4º ESO UNIT 1. SPAIN IN THE 19TH CENTURY

UNIT 1. SPAIN IN THE 18TH AND 19th CENTURIES

1. SPAIN IN THE 18TH CENTURY

SPAIN HAS THE OLD REGIME IN THE 18TH CENTURY

The Old Regime (*Antiguo Régimen) was the political, social and economic system that was found in many parts of Europe during the Modern Age.

This term (Old Regime) was created by the revolutionaries of the French Revolution to pejoratively designate the system of government prior to them.

We, french revolutionaries, think we are SO COOL that we call “old” everything before our time.

French revolutionaries

What were the characteristics of the OLD REGIME?

3) SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: absolutism(*absolutismo)

2) ECONOMY: agrarian economy(*economía agraria).

1) SOCIETY: society of estates (*sociedad estamental).

“Hay que esperar que el juego acabe pronto”

The Bourbons (Los Borbones)

• Felipe V
• Fernando VI
• Carlos III
• Carlos IV
• Fernando VII
• Isabel II

• Alfonso XII
• Alfonso XIII
• Juan Carlos I
• Felipe VI

They have been reigning since 1700 until today!!!

18th c.

19th c.

20th c.

21st c.

1.1. FELIPE V (1700-1746)

Remember me? I´m the first Bourbon in Spain. I came to the throne with the war of the Spanish succession.

Watch this video if you don´t remember

Felipe V de España, «el Animoso» (1700-1746)

Felipe V had serious mental problems. He was bipolar and had euphoric episodes, followed by depression periods. His reign lasted 45 years and three days. It is the longest reign in the history of the Spanish monarchy.

He had two wives: Maria Luisa de Saboya, the mother of Fernando VI who died in 1714 and Isabel Farnesio, the mother of Carlos III.

In domestic policy, Felipe V wanted a centralised state that followed French model. And the law of Castilla became the main law. Since the Crown of Aragon (Aragón, Valencia, Cataluña and Mallorca) had opposed him in the Spanish War of Succession, he issued the Nueva Planta decrees (*los Decretos de Nueva Planta) which abolished the historical charters (*fueros) and institutions of the Crown of Aragón.

Only Navarra and the Basque Country kept their charters (because they support Felipe in the war).

In foreign policy, he focused on recovering the territories lost at Utrecht. To this end, he allied with France through the Family Pacts (*Pactos de Familia) which were defensive alliances which committed both countries in the conflicts they participated in. As a result, Spain intervened in several wars.

Also, Isabel de Farnesio’s interests to get territories for their children in Italy conditioned the intervention of Spain in several international conflicts.

I want the best for my children

Isabel Farnesio

In 1724 Felipe V abdicated in his 16 year old son Luis, who reigned as Luis I.

I can't take it anymore, you keep on reigning, son.

Ok, dad.

Luis I de España «el Bien Amado» (15 de enero de 1724-31 de agosto de 1724)

Felipe V de España, «el Animoso» (1700-1746)

However, Luis I he only reigned for six months, because he died of chickenpox (*varicela), Felipe V assumed the government again .

Arrrggg

Not again!!!!

Luis I de España «el Bien Amado» (15 de enero de 1724-31 de agosto de 1724)

Felipe V de España, «el Animoso» (1700-1746)

Felipe V died in 1746 and he was succeeded by his other son Fernando VI (the brother of Luis I) in 1746.

1.2. FERNANDO VI (1746-1759)

Fernando VI de España, «el Prudente» o «el Justo» (1746-1759)

Fernando VI continued his fathers’ reform program. He married Bárbara de Braganza, persuaded by her stepmother, Isabel de Farnesio. In spite of Bárbara’s ugliness, Ferdinand fell in love deeply with her. Like him, the Portuguese princess was cultured, pleasant-natured, fluent in six languages and a great lover of music.

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In domestic policy, he named very effective Spanish ministers such as el Marqués de la Ensenada who achieved an economic recovery after the years of collapse of the last Austrias. Also, during his reign there was a cultural flourishing with the creation of The Royal Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando, the Botanical Garden or the Astronomical Observatory.

Marqués de la Ensenada

The main characteristic of his foreign policy was NEUTRALITY, he didn’t want to be an ally nor of England neither of France. During his reign he didn’t sign any Pacto de Familia and he didn’t participate in any war.

Fernando VI and Bárbara de Braganza didn’t have any children. When she died in 1758, he started to show mental problems like his father. He stopped eating, neglected his personal hygiene and began to present himself in public with a deplorable physical appearance... Fernando VI died the following year (1759). He refused to be buried in the Royal Pantheon in order to be laid to rest next to his beloved wife in the church of the Salesas Reales, as they remain today, in these two tombs joined wall to wall.

I don't want to live without her

When Fernando died, his stepbrother, Carlos III would be the new king of Spain. He had been the king of Naples for 20 years

What??? King of Spain????

1.3. CARLOS III (1759-1788)

Carlos III de España,«el Político» o «el Mejor Alcalde de Madrid» (1759-1788)

Carlos III was influenced by the ideas of reform of Enlightenment, but he always acted as an absolute monarch. He has been considered as an example of enlightened despotism in Spain.

He married María Amalia de Sajonia in 1737. They had thirteen children, but only seven grew to adulthood. He was modest and austere, interested in public affairs and the government and acted as a real head of State.

Early in his reign, Carlos III he named Italian ministers like the Marquis of Esquilache, who implemented reforms against the interests of the privileged classes. One of these reforms, the attempt to modernise traditional Spanish clothing led to the Esquilache Riots (1766) (*Motín de Esquilache) This revolt erupted against the decree that forced to change capes’ lengths and hats.

https://www.telemadrid.es/programas/el-punto-sobre-la-historia/movida-motin-Esquilache-2-1870632965--20170127095814.html

Esquilache was deposed and Carlos III surrounded himself with Spanish ministers: Aranda, Campomanes, Floridablanca, Jovellanos. They launched reforms that reinforced the power of the monarch, reorganised the administration and tried to improve economy and education. He was called the “el Alcalde de Madrid” due to his many improvements in the city, he set up public lighting, created the Cibeles-Prado axis, the Puerta de Alcalá and the fountains of Cibeles and Neptuno.

Neoclassicism (1750-1830)

Art inspired by classical Greece and Rome.

Neptuno fountain (1786) Ventura Rodríguez

Carlos III’s foreign policy continued the alliance with France. The Third Pacte de Famille with France was signed in 1761 and this meant the intervention in the Seven Years’ War (1756-1763) against Great Britain. Spain also followed the French in the intervention in the American Revolutionary War which led to the independence of the USA (1775-1783). Spain recovered Menorca, although the British continued to hold Gibraltar.

By the end of Carlos III's reign it could be said that Spain, on the one hand, had tried to regain a prestigious international position, sometimes without success, while reforms at home were beginning to produce their first results. On the other hand, family misfortunes overwhelmed Carlos III with the death of his three sons (Carlos Eusebio, Carlos y Felipe).

Carlos III retratado por Goya

On 14 December 1788 Carlos III died at the age of 72. His son, Carlos IV, inherited the throne with 40 years old.

2. SPAIN IN THE 19TH CENTURY

2.1. CARLOS IV (1788 - 1808)

Carlos IV de España, «el Cazador» (1788-1808)

Manuel Godoy, portrait made by Goya

María Luisa de Parma

Gossip! it was said that Godoy was the lover of the queen ❤️

Fearing the revolutionary wave might spread to Spain, Carlos IV decreed that: - The frontier should be blocked - And Enlightenment reforms were put to an end.

When Louis XVI was executed (1793), Spain declared war on France, bur the French invaded the Basque Country and Navarre, and Spain was forced to sign the peace: Treaty of Basilea (1795).

Curiosity: Louis XVI and Carlos IV were cousins!

In the treaty of Basilea (1795) France and Spain agreed to:

• Spain gave to France Santo Domingo (Caribbean Sea) in exchange for the Basque Country and Navarre.

• An alliance was created between France and Spain once again (Tratados de San Ildefonso in 1796 and 1800) against the British empire.

• Godoy was named “Príncipe de la Paz” por Carlos IV.

Who was Marie Thérèse of France?

Napoleon Bonaparte took power in France since 1799 and started the The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) with the Spanish support. In 1805 France and Spain were defeated by the British in the Battle of Trafalgar. The British were supported by Portugal.

Napoleón como primer cónsul. Ingres

Napoleon wanted to occupy Portugal in order to weaken the British position and Manuel Godoy had power aspirations. Therefore, they signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau (1807), in which they agreed to form an alliance and invade Portugal, dividing it between France and Spain.

Hey Godoy, do you mind if I go through Spain with my army??

To invade Portugal, right??

Yes, yes… Portugal….

However, French troops entered Spain under this pretext but it was soon clear that invading Spain was also part of the plan. Soon, French troops occupied various towns such as Burgos, Salamanca, Pamplona, San Sebastián, Barcelona and Figueras. The total number of French soldiers stationed in Spain was around 65,000.

Napoleon

Loser…

Manuel Godoy became aware of the invasion of Napoleon, so he suggest to the Royal family (Carlos IV and María Luisa of Parma) that they should flee the country. Their plan was to travel from Madrid to Aranjuez, then Andalucía and finally America (colonies).

Let's get out of here!

However the heir of Carlos IV, Fernando, who was impatient to reign, had other plans…

I want to reign…. 👑

He took advantage of the disrepute (*descrédito, mala fama) of his father and Manuel Godoy, and instigated (*instigar, inducir) a popular uprising against them called el Motín de Aranjuez (March 1808) in which the crowd gathered in front of the Royal Palace and stormed Godoy's palace, burning his belongings.

¡¡¡¡Fuera Godoy!!!!

This led to the deposition of Godoy and the abdication of Carlos IV in favour of his son, who became Fernando VII.

👑

¡Ji, ji, ji!

Grrrrr

ABDICATION

Carlos IV wrote to Napoleon seeking the recovery of the throne usurped by his own son. This led Napoleon to confirm his belief in the weakness and inefficiency of the Spanish crown and to decide to fully invade Spain.

These Spaniards are idiots

Help me retrieve my throne

Napoleón persuaded both, father and son, to travel to Bayonne, where he forced them to abdicate and leave the throne to Napoleon´s brother, Joseph Bonaparte. This is called “Bayonne abdications" (*abdicaciones de Bayona) on May 1808.

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ABDICATION

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Joseph Bonaparte

José I de España (1808 - 1813) His nick names were “Pepe Botella” (suggesting that he was a drunk) or “Pepe plazuelas” (because he built many squares) As king, Joseph Bonaparte attempted to introduce the liberal ideas of the French Revolution into Spain. His supporters were known as “afrancesados” However, the rest of the Spanish people did not support him, they thought he was a puppet of Napoleon.

Joseph Bonaparte

The French invasion and the absence of the Royal family, provoked an uprising in Madrid on 2 May 1808, that was hardly repressed by the French army. Because of that the War of Independence began in 1808 and with it, the SPANISH CONTEMPORARY HISTORY.

“El dos de mayo o La carga de los mamelucos” 1814, FRANCISCO DE GOYA

“Fusilamientos de Príncipe Pío, El 3 de mayo de 1808 en Madrid” 1814, FRANCISCO DE GOYA

2.2. THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1808 - 1814)

José Bonaparte

Fernando VII

It was a long, bitter conflict. The war of Independence can be divided into three phases: 1) Spanish resistance (1808) 2) French offensive (1808 - 1812) 3) Anglo-Spanish victories (1812 - 1814)

• Spanish resistance (1808)

The French army was better equipped, but it was defeated in the first battle of the War, the Battle of Bailén (Jaén, Andalucía 19-22 July). It was the first defeat in the battlefield of the Napoleonic army. After this Napoleon himself, decide to go to Spain with 250.000 soldiers. And the second phase (French offensive) started.

"La Rendición de Bailén” 1864, por Casado del Alisal, Museo del Prado, Madrid, España.

I can't believe the Spaniards beat us.

http://aguilarsutil.blogspot.com.es/2012/09/la-batalla-de-bailen.html

2) French offensive (1808 - 1812)

Napoleon occupied most of Spain. In November 1808 he entered Madrid. In 1809 the French were about to win the war.

However, the Spanish, with its army almost devastated, started a new form fighting: the guerrilla warfare. This was a non conventional form of warfare: small groups made of non professional soldiers, attacked the enemy by surprise, causing continuous trouble.

guerrilleros españoles

The Abdications of Bayonne had created a vacuum of authority in Spain. Although the Bourbons had ordered the authorities to obey the new King José I, many Spaniards refused to obey. To fill the vacuum, Provincial Juntas (*Juntas provinciales) were organised to assume the power.

The Juntas Provinciales felt the need to coordinate from the outset. Thus, in September 1808, the Supreme Central Junta (* Junta Suprema Central) was formed in Cádiz, the only city in the Peninsula not occupied by the French. The Supreme Central Junta assumed all powers and established itself as the highest governing body.

On March 19 of 1812, they created the first Spanish constitutionit was called “la Pepa”.

Promulgación de la Constitución de Cádiz (Salvador Viniegra, 1912)

What is the 1812 Spanish Constitution? Who wrote it? Why was it called “La Pepa”?

3) Anglo-Spanish victories (1812 - 1814)

In 1812, an event change the course of the war: Napoleon was defeated in Russia and he was forced to redirect part of the French army. This weakened the French forces in Spain. Great Britain (Duke of Wellington) take advantage of this and joined Spain against France, and they both won the Battle of Arapiles, Salamanca (1812)

Duke of Wellington

Napoléon: “Esta maldita Guerra de España fue la causa primera de todas las desgracias de Francia. Todas las circunstancias de mis desastres se relacionan con este nudo fatal: destruyó mi autoridad moral en Europa, complicó mis dificultades, abrió una escuela a los soldados ingleses... esta maldita guerra me ha perdido.” Fraser, Ronald: La maldita guerra de España. Historia social de la guerra de la Independencia, 1808–1814

French troops left Spain in 1813, Napoleon recognised Ferdinand as king of Spain. The crown was returned to Fernando VII.

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Yupiiiiiii

Fernando VII «El Deseado»

Placa en el Palacio Real: Aquí se señala el punto donde se origina todo el conflicto. La tarde del 1 de mayo los madrileños ven salir a dos carruajes del palacio e intuyen que la familia real ha sido apresada por los franceses. Comienza un primer enfrentamiento que se salda con la muerte de diez españoles.

Placa en la Casa de Correos (Puerta del Sol): Rodeada del bullicio eterno que siempre vive en la Puerta de Sol, mucha gente pasa por aquí mirando al suelo en busca del ‘Kilometro 0’ pero pocos se fijan que en este punto exacto se libraron los primeros choques entre madrileños y las tropas de Napoleón.

Plaza de la Lealtad:  En el Paseo del Prado encontramos esta pequeña plaza con un obelisco y una llama siempre encendida en recuerdo a las víctimas del 2 de mayo. En este lugar, a los pies del obelisco, hay una urna en la que se conservan las cenizas de los sublevados que fueron fusilados el 3 de mayo

Plaza del Dos de Mayo: Posiblemente el lugar más conocido de todos. En este punto se libraron numerosos enfrentamientos. Esta plaza que hoy se llena de jóvenes todos los fines de semana haciendo botellón fue uno de los puntos clave del 2 de mayo. En el centro el arco original que perteneció al Cuartel de Artillería de Monteleón junto a las esculturas de Daoiz y Velarde.

Who were Daoiz and Velarde? What are they doing in the sculpture?

Who was Manuela Malasaña?

2.3. FERNANDO VII (1814-1833)

The reign of Ferdinand VII can be divided into three periods:

1. The absolutist period (*sexenio absolutista) (1814 - 1820)
2. The Liberal Triennium (*trienio liberal) (1820 -1823)
3. The Ominous Decade (*década ominosa) (1823 - 1833)

2.3.1. The absolutist period (1814 - 1820)

When Ferdinand VII returned to Spain, a group of absolutist deputies handed him the Manifesto of the Persians (*Manifiesto de los Persas) in which they asked him to reign as an absolute king.

Manifesto means declaration, announcement.

Why was it called “Manifesto of the Persians”?

Thus, the king abolished the Constitution of 1812 and return to the Old Regime. Liberals were persecuted and imprisoned and many went into exile. Some tried to restore liberalism by means of uprisings (*pronunciamientos), most of which failed for lack of support and their leaders were executed or imprisoned. This lasted for six years.

2.3.2. The Liberal Triennium (1820 -1823)

In 1820, Colonel Riego's pronunciamiento triumphed, proclaiming the Constitution of 1812 in Sevilla, thus beginning the Liberal Triennium.

Teniente Coronel Rafael de Riego junto a sus soldados

Fernando VII was forced to swear the Constitution, free imprisoned liberals and call Parliament. The reforms introduced by the Parliament of Cádiz were restored for three years.

Alegoría de la jura de la Constitución por Fernando VII Ca. 1820Museo de Historia de Madrid

However, at the same time, Fernando VII asks the other absolute monarchs for help in Europe and they sent an army called Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis (* Los Cien Mil hijos de San Luis) that restored him as an absolute king in 1823.

Help me!

Dijo el monarca francés Luis XVIII: “Cien mil franceses están dispuestos a marchar invocando el nombre de san Luis para conservar en el trono de España a un Borbón, para preservar ese hermoso reino de su ruina y reconciliarlo con Europa”

2.3.3. The Ominous Decade (1823 - 1833)

The restoration of Ferdinand VII happen at the same time with a crisis aggravated by the loss of most of the American colonies and several pronunciamientos.

To make things worse, Fernando VII did not have any sons, he had only one daughter called Isabel, and this led to a problem of succession. There was a law called Ley Sálica that prevent any woman to became queen. That is why his brother, Carlos María Isidro de Borbón, though he was going to be the new king.

Isabel

I want to reign…. 👑

Carlos María Isidro

However, before he died, Fernando VII changed the law in favour of his daughter Isabel with a document called Pragmatic Sanction (*la Pragmática Sanción) (1830). However, many absolutists preferred Fernando´s brother.

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Isabel

What?????

Carlos María Isidro

Fernando VII died in 1833. His daughter Isabel was a young child.

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Isabel

2.4. ISABEL II (1833-1868)

Isabel II «La de los Tristes Destinos»

Isabeline period

The regency period (1833-1843)

The reign of Isabel (1843-1868)

Isabel is underage

Isabel is declared of age (13)

3.1. The regency period (1833-1843)

Regent (*regente): a person appointed to administer a state because the monarch is minor or is absent or incapacitated.

Maria Cristina of the Two Sicilies, the fourth wife of Ferdinand VII and mother of Isabel II

General Espartero

At the same time Carlos María Isidro proclaimed himself King of Spain as Carlos V. This led to the First Carlist War (1833-1840).

The Carlists lost the war, however, the rivalry between the liberals and the Carlists continued, and there were two more Carlists Wars in the 19th century:

• Second Carlist war (1846 - 1849) during the reign of Isabel II.

• Third Carlist war (1872 - 1876) during the reign of Amadeo de Saboya.

The Carlists lost all of them, but they still exist today.

The Carlists Los Carlistas

3.2. The reign of Isabel (1843-1868)

Isabel was declared of age (*mayor de edad) when she was 13 years old, and succeeded to the throne. Her reign is characterised by political instability and confrontation between the liberals:

• The Moderate Party (formed by the higher middle class)
• The Progressive Party (formed by the urban middle class)

At the end of the century there were new political parties:

• Liberal Union (centrist party)
• Democrats (who demanded universal male suffrage)
• Republicans (who wanted to abolish the monarchy)

During her reign there were two more constitutions (1837, 1845). Some important historical figures during her reign were:

Isabel had very bad reputation. She was uneducated, but had a certain political skills. However, her virtues proved to be insufficient to stop the rumours about her. Her mother forced her to marry her cousin, and Isabel accept, but she told her mother: "I have given in as Queen, but not as a woman”. The king was very unfaithful to her and she was also very unfaithful to him, it was said she had 12 pregnancies with different men, also it was said that General Serrano was her real love. For that reason she was said to be very promiscuous.

❤️

This bad reputation, coupled with an economic crisis, led many people to start conspiring against her.

Caricature of the succession disputes, published in the satirical magazine 'La Flaca'.

In 1866, several political parties joined forces to depose her in 1866 (including her lover, general Serrano!!). This pact was called Pacto de Ostende in which they agreed to overthrow Isabel II and make Spain a democratic country.

Thus, in 1868, there was a Revolution called “La Gloriosa” to depose Isabel II and she was forced to leave Spain. This marked the beginning of a democratic period called “Sexenio democrático”

4. The six years´ revolution (1868- 1874)

A Provisional Government was formed and presided by Serrano, who called elections and passed a new Constitution of 1869. Also, the government search for a new king, and they chose Amadeo de Saboya in 1871.

However, the Italian king had to face many problems on all sides, as a foreigner he was rejected by much of the population, he had to deal with the Cuban war and Third Carlist war, and finally he abdicated in 1873.

Amadeo I “el rey efímero” “Macarronini I”

After Amadeo de Saboya´s abdication Spain became a republic during only 11 months (February 1873- January 1874). In eleven months, the Republic had four presidents: Estanislao Figueras, Francisco Pi y Margall, Nicolás Salmerón and Emilio Castelar. It was a period of great instability.

The republic had several problems:

1. No support. Many critics:

- Abroad: All the countries except USA and Switzerland, didn´t recognized it. - Inside: the conservatives didn´t like liberal ideas . The carlists wanted their carlist´ heir: Carlos VII (Carlos Mª Isidro´s grandson) and the “alfonsinos” wanted the Bourbon family back: Alfonso, the son of Queen Isabel. 2. Wars: War in Cuba, third Carlist War 3. Internal division among the republicans: - Federalists: They demanded a decentralised state (like USA) - Unionists: They wanted a centralised state

Taking advantage of this situation, the conservative and “alfonsino” politician Antonio Cánovas, started to plan the restoration of the Bourbon family.

Antonio Cánovas del Castillo

First, he convinced Isabel II to abdicate in favour of her son Alfonso. Also, he made Alfonso sign a document in which he promised to maintain a constitutional government. Cánovas was trying to present the prince as the only solution for stability, he named him “el Pacificador”.

In December 1874 the General Martínez Campos lead the way of a military pronunciamiento in Sagunto (Valencia) that proclaimed Alfonso king of Spain as Alfonso XII, he was 18 years old.

Alfonso XII (1874-1885) «El pacificador» (He died very young, at the age of 28)

Monumento a Alfonso XII en el Estanque del Parque del Retiro de Madrid