice is super important in English. It is used in writing a lot and in Spanish it would be:

• SE importa/SE vieron/SE leen...
• ES importado/FUERON vistos/SERÁN leídos...
• ME dieron/LES compraron/TE ofrecieron (cuando el sujeto es una persona)

En inglés es tan sencillo como: subject + verb to be + 3rd form This book is read everywhere. (aquí no decimos quien) Este libro se lee/es leido en todos los sitios. The museum was visited by famous people. (que haya sido el museo lo que fue visitado es importante) El museo fue visitado por gente famosa. I have been offered a job with a good salary. (no decimos quien) Me han ofrecido un trabajo con un buen salario.

A new restaurant will be opened next week. Un nuevo restaurante será abierto la próxima semana. Se abrirá un nuevo restaurante la próxima semana. She was bought a new computer. Le compraron un nuevo ordenador. The road is being repaired. La carretera se está arreglando. La carretera está siendo arreglada. Three books are used in class (by the students). Se usan tres libros en clase. Tres libros son usados en clase (por los estudiantes). They have been given a new car. Les han dado un nuevo coche.