1995: Gangs and former militia members grouped in Coosercom strike a series of non-aggression pacts, which are mediated by civil society, the church, and the Medellín mayor's office. This process is later formalized in Bellavista prison.
- Homicides: 4,538
- Homicide rate: 242.4 per 100,000 inhabitants
1993: On December 2, 1993, Pablo Escobar is killed by the Colombian government's Search Bloc, with the alleged support of the PEPES. Diego Fernando Murillo, alias "Don Berna,", who was part of the PEPES, takes charge of organized crime in Medellín.
- Homicides: 5,793
- Homicide rate: 323 per 100,000 inhabitants
2008: Don Berna is extradited to the United States on drug trafficking charges along with other top demobilized AUC commanders. A war of succession breaks out in Medellín between Maximiliano Bonilla, alias "Valenciano," and Erickson Vargas, alias "Sebastián."
- Homicides: 1,045
- Homicide rate: 45.6 per 100,000 inhabitants
2013: After months of disputes over control of the city, members of the Oficina de Envigado strike a non-aggression pact with the paramilitary successor group the Gaitanist Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia – AGC), which had entered the conflict after Valenciano's defeat. This pact has been maintained for the most part, despite sporadic outbreaks of conflict between gangs.
- Homicides: 927
- Homicide rate: 38.3 per 100,000 inhabitants
1984: The Medellín Cartel begins its war against the state after the assassination of the Colombian Minister of Justice, Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, by hitmen sent by Pablo Escobar.
- Homicides: 1,218
- Homicide rate: 75.5 per 100,000 inhabitants
2022: On June 19, Gustavo Petro Urrego is elected as president of Colombia. One of his main government policies is “Total Peace,” which seeks to put an end to the cycles of violence in the country through dialogue with multiple armed groups.
- Homicides: 391
- Homicide rate: 15.7 per 100,000 inhabitants
1997: Paramilitaries arrive in Medellín through the Metro Bloc (Bloque Metro) of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia - AUC) to expel the remnants of the city's militias, some of which are connected to guerrilla movements.
- Homicides: 3,603
- Homicide rate: 184.5 per 100,000 inhabitants
Foto: Julio César Herrera. Archivo EL TIEMPO
2002: Don Berna confronts the Metro Bloc through the Cacique Nutibara Bloc (Bloque Cacique Nutibara), created the previous year. The AUC begins negotiations with the Colombian government.
- Homicides: 3,829
- Homicide rate: 179.8 per 100,000 inhabitants
1977: The Medellín Cartel is born, led by drug trafficker Pablo Escobar Gaviria.
- Homicides: 322
- Homicide rate: 75.5 per 100,000 inhabitants
1994: Different militia groups in Medellín demobilize. The government reintegrates part of the ex-militias into a security cooperative called Coosercom. Many members use their new position to strengthen their social and criminal control over different neighborhoods in the city.
- Homicides: 5,231
- Homicide rate: 285.5 per 100,000 inhabitants
Foto: Archivo El Espectador
2011: On November 27, 2011 Valenciano is captured in Venezuela.
- Homicides: 1,651
- Homicide rate: 69.7 per 100,000 inhabitants
Picture: EFE
2003: On December 9, 2003, the Cacique Nutibara Bloc of the AUC demobilizes. However, Don Berna maintains his control over the Medellín underworld. He orders the city’s gangs not to commit murders without his authorization in order to reduce violence and not attract the attention of the authorities.
- Homicides: 2,007
- Homicide rate: 92.9 per 100,000 inhabitants
Foto archivo Semana
1977: Nace el Cartel de Medellín, liderado por el narcotraficante Pablo Escobar Gaviria.
Homicidios: 322
1991: On June 19, 1991, Pablo Escobar surrenders to the state. He is imprisoned in La Catedral prison, which he himself ordered to be built. However, Escobar continues giving orders to the underworld in the city from prison, and orders attacks such as bombs and car bombs. Medellín becomes the most violent city in the world.
- Homicides: 6,809
- Homicide rate: 395.5 per 100,000 inhabitant
1992: Pablo Escobar escapes from La Catedral prison. The People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar (Perseguidos Por Pablo Escobar - PEPES), a criminal and paramilitary alliance of Escobar's former associates who sought to hunt the capo down, emerges. The government forms the Search Bloc (Bloque de Búsqueda) to find Escobar.
- Homicides: 6,232
- Homicide rate: 355 per 100,000 inhabitants
Romero, Julio César, 1983, FDO 017086, Belisario Betancur President in Trujillo, Santiago de Cali: Biblioteca Departamental Jorge Garcés Borrero.
2012: On August 8, 2012, Sebastián is captured. He is subsequently extradited to the United States.
- Homicides: 1,248
- Homicide rate: 52.2 per 100,000 inhabitants
1985: A peace process initiated in 1984 between the national government and guerrilla movements, including the Popular Liberation Army (Ejército Popular de Liberación - EPL) and the April 19th Movement (Movimiento 19 de abril - M-19), breaks down. In Medellín, the guerrillas leave, but many weapons remain in the hands of groups of youths, who form neighborhood gangs. Subsequently, militia groups emerge, some of them connected to the guerrillas.
- Homicides: 1,749
- Homicide rate: 113.9 per 100,000 inhabitants
Crédito de la imagen: Romero, Julio César, 1983, FDO 017086, Presidente Belisario Betancur en Trujillo, Santiago de Cali: Biblioteca Departamental Jorge Garcés Borrero
Evolution of Homicides in Medellín 1970-2022 - InSight Crime Aug 2023
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Transcript
1995: Gangs and former militia members grouped in Coosercom strike a series of non-aggression pacts, which are mediated by civil society, the church, and the Medellín mayor's office. This process is later formalized in Bellavista prison.
1993: On December 2, 1993, Pablo Escobar is killed by the Colombian government's Search Bloc, with the alleged support of the PEPES. Diego Fernando Murillo, alias "Don Berna,", who was part of the PEPES, takes charge of organized crime in Medellín.
2008: Don Berna is extradited to the United States on drug trafficking charges along with other top demobilized AUC commanders. A war of succession breaks out in Medellín between Maximiliano Bonilla, alias "Valenciano," and Erickson Vargas, alias "Sebastián."
2013: After months of disputes over control of the city, members of the Oficina de Envigado strike a non-aggression pact with the paramilitary successor group the Gaitanist Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Gaitanistas de Colombia – AGC), which had entered the conflict after Valenciano's defeat. This pact has been maintained for the most part, despite sporadic outbreaks of conflict between gangs.
1984: The Medellín Cartel begins its war against the state after the assassination of the Colombian Minister of Justice, Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, by hitmen sent by Pablo Escobar.
2022: On June 19, Gustavo Petro Urrego is elected as president of Colombia. One of his main government policies is “Total Peace,” which seeks to put an end to the cycles of violence in the country through dialogue with multiple armed groups.
1997: Paramilitaries arrive in Medellín through the Metro Bloc (Bloque Metro) of the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia - AUC) to expel the remnants of the city's militias, some of which are connected to guerrilla movements.
Foto: Julio César Herrera. Archivo EL TIEMPO
2002: Don Berna confronts the Metro Bloc through the Cacique Nutibara Bloc (Bloque Cacique Nutibara), created the previous year. The AUC begins negotiations with the Colombian government.
1977: The Medellín Cartel is born, led by drug trafficker Pablo Escobar Gaviria.
1994: Different militia groups in Medellín demobilize. The government reintegrates part of the ex-militias into a security cooperative called Coosercom. Many members use their new position to strengthen their social and criminal control over different neighborhoods in the city.
Foto: Archivo El Espectador
2011: On November 27, 2011 Valenciano is captured in Venezuela.
Picture: EFE
2003: On December 9, 2003, the Cacique Nutibara Bloc of the AUC demobilizes. However, Don Berna maintains his control over the Medellín underworld. He orders the city’s gangs not to commit murders without his authorization in order to reduce violence and not attract the attention of the authorities.
Foto archivo Semana
1977: Nace el Cartel de Medellín, liderado por el narcotraficante Pablo Escobar Gaviria.
Homicidios: 322
1991: On June 19, 1991, Pablo Escobar surrenders to the state. He is imprisoned in La Catedral prison, which he himself ordered to be built. However, Escobar continues giving orders to the underworld in the city from prison, and orders attacks such as bombs and car bombs. Medellín becomes the most violent city in the world.
1992: Pablo Escobar escapes from La Catedral prison. The People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar (Perseguidos Por Pablo Escobar - PEPES), a criminal and paramilitary alliance of Escobar's former associates who sought to hunt the capo down, emerges. The government forms the Search Bloc (Bloque de Búsqueda) to find Escobar.
Romero, Julio César, 1983, FDO 017086, Belisario Betancur President in Trujillo, Santiago de Cali: Biblioteca Departamental Jorge Garcés Borrero.
2012: On August 8, 2012, Sebastián is captured. He is subsequently extradited to the United States.
1985: A peace process initiated in 1984 between the national government and guerrilla movements, including the Popular Liberation Army (Ejército Popular de Liberación - EPL) and the April 19th Movement (Movimiento 19 de abril - M-19), breaks down. In Medellín, the guerrillas leave, but many weapons remain in the hands of groups of youths, who form neighborhood gangs. Subsequently, militia groups emerge, some of them connected to the guerrillas.
Crédito de la imagen: Romero, Julio César, 1983, FDO 017086, Presidente Belisario Betancur en Trujillo, Santiago de Cali: Biblioteca Departamental Jorge Garcés Borrero