Learning Theories
Behaviorism
Cogn itivism
Constructivism
+ info
+ info
+ info
Theorists: Jean Piaget
Theorists: Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey
Theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, Edwin Guthrie
Reference Page >
Behaviorism
Role of memory: According to Clark (2018), behaviorists do not address how memory are stored. they de-emphasize mental activities as part of the learning process because learning solely occurs through environmental conditioning.
Characteristics: Behaviorism is a learning theory that emphasizes on learning through interaction with the environment (Clark, 2018). Theorists of behaviorism often discredit the role of cognitive process. In their view, learners are passive participants that are shaped by environmental influences.
Types of learning: Behaviorists believe knowledge can be constructed through two kinds of conditioning, classical and operant. Classical conditioning refers to the process where learners associate two different stimuli during the learning process and operant conditioning focuses on shaping behavior through positive or negative consequences (McLoed, 2022).
How learning Occurs: Learning occurs when a learner responds to a negative or positive reinforcement. The conditioning process is repeated until bahavior is learned (Clark, 2018).
Cognitivism
Role of memory: Learners store new schema in their long term memories when they encounter a new experience. According to Clark (2018) adults have hundreds and thousands of schemas in memory that are connected to one another. New schema or learning occurs when learners use existing schema to process and internalize a new experience.
Types of learning: Lynch (2018) mentioned several types of cognitive learning: 1. Implicit learning- when we learn a new skill or knowledge unsconciously or without realizing it. 2. Rote learning- when we memorize information without understanding it on a deeper level. 3. Metatcogingive Strategies- when we think about our thinking or consciously using different learning strategies when we engage in a learning experience.
How learning occurs: We learn through active participation. According to Clark (2018), every time a person reads, listens, or tries something new, a new schema is created and existing schemas are updated. In short, we use our mental processes to acquire new skills/ knowledge.
Characteristics: The theory of cognitivism implies that knowledge is built from using mental processes such as thinking, remembering, perceiving, interpreting, reasoning, and problem solving (Clark, 2018). It is an active style of learning that emphasizes on helping learners connect new information with existing ideas to deepen memory and retention capacity (Andreev, 2023).
Constructivism
Role memory: According to Mangelschots (2022), constructivism theory suggests that we use our personal experiences to build new knowledge or skills. This conveys that our memory plays an important part in the process of knowldge construction.
Characteristics:
Characteristics: According to Clark (2018), contructivism is an extention of cognitivism. It emphasizes the process in which learners actively construct their own knowledge by connecting to existing knowledge. Learners take responsibility in the learning process while teachers serve as faciliators. Experts refer to the theory of constructivism as learning by doing.
Types of learning: Clark(2018) mentioned two types of constructivist learning. One of which is discovery learning. In this type of learning, students actively discover information rather listening for information. This type of learning helps learners retain and recall knowledge effectively. Clark (2018) also mentioned collaborative learning. This involves students working together on activities to cosntruct new knowledge.
How learning occurs: Learners construct new knowledge by engaging in learning experiences rather than passively listening for information. Theorist Vygotsky suggested learning occurs best when we use our cognitive processes to interact with the new learning experience.
References
Andreev, I. (2032, June 17). Coginitve learning. Valamis. https://www.valamis.com/hub/cognitive-learning
Clark, K. R. (2018). Learning theories: behaviorism. Radiologic Technology, 90(2), 172–175.
Clark, K. R. (2018). Learning theories: cognitivism. Radiologic Technology, 90(2), 176–179.
Clark, K. R. (2018). Learning theories: Constructivism. Radiologic Technology, 90(2), 180–182.
Lynch, M. (2018, August 14). What is coginitive learning?. The Tech Edvocate. https://www.thetechedvocate.org/what-is-cognitive-learning/
Mangelschots, K. (2022, January 31). What is memory: the role of memory in learning. Healthy Body at Home. https://healthybodyathome.com/what-is-memory-the-role-of-memory-in-learning/
McLeod, S. A., (2017, February 5). Behaviorist approach. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html
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Transcript
Learning Theories
Behaviorism
Cogn itivism
Constructivism
+ info
+ info
+ info
Theorists: Jean Piaget
Theorists: Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, John Dewey
Theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, Edward Thorndike, Edwin Guthrie
Reference Page >
Behaviorism
Role of memory: According to Clark (2018), behaviorists do not address how memory are stored. they de-emphasize mental activities as part of the learning process because learning solely occurs through environmental conditioning.
Characteristics: Behaviorism is a learning theory that emphasizes on learning through interaction with the environment (Clark, 2018). Theorists of behaviorism often discredit the role of cognitive process. In their view, learners are passive participants that are shaped by environmental influences.
Types of learning: Behaviorists believe knowledge can be constructed through two kinds of conditioning, classical and operant. Classical conditioning refers to the process where learners associate two different stimuli during the learning process and operant conditioning focuses on shaping behavior through positive or negative consequences (McLoed, 2022).
How learning Occurs: Learning occurs when a learner responds to a negative or positive reinforcement. The conditioning process is repeated until bahavior is learned (Clark, 2018).
Cognitivism
Role of memory: Learners store new schema in their long term memories when they encounter a new experience. According to Clark (2018) adults have hundreds and thousands of schemas in memory that are connected to one another. New schema or learning occurs when learners use existing schema to process and internalize a new experience.
Types of learning: Lynch (2018) mentioned several types of cognitive learning: 1. Implicit learning- when we learn a new skill or knowledge unsconciously or without realizing it. 2. Rote learning- when we memorize information without understanding it on a deeper level. 3. Metatcogingive Strategies- when we think about our thinking or consciously using different learning strategies when we engage in a learning experience.
How learning occurs: We learn through active participation. According to Clark (2018), every time a person reads, listens, or tries something new, a new schema is created and existing schemas are updated. In short, we use our mental processes to acquire new skills/ knowledge.
Characteristics: The theory of cognitivism implies that knowledge is built from using mental processes such as thinking, remembering, perceiving, interpreting, reasoning, and problem solving (Clark, 2018). It is an active style of learning that emphasizes on helping learners connect new information with existing ideas to deepen memory and retention capacity (Andreev, 2023).
Constructivism
Role memory: According to Mangelschots (2022), constructivism theory suggests that we use our personal experiences to build new knowledge or skills. This conveys that our memory plays an important part in the process of knowldge construction.
Characteristics:
Characteristics: According to Clark (2018), contructivism is an extention of cognitivism. It emphasizes the process in which learners actively construct their own knowledge by connecting to existing knowledge. Learners take responsibility in the learning process while teachers serve as faciliators. Experts refer to the theory of constructivism as learning by doing.
Types of learning: Clark(2018) mentioned two types of constructivist learning. One of which is discovery learning. In this type of learning, students actively discover information rather listening for information. This type of learning helps learners retain and recall knowledge effectively. Clark (2018) also mentioned collaborative learning. This involves students working together on activities to cosntruct new knowledge.
How learning occurs: Learners construct new knowledge by engaging in learning experiences rather than passively listening for information. Theorist Vygotsky suggested learning occurs best when we use our cognitive processes to interact with the new learning experience.
References
Andreev, I. (2032, June 17). Coginitve learning. Valamis. https://www.valamis.com/hub/cognitive-learning Clark, K. R. (2018). Learning theories: behaviorism. Radiologic Technology, 90(2), 172–175. Clark, K. R. (2018). Learning theories: cognitivism. Radiologic Technology, 90(2), 176–179. Clark, K. R. (2018). Learning theories: Constructivism. Radiologic Technology, 90(2), 180–182. Lynch, M. (2018, August 14). What is coginitive learning?. The Tech Edvocate. https://www.thetechedvocate.org/what-is-cognitive-learning/ Mangelschots, K. (2022, January 31). What is memory: the role of memory in learning. Healthy Body at Home. https://healthybodyathome.com/what-is-memory-the-role-of-memory-in-learning/ McLeod, S. A., (2017, February 5). Behaviorist approach. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html