ENGLISH II. UNIT 17 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH AND INDIRECT SPEECH

HUMAN MOTIVATION UNIT 17

HUMAN MOTIVATION

• What makes people work hard at their jobs?

• Read the article about employee motivation.
• Answer: What type of reward is particularly effective in motivating workers?

reporting clause + person's exact words.

Reporting clause

most common: said. Use a comma after the verb.

Use the reporting verb asked to quote a question

Check punctuation

DIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH IS USED TO REPEAT PEOPLE'S EXACT WORDS.

MAIN CLAUSE (say) + THAT CLAUSE

SHOULD, MIGHT, OUGHT TO, COULD

VERB SHIFTS

NO TENSE SHIFTING IN GENERAL TRUTHS OR FACTS

TENSE SHIFTING

INDIRECT SPEECH

IT TELLS WHAT SOMEONE SAYS IN ANOTHER PERSON'S WORDS. IT IS ALSO CALLED REPORTED SPEECH.

keep original tense in Indirect speech

PRESENT TENSE REPORTING VERBS

INDIRECT SPEECHWITHOUT TENSE SHIFT

Indirect Speech usually inlcudes a shift in verb tense. However, in some cases the form of the verb does not change.

TELL

SAY= ADMIT, ANNOUNCE, COMPLAIN, CONFESS, EXCLAIM, EXPLAIN, MENTION, REMARK, REPLY, REPORT, STATE, AND SWEAR. .

OTHER REPORTING VERBS

TELL= ASSURE, CONVINCE, INFORM, NOTIFY, AND REMIND.

Although say is the most common reporting verb, many other verbs can introduce indirect speech.

AVOID COMMON MISTAKES

INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT SPEECH

• Indirect speech tells what someone says in another person's words.
• reporting verb in the main clause + that clause
• that is often omitted
• tense shifting in indirect speech
• No tense shifting in indirect speech
• different reporting verbs.
• For verbs such as admit, announce, complain, explain and mention, the object pronoun comes after the preposition 'to'.

• Direct speech repeats people's exact words.
• Reporting clause + person's exact words.
• reporting verb (said) + a comma
• use quotation marks and a capital letter to quote speech.
• the reporting clause can come at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of the sentence.
• the reporting verb can also come before the subject
• use asked to quote a question

VS

THANKS!

She said, "The noss is angry." (direct speech) She said (that) the boss was angry. (indirect speech)

After a past verb in the reporting clause, the verb form in indirect speech USUALLY changes. The verb shifts to express a past time. E.g. She said, "The boss is angry." (direct) She said that the boss was angry. (indirect) He said, "She is enjoying the work." (D) He said that she was enjoying the work." (I) They said, "the store closed last year." (D) They said that the stire had closed last year. (I) The manager said, "The group has done good work." (D) The manager said that the group had done good work. (I)

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

Use a present tense verb in the reporting clause when what was said relates to the present and is still important at the moment of speaking. Keep the same tense as in the quote: Everybody always says, "Employees need to be motivated." Everybody always says that employees need to be motivated."

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

(reporting clause) + (exact words or quote) Donald Trump said, "Money was never a big motivation for me."

TELL is a common reporting verb. Always use a noun or object pronoun after tell. e.g. The president said that he was doing a great job. The president told him that he was doing a great job.

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

You can use these verbs in place of say: admit, annouce, complain, confess, exclaim, explani, mention, remark, reply, report, state, and swear. e.g. "The workers need recognition," said the manager. The manager admitted that the workers needed recognition. When used with an object, the object comes after to. e.g. He swore to us that he'd be on time in the future.

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

You may use the tense in the original direct speech clause when you report statements that are still true now, such as: Facts or general truths: He said, "A pay raise is a common reward." He said that a pay raise is a common reward. Habits and routines: Leo said, "Our meetings always begin on time." Leo said that their meetings always begin on time." Actions in porgress: Eva said, "I'm studying hard for the exam" Eva said that she is studying hard for the exam.

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

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Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

• "The company pays its workers fairly," the president said.

• "We didn't do well this year," said Liz, "so we won't get a sales bonus."

• The boss said, "He should go home." (D)
• The boss said that he should go home. (I)

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

Donald Trump said, "Money was never a big motivation for me." (direct speech) Donald Trump said that money had never been a big motivation for him. (indirect speech)

Rewrite quotations as direct speech. More than one answer is possible. 1. in my experience, there is only one motivation, and that is desire-Jane Smiley. Jane Smiley said, "In my experience, there is only one motivation, and that is desire." 2. the ones who want to achieve and win championships motivate themselves- Mike Ditka 3. the ultimate inspiration is the deadlines- Nolan Bushnell. 4. motivation is the art of getting people to do what you want them to do because they want to do it- Dwight D. Eisenhower 5. I'm a great believer in luck, and I find the harder I work, the more I have of it- Thomas Jefferson. 6. great work os done by people who are not afraid to be great- Fernando Flores. 7. nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm- Ralph Waldo Emerson 8. you miss 100 percent of the shots you don't take- Wayne Gretzky 9. the journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step- Lao Tzu

My colleague said, "We are going to lead the company in sales next year!"

Tus contenidos gustan, pero solo enganchan si son interactivos. Capta la atención de tu público con una fotografía o ilustración interactiva.

You can use these verbs in place of tell: assure, convince, inform, notify, and remind. Always use a noun or object pronoun with these verbs. e.g. The president told the managers, "All workers need to be creative. The president reminded them that all workers need to be creative.

GENERAL TRUTH OR FACT She said, "Martin Luther King, Jr. was a great man." (D) She said that Martin Luther KIng, Jr. was a great man. (I) NOT She said that Martin Luther King, Jr. had been a great man.

The president announced that she was going to start an employee program next year. The president announced that she is going to start an employee program next year.

Our manager said, "Treat the customers like family, and they will come back."

¿Tienes una idea?

Donald Trump said, "Money was never a big motivation for me... The real excitement is playing the game."

¿Tienes una idea?

The president announced that she was going to start an employee program next year. The president announced that she is going to start an employee program next year.

Mr. Smith asked, "What do you hope to accomplish in this job?"