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Metaphysical Interpretations of Reality

Fiona Ogilvie

Created on September 14, 2023

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Transcript

Metaphysical Interpretations of Reality

Does the world really exist?

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"Has anyone seen the world, without a body?" -Ramana Maharshi

Why is there something, rather than nothing?

The big questions about existence:

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What is consciousness?

"Conciousness is a precondition of being." -Carl Jung

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Does God exist?

"If god did not exist, it would be necessary to invent him."-Voltaire

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Does any of this actually matter?

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“If nothing we do matters, then all that matters is what we do.” -Joss Whedon

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Does any of this actually matter?

If, as explored in the last slide, there is a god, life matters because we live to please said divine being.

Religion

real world model

Edward Herbert believed that we can worship this supreme being by living a virtuous life, in order to forgive our sins and have rewards in the next world. This is what makes life matter- rewards in the next life.

Sophia Bricker

claims that “believers will find great joy and spiritual fullness in living to glorify God.”

Mind & Matter

If thoughts can alter a physical reality, does the act of questioning make life matter?

“A man’s life is what his thoughts make of it”

Marcus Aurelius

If life is made up of thoughts, then I can make it matter by thinking it matters.

Determinism

  • If life is already predetermined, then we are just clogs in a bigger machine. But, that machine must be there for a reason- Therefore, our existence matters.
We as beings don’t matter, but our existence does.
  • If free will is real, then we can be meaningless beings making random decisions.

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Why is there something, rather than nothing?

Properties

If the opposite of something is nothing, then what is nothing?

For this arguments purpose, we can assume that there is such a thing as something. The world around us is something (whether it is tangible, or only an ideal, it is something). However, this begs the question- Is it possible to have nothing. Einstein claimed that, even in an empy container, there is still something: air, energy, protons. Therefore, it's impossible for nothing to exist. In that case, nothing is only a property which describes something. Is it possible for a property to exist on its own, without the thing it describes?

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Necessity & Possibility

While attempting to prove the existence of god, Thomas Aquina developed these necessities:

That which does not exist begins to exist only through something already existing. Assume that everything is contingent.

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Religion

If, at one point, there was nothing, most religions attest that a devine being must have created the something. But why?

Islam's Allah created us to serve and worship him. If we obey him, we are in turn entitled to his honours and rewards

Christianity's god created us to share love with eachother and him, and to experience his goodness.

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What is consciousness?

Matter

The brain is a physical thing. It contains the physical neurons and their energy. But can matter really create an abstract entity like the mind? But, consciousness requires more than a brain: our eyes, ears, and taste buds are neccessary, in order to perceive the world and be conscious. Scientists doubt that a brain alone could be conscious. Is consciousness matter (over mind) if it relies on and exists only because of matter?

Necessity

Panpsychism, for example, states the consciousness is not restricted to the human mind. Instead, consciousness is a fundamental characteristic of the universe, and exists -to some degree- in all entities.

"Whether we conceive nature under the attribute of Extension, or under the attribute of Thought … we shall find one and the same order, or one and the same connection of causes" -Baruch Spinoza

David Chalmers called this the "hard problem of consciousness.":

Is the world perceived as it really is or is it only our interpretation of it? In other words, is reality objective or subjective?

Mind

This 'combination problem' originated from William James

In opposition to matter, it is hypothesized that consciousness can be reduced to many "little" concious entities or feelings. These together form the conciousness we experience.

"Take a hundred of them [feelings], shuffle them and pack them as close together as you can (whatever that may mean)...There would be a hundred-and first-feeling there, if, when a group or series of such feelings were set up, a consciousness belonging to the group as such should emerge."

Does god exist?

If there was a point where the universe didn't exist, how did it start existing?

Change

For something (the absence of the universe) to change (become something), a cause needs to inflict said change. If there is a scientific explanation (Big Bang) for this change, then there is no need for god's existence, other than providing humans answers to complicated questions.

Abstract Objects

If reality is only what I perceive of it, what makes a god less real than all else?

"Ideas are ..simply ..modes of thought, there is no recognizable inequality among them: they all appear to come from within me"

-Descartes

Religion/ Free Will

God is also subjective; the concept of a higher, all knowing entity stems from religious roots, rather than practical ones.

If god knows all that happens and all that will happen, do we have free will?

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If we don't have the will to not commit sins, why does god punish us for them? To what degree is god responsible for our hardships?

Does The World Really Exist?

Existence

When the 'world' means everything that we can perceive, then denying its existence is akin to denying one's conciousness. One can't deny their mind, while simultaneously using it; in turn, can you not deny the world's existence, when you, a part of the world, are only thinking because of its existence?

Something has to exist. The study of cosmogony explores how the universe came to be. If, at one point, the universe became existent, then does a 'world' not have to exist? This world doesn't have to be restricted to ours. We can't absolutely determine if this is real, but there has to be a world somewhere.

Cosmogony

Time

In this respect, would the world's existent be entirely reliant on time? If the world ever stopped existing, we, in turn, would also not exist. If existence is only what we can prove to be true, and we no longer exist to prove its nonexistence, will the world ever truly cease to exist?

According to Maimonides, Aristotle claims that...

"this being as a whole, such as it is, has never ceased to be and will never do so."

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