OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
A proposition that leraning can also take place without mere association or through consequences.
Index
1. WHAT IS LEARNING?
8. ANALYSIS OF QUESTION>
2. FIRST TWO THEORIES OF LEARNING
9. FOUR ELEMENTS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
3. WHAT IS OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING?
10. APPLICATIONS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
4. ALBERT BANDURA
11. SOME OTHER APPLICATIONS
12. CONCLUSION
5. WHO IS A MODEL?
13. THANKS
6. EXPERIMENT OF BANDURA
7. LATER STUDY AND A QUESTION
WHAT IS LEARNING?
Any relatively permanent change in behaviour brought about by experience or practice.
FIRST TWO THEORIES OF LEARNING
1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING :- It was given by Ivan Pavlov with detailed experiments with dogs and published results in 1897. 2. OPERANT CONDITIONING :- It was given by B.F.Skinner with detailed experiments with rats and published results in 1948
WHAT IS OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING?
WHO GAVE OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING THEORY?
- Although it is common belief that observer will copy the model, yet,
- It was American psychologist ALBERT BANDURA who along with his associates embarked on journey of research in area of observational learning.
- His theory called SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY mainly stresses on importance of observation and modelling of behaviours, attitudes and emotional reactions of others.
Here, WE SHOULD FIRST DISCUSS WHAT IS A MODEL BEFORE WE PROCEED..
- A MODEL IS A PERSON PERFORMING THE TASK BEING IMITATED.
- HUMANS JUST DON'T IMITATE ANYONE, AND WE MOSTLY IMITATE THOSE WHO ARE:-
- SIMILAR TO US,
- HIGH IN STATUS POSITIONS
- EXPERTS OR KNOWLEDGEABLE
- REWARDED FOR THEIR BEHAVIOURS
- RELATED TO US LIKE OUR PARENTS OR CAREGIVERS
BANDURA'S CLASSIC BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT!
IN ONE CONDITION , A PRE-SCHOOL CHILD WAS MADE TO SEE A MODEL WHO PLAYED WITH TOYS IN A NON-AGGRESSIVE MANNER AND IN OTHER CONDITION, LET'S SEE.....WHEN EXPOSED TO THE AGGRESSIVE MODEL, CHILD DID EXACT IMITATION OF THAT BEHAVIOUR WHILE WHO SAW NON AGGRESSIVE MODEL DID AS WAS HIS MODEL.
CAN CONSEQUENCES OF MODEL'S BEHAVIOUR MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
HERE WE COME TO LATER PHASE OF BANDURA'S RESEARCH.HE DIVIDED THE CHILDREN INTO TWO GROUPS AND MADE BOTH GROUPS SEE TWO DIFFERENT FILMS OF MODEL BEATING UP THE BOBO DOLL;- 1.) FIRST ONE SAW THE MODEL BEING REWARDED FOR THE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR 2.) SECOND GROUP SAW THE MODEL BEING PUNISHED. RESULTS??- AS WE WOULD EXPECT, THE CHILDREN IN THE SECOND GROUP DID NOT IMITATE THE ACT OF MODEL.
CAN WE SAY THAT CHILDREN IN THE SECOND GROUP HAD NOT LEARNT THE AGGRESIVE BEHAVIOUR?
THE ANSWER IS NO! ..........HOW?BANDURA STEPPED FURTHER AND PROMISED THE CHILDREN OF THE SECOND GROUP THAT HE WOULD GIVE THEM A REWARD IF THEY COULD SHOW HIM WHAT THE MODEL DID AND THE CHILDREN EXACTLY IMITATED THE BEHAVIOUR.
FOUR ELEMENTS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING:- 'AMID
STUDIES HAVE ALSO SHOWN THAT WHEN CHILDREN SEE MODELS IN MEDIA HELPING OTHERS, THEIR AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR DECREASES AND PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR INCREASES.
APPLICATIONS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING...
INTERESTINGLY, WE DONOT NOTICE HOW OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING IS PUT TO USE BY US EVERYDAY?
BANDURA BEGAN THIS RESEARCH TO INVESTIGATE A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN CHILDREN'S EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE ON TELEVISION AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS OTHERS.
RIGHT FROM DOCTORS AFTER COMPLETING THEIR DEGREE DOING INTERNSHIP UNDER MORE EXPERIENCED DOCTORS, TO TODDLERS IMITATING PARENTS BY WEARING DUPATTA,TO SOCIAL SCIENTISTS TERMING GENDER NORMS AS SOCIAL CONSTRUCT, TO CHILD LEARNING TABLE MANNERS FROM PARENTS AND EVEN LEARNING TO DO NAMASTE..
HUNDREDS OF STUDIES OVER DECADES HAVE STRONGLY INDICATED THE LINK FOR BOTH CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS.
WE USUALLY DONT'T THINK OF LEARNING HOW TO SPEAK A LANGUAGE AS EXAMPLE OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING, BUT IT MOST DEFINITELY IS.
SOME OTHER APPLICATIONS.....
INTRODUCED BACK IN 1880s, SEATBELTS WERE NOT WELCOMED BUT THE TIDE BEGAN TO CHANGE WHEN DRAMATIC PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENTS SHOWED LOSS DUE TO NO SEAT BELT IN A CAR CRASH, SEATBELT NOW IS A WIDELY ACCEPTED SOCIAL NORM.
NO MATTER WHAT WE WANT TO LEARN TO DO, THERE IS PROBABLY A YOUTUBE VIDEO FOR IT, AGREE?PAUSE, PLAY, SCROLL BACK AND FORTH AND LEARN, A SUPER EXAMPLE OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
CONCLUSION:-Behaviour change can and does occur through observation, even when such observation is incidental,occurring in context of other activities and leads to learning without any association or consequence.
THANK YOU ALL FOR BEING PATIENT BUT CURIOUS AUDIENCE!!
MADE BY:- MALEEZA B.A. II ( 3rd SEM) 2548
LEARNING/PERFORMANCE DISTINCTION:- THE OBSERVATION THAT LEARNING CAN TAKE PLACE WITHOUT ACTUAL PERFORMANCE OF THE LEARNED BEHAVIOUR
WHAT IS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING?
WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING?
- LEARNING OF VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOUR THROUGH THE EFFECTS OF PLEASANT AND UNPLEASANT CONSEQUENCES TO RESPONSES.
LEARNING TO MAKE AN INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS OTHER THAN THE ORIGINAL, NATURAL STIMULUS THAT NORMALLY PRODUCES THE RESPONSE.
Got an idea?
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- Generate experiences with your content.
- It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
- Make sure your audience remembers the message.
Some key findings of his research and theory.
- BANDURA MENTIONS THAT INDIVIDUALS MAY SIMPLY LEARN FROM THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE MODEL RATHER THAN IMITATE IT.
- HE FOUND THAT AS SOCIAL ANIMALS, HUMANS NATURALLY GRAVITATE TOWARDS OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING.
- IT PLAYS IMPORTANT ROLE IN SOCIALIZATION OF CHILD AS CHILDREN LEARN HOW TO BEHAVE OBSERVING INTERACTION OF THEIR PARENTS AND CARE GIVERS WITH OTHERS.
- CANADIAN-born AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST AND ORIGINATOR OF SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY.
- BEST KNOWN FOR HIS MODELLING STUDY ON AGGRESSION, REFERRED TO AS 'BOBO DOLL'
- HE WAS THE FIRST ONE TO DEMONSTRATE THAT SELF EFFICACY THAT IS BELIEF IN ONE's OWN ABILITIES HAS AN EFFECT ON WHAT INDIVIDUALS DO AND HOW THEY FEEL ABOUT IT
Got an idea?
Let the communication flow!
With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.
- Generate experiences with your content.
- It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
- Make sure your audience remembers the message.
Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment:-
ALBERT BANDURA PUT A PRE-SCHOOL CHILD IN A ROOM WHERE A MODEL INTERACTED WITH TOYS IN FRONT OF THE CHILD. IN ONE CONDITION, MODEL COMPLETELY IGNORED THE PRESENCE OF BOBO DOLL AND PLAYED WITH THE TOYS IN A NON-AGGRESSIVE MANNER. IN ANOTHER ONDITION,MODEL BECAME VERY AGGRESSIVE WITH THE DOLL, KICKING IT AND HITTING IT WITH A HAMMER ET C. WHEN THE CHILD WAS LEFT ALONE IN THE ROOM, BEING WATCHED VIA THE CAMERA, CHILDREN EXPOSED TO AGGRESSIVE MODEL EXACTLY IMITATED THE MODEL, EVEN WITHOUT ANY REINFORCEMENT NECESSARY. THE CHILDREN LEARNED THE BEHAVIOUR JUST BY OBSERVING THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE MODEL
Got an idea?
Let the communication flow!
With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.
- Generate experiences with your content.
- It’s got the Wow effect. Very Wow.
- Make sure your audience remembers the message.
DEFINITION:-
Its is the learning of new behaviour through watching the the activities of a model ( someone else who is doing the behaviour).
- THE TARGETED BEHAVIOUR IS WATCHED, MEMORISED AND THEN MIMICKED.
- IT IS ALSO KNOWN AS MODELLING.
- FORM OF SOCIAL LEARNING THAT TAKES VARIOUS FORMS BASED ON VARIOUS PROCESSES.
- HE HAS RECIEVED THE AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION'S AWARD FOR LIFETIME CONTRIBUTION TO PSYCHOLOGY>
- In 2002, a journal, A REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY, ranked him as 4th MOST FAMOUS PSYCHOLOGIST AFTER B.F.SKINNER, JEAN PIAGET and SIGMUND FREUD.
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OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
Maliza
Created on September 15, 2023
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Transcript
OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
A proposition that leraning can also take place without mere association or through consequences.
Index
1. WHAT IS LEARNING?
8. ANALYSIS OF QUESTION>
2. FIRST TWO THEORIES OF LEARNING
9. FOUR ELEMENTS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
3. WHAT IS OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING?
10. APPLICATIONS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
4. ALBERT BANDURA
11. SOME OTHER APPLICATIONS
12. CONCLUSION
5. WHO IS A MODEL?
13. THANKS
6. EXPERIMENT OF BANDURA
7. LATER STUDY AND A QUESTION
WHAT IS LEARNING?
Any relatively permanent change in behaviour brought about by experience or practice.
FIRST TWO THEORIES OF LEARNING
1. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING :- It was given by Ivan Pavlov with detailed experiments with dogs and published results in 1897. 2. OPERANT CONDITIONING :- It was given by B.F.Skinner with detailed experiments with rats and published results in 1948
WHAT IS OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING?
WHO GAVE OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING THEORY?
Here, WE SHOULD FIRST DISCUSS WHAT IS A MODEL BEFORE WE PROCEED..
BANDURA'S CLASSIC BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT!
IN ONE CONDITION , A PRE-SCHOOL CHILD WAS MADE TO SEE A MODEL WHO PLAYED WITH TOYS IN A NON-AGGRESSIVE MANNER AND IN OTHER CONDITION, LET'S SEE.....WHEN EXPOSED TO THE AGGRESSIVE MODEL, CHILD DID EXACT IMITATION OF THAT BEHAVIOUR WHILE WHO SAW NON AGGRESSIVE MODEL DID AS WAS HIS MODEL.
CAN CONSEQUENCES OF MODEL'S BEHAVIOUR MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
HERE WE COME TO LATER PHASE OF BANDURA'S RESEARCH.HE DIVIDED THE CHILDREN INTO TWO GROUPS AND MADE BOTH GROUPS SEE TWO DIFFERENT FILMS OF MODEL BEATING UP THE BOBO DOLL;- 1.) FIRST ONE SAW THE MODEL BEING REWARDED FOR THE AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR 2.) SECOND GROUP SAW THE MODEL BEING PUNISHED. RESULTS??- AS WE WOULD EXPECT, THE CHILDREN IN THE SECOND GROUP DID NOT IMITATE THE ACT OF MODEL.
CAN WE SAY THAT CHILDREN IN THE SECOND GROUP HAD NOT LEARNT THE AGGRESIVE BEHAVIOUR?
THE ANSWER IS NO! ..........HOW?BANDURA STEPPED FURTHER AND PROMISED THE CHILDREN OF THE SECOND GROUP THAT HE WOULD GIVE THEM A REWARD IF THEY COULD SHOW HIM WHAT THE MODEL DID AND THE CHILDREN EXACTLY IMITATED THE BEHAVIOUR.
FOUR ELEMENTS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING:- 'AMID
STUDIES HAVE ALSO SHOWN THAT WHEN CHILDREN SEE MODELS IN MEDIA HELPING OTHERS, THEIR AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR DECREASES AND PRO-SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR INCREASES.
APPLICATIONS OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING...
INTERESTINGLY, WE DONOT NOTICE HOW OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING IS PUT TO USE BY US EVERYDAY?
BANDURA BEGAN THIS RESEARCH TO INVESTIGATE A POSSIBLE LINK BETWEEN CHILDREN'S EXPOSURE TO VIOLENCE ON TELEVISION AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS OTHERS.
RIGHT FROM DOCTORS AFTER COMPLETING THEIR DEGREE DOING INTERNSHIP UNDER MORE EXPERIENCED DOCTORS, TO TODDLERS IMITATING PARENTS BY WEARING DUPATTA,TO SOCIAL SCIENTISTS TERMING GENDER NORMS AS SOCIAL CONSTRUCT, TO CHILD LEARNING TABLE MANNERS FROM PARENTS AND EVEN LEARNING TO DO NAMASTE..
HUNDREDS OF STUDIES OVER DECADES HAVE STRONGLY INDICATED THE LINK FOR BOTH CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS.
WE USUALLY DONT'T THINK OF LEARNING HOW TO SPEAK A LANGUAGE AS EXAMPLE OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING, BUT IT MOST DEFINITELY IS.
SOME OTHER APPLICATIONS.....
INTRODUCED BACK IN 1880s, SEATBELTS WERE NOT WELCOMED BUT THE TIDE BEGAN TO CHANGE WHEN DRAMATIC PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENTS SHOWED LOSS DUE TO NO SEAT BELT IN A CAR CRASH, SEATBELT NOW IS A WIDELY ACCEPTED SOCIAL NORM.
NO MATTER WHAT WE WANT TO LEARN TO DO, THERE IS PROBABLY A YOUTUBE VIDEO FOR IT, AGREE?PAUSE, PLAY, SCROLL BACK AND FORTH AND LEARN, A SUPER EXAMPLE OF OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING
CONCLUSION:-Behaviour change can and does occur through observation, even when such observation is incidental,occurring in context of other activities and leads to learning without any association or consequence.
THANK YOU ALL FOR BEING PATIENT BUT CURIOUS AUDIENCE!!
MADE BY:- MALEEZA B.A. II ( 3rd SEM) 2548
LEARNING/PERFORMANCE DISTINCTION:- THE OBSERVATION THAT LEARNING CAN TAKE PLACE WITHOUT ACTUAL PERFORMANCE OF THE LEARNED BEHAVIOUR
WHAT IS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING?
WHAT IS OPERANT CONDITIONING?
LEARNING TO MAKE AN INVOLUNTARY RESPONSE TO A STIMULUS OTHER THAN THE ORIGINAL, NATURAL STIMULUS THAT NORMALLY PRODUCES THE RESPONSE.
Got an idea?
Let the communication flow!
With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.
Some key findings of his research and theory.
Got an idea?
Let the communication flow!
With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.
Bandura's Bobo Doll Experiment:-
ALBERT BANDURA PUT A PRE-SCHOOL CHILD IN A ROOM WHERE A MODEL INTERACTED WITH TOYS IN FRONT OF THE CHILD. IN ONE CONDITION, MODEL COMPLETELY IGNORED THE PRESENCE OF BOBO DOLL AND PLAYED WITH THE TOYS IN A NON-AGGRESSIVE MANNER. IN ANOTHER ONDITION,MODEL BECAME VERY AGGRESSIVE WITH THE DOLL, KICKING IT AND HITTING IT WITH A HAMMER ET C. WHEN THE CHILD WAS LEFT ALONE IN THE ROOM, BEING WATCHED VIA THE CAMERA, CHILDREN EXPOSED TO AGGRESSIVE MODEL EXACTLY IMITATED THE MODEL, EVEN WITHOUT ANY REINFORCEMENT NECESSARY. THE CHILDREN LEARNED THE BEHAVIOUR JUST BY OBSERVING THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE MODEL
Got an idea?
Let the communication flow!
With Genially templates, you can include visual resources to wow your audience. You can also highlight a particular sentence or piece of information so that it sticks in your audience’s minds, or even embed external content to surprise them: Whatever you like! Do you need more reasons to create dynamic content? No problem! 90% of the information we assimilate is received through sight and, what’s more, we retain 42% more information when the content moves.
DEFINITION:-
Its is the learning of new behaviour through watching the the activities of a model ( someone else who is doing the behaviour).
Lorem ipsum dolor sit