Cell Communication
(Signal Transduction)
Mira, Ayesha, Noura, Ihab, Mohammed Ismail, Mahra
2nd Messanger
Although proteins are important in signal transduction pathways, other types of molecules can participate as well. Many pathways involve second messengers, small, non-protein molecules that pass along a signal initiated by the binding of a ligand (the “first messenger”) to its receptor.
Second messengers include
Ca2 + ions; cyclic AMP (cAMP), a derivative of ATP; and inositol phosphates, which are made from phospholipids. Another second messenger used in many different cell types is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP), a small molecule made from ATP.
Signal Transduction
Transduction is a vital aspect of cell signaling. It involves the process of converting an external signal, often triggered by receptor-ligand interactions, into a series of biochemical events within the cell. This internal signaling cascade leads to a cellular response, allowing cells to adjust their behavior based on the received signals. Transduction is like a molecular relay that transforms external cues into meaningful changes within the cell's functions.
Ligand Gate Ion channels
Ligand-gated ion channels, also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and/or Cl⁻ to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger, such as a neurotransmitter
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G-Protein Coupled Receptor
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, are a prominent family of cell receptors. They detect external molecules and trigger internal signaling pathways for cellular responses. These receptors span the cell membrane seven times and interact with G proteins.
They respond to diverse ligands such as light-sensitive compounds, odors, hormones, and neurotransmitters. GPCRs are associated with many diseases and are targeted by a significant portion of modern drugs. They play a vital role in transmitting signals and influencing cellular behavior, making them crucial in both research and medical applications.
In the first step as simple as it is a ligand which could be a hormone or a neurotransmitter binds with the targeted cell receptor but there is a condition:In order for the signals to be detected a neighbor cell must have the right receptor. For example, a key must fit into a keyhole or else the door won't open. In this case, it is called lock and key or the induced fit in which the receptor changes its shape to be the right receptor for the ligand.
Messenger molecules may be amino acids, peptides, proteins, fatty acids, lipids, nucleosides, or nucleotides. - Hydrophilic messengers bind to cell membrane receptors. - Hydrophobic messengers bind to intracellular receptors which regulate the expression of specific genes.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are a type of enzyme-linked receptors present in humans and various species. A kinase is an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups to proteins, and a receptor tyrosine kinase specifically transfers phosphates to tyrosine amino acids. RTK signaling functions as follows: Initially, signaling molecules bind to the extracellular domains of two nearby RTKs. These receptors then dimerize, or come together. Through this interaction, they add phosphate groups to tyrosines within each other's intracellular domains. These phosphorylated tyrosines transmit the signal to other molecules within the cell, initiating downstream responses.
Membrane receptors
The membrane receptors are integral proteins that communicate with the outside environment of the cell.
There are 3 types of membrane receptors: 1) Ligind Gate Ion Channels 2) G-Protein Receptors 3) Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
https://quizlet.com/821235724/cell-communication-flash-cards/?i=1pxm9h&x=1jqt
Summary
Transduction:
Transduction is like translating messages for cells.
Receptors catch messages and send signals to cells.
Receptors change shape to fit messages, just like keys fitting locks. Messenger Molecules:
Messengers are like notes: amino acids, peptides, proteins, fats, and more.
Some messengers like water and bind to the cell surface.
Others like to go inside cells and regulate genes. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels:
Ion channels are doors for special particles.
When messengers knock, these doors open for particles to move. G-Proteins:
G-Proteins are like runners with three parts: alpha, beta, and gamma.
Messengers ring a doorbell, and G-Proteins get ready to run.
Alpha runs like a relay racer, carrying the message inside.
The cell responds when the message reaches its target.
G-Proteins turn off by changing back to normal. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs):
RTKs are like antennas that listen and talk to cells.
They catch signals like phones connecting to Wi-Fi.
Signals activate RTKs, sending messages inside.
The cell responds based on the messages.
RTKs switch off when they're done talking. Second Messengers:
Second messengers are like fast runners delivering notes.
Calcium ions start important actions.
Cyclic AMP triggers various things.
Inositol phosphates are secret codes the cell knows.
Cell Communication
Cell communication occurs through chemical signals and cellular receptors by either the 1) direct contact of molecules on two cells surfaces or the 2) release of a "chemical signal" recognized by another cell (near or far). - Hormones are carried by the circulatory systems to many sites. - Growth factors are released to act on nearby tissues. - Ligands are signals that bind cell surface receptors (as observed with insulin (a ligand) and the insulin receptor) or that can pass into the cell and bind an internal receptor (such as the steroid hormones).
Cell Transaction
mahra alalawi
Created on August 29, 2023
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Transcript
Cell Communication
(Signal Transduction)
Mira, Ayesha, Noura, Ihab, Mohammed Ismail, Mahra
2nd Messanger
Although proteins are important in signal transduction pathways, other types of molecules can participate as well. Many pathways involve second messengers, small, non-protein molecules that pass along a signal initiated by the binding of a ligand (the “first messenger”) to its receptor. Second messengers include Ca2 + ions; cyclic AMP (cAMP), a derivative of ATP; and inositol phosphates, which are made from phospholipids. Another second messenger used in many different cell types is cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP), a small molecule made from ATP.
Signal Transduction
Transduction is a vital aspect of cell signaling. It involves the process of converting an external signal, often triggered by receptor-ligand interactions, into a series of biochemical events within the cell. This internal signaling cascade leads to a cellular response, allowing cells to adjust their behavior based on the received signals. Transduction is like a molecular relay that transforms external cues into meaningful changes within the cell's functions.
Ligand Gate Ion channels
Ligand-gated ion channels, also commonly referred to as ionotropic receptors, are a group of transmembrane ion-channel proteins which open to allow ions such as Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, and/or Cl⁻ to pass through the membrane in response to the binding of a chemical messenger, such as a neurotransmitter
Make it multimedia!
If you want to include a video, copy the URL and paste it into the Insert tab in the Editor. You can activate options such as Autoplay, Loop, and Mute, depending on your preferences.
G-Protein Coupled Receptor
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-transmembrane domain receptors, are a prominent family of cell receptors. They detect external molecules and trigger internal signaling pathways for cellular responses. These receptors span the cell membrane seven times and interact with G proteins. They respond to diverse ligands such as light-sensitive compounds, odors, hormones, and neurotransmitters. GPCRs are associated with many diseases and are targeted by a significant portion of modern drugs. They play a vital role in transmitting signals and influencing cellular behavior, making them crucial in both research and medical applications.
In the first step as simple as it is a ligand which could be a hormone or a neurotransmitter binds with the targeted cell receptor but there is a condition:In order for the signals to be detected a neighbor cell must have the right receptor. For example, a key must fit into a keyhole or else the door won't open. In this case, it is called lock and key or the induced fit in which the receptor changes its shape to be the right receptor for the ligand.
Messenger molecules may be amino acids, peptides, proteins, fatty acids, lipids, nucleosides, or nucleotides. - Hydrophilic messengers bind to cell membrane receptors. - Hydrophobic messengers bind to intracellular receptors which regulate the expression of specific genes.
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) are a type of enzyme-linked receptors present in humans and various species. A kinase is an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups to proteins, and a receptor tyrosine kinase specifically transfers phosphates to tyrosine amino acids. RTK signaling functions as follows: Initially, signaling molecules bind to the extracellular domains of two nearby RTKs. These receptors then dimerize, or come together. Through this interaction, they add phosphate groups to tyrosines within each other's intracellular domains. These phosphorylated tyrosines transmit the signal to other molecules within the cell, initiating downstream responses.
Membrane receptors
The membrane receptors are integral proteins that communicate with the outside environment of the cell.
There are 3 types of membrane receptors: 1) Ligind Gate Ion Channels 2) G-Protein Receptors 3) Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
https://quizlet.com/821235724/cell-communication-flash-cards/?i=1pxm9h&x=1jqt
Summary
Transduction: Transduction is like translating messages for cells. Receptors catch messages and send signals to cells. Receptors change shape to fit messages, just like keys fitting locks. Messenger Molecules: Messengers are like notes: amino acids, peptides, proteins, fats, and more. Some messengers like water and bind to the cell surface. Others like to go inside cells and regulate genes. Ligand-Gated Ion Channels: Ion channels are doors for special particles. When messengers knock, these doors open for particles to move. G-Proteins: G-Proteins are like runners with three parts: alpha, beta, and gamma. Messengers ring a doorbell, and G-Proteins get ready to run. Alpha runs like a relay racer, carrying the message inside. The cell responds when the message reaches its target. G-Proteins turn off by changing back to normal. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs): RTKs are like antennas that listen and talk to cells. They catch signals like phones connecting to Wi-Fi. Signals activate RTKs, sending messages inside. The cell responds based on the messages. RTKs switch off when they're done talking. Second Messengers: Second messengers are like fast runners delivering notes. Calcium ions start important actions. Cyclic AMP triggers various things. Inositol phosphates are secret codes the cell knows.
Cell Communication
Cell communication occurs through chemical signals and cellular receptors by either the 1) direct contact of molecules on two cells surfaces or the 2) release of a "chemical signal" recognized by another cell (near or far). - Hormones are carried by the circulatory systems to many sites. - Growth factors are released to act on nearby tissues. - Ligands are signals that bind cell surface receptors (as observed with insulin (a ligand) and the insulin receptor) or that can pass into the cell and bind an internal receptor (such as the steroid hormones).