Development of social class

1945 - until today

THE Development of the

social classes

in Germany

before 1945

Hierarchy

nobility, bourgeoisie, proletariat, peasants

1945-1970

Upward mobility

economic miracle, education, middle class, standard of living

1970-1990

Structural change

globalisation, technological progress, inequality, atypical employment

2000-2010

Social reforms

labour market flexibility, precariat, unemployment

2010- present

Challenges

income inequality, social integration, education inequality

The post-war period in Germany was characterised by destruction, reconstruction and economic upswing. With the Marshall Plan and other support measures, Germany experienced the "economic miracle". This led to a significant rise in living standards and a growing middle class as many people moved up the social ladder through education and job opportunities. A broader middle class formed and social mobility increased.

2000-2010

Social reforms

From the 2000s onwards, comprehensive (umfassende) labour market (Arbeitsmarkt) and social reforms, such as the Hartz reforms, were introduced. These reforms were intended to make the labour market more flexible and reduce unemployment. However, they also led to an increase in atypical employment and precarious work. Some people feel like living in a two-class society: on the one hand there are people with relatively stable jobs and good income - on the other hand people have to live with little money and insecure employment.

1970-1990

A structural change

In the 1970s and 1980s, technological advances and globalisation led to a structural change in the economy. Traditional industries lost importance while the service sector (Dienstleistungssektor) grew. This affected the social class structure, as some traditional industrial workers lost their jobs or had to move to lower-paid sectors. There was an increase in atypical employment, leading to insecurity and inequality.

Before 1945

Hierarchy

Before the Second World War, Germany was characterised by a strong social class division. Society was hierarchically structured, starting with the nobility, which had great influence on politics, the economy and society. Below that was the bourgeoisie (Bürgertum), consisting of entrepreneurs, merchants and academics. The working class, including industrial and agricultural workers, formed the largest population group. Social mobility between these classes was limited, and living conditions and opportunities varied considerably according to social class.

In recent years, rents and housing prices in urban centres have risen sharply, leading to social tensions and housing shortage problems. Educational inequality has increased, as education is crucial for social advancement. Discussions on income inequality, social inclusion and social justice are at the forefront as society becomes aware of these challenges.