Let's Investigate
Research Methods Pt.2
Start
Lets Review
- Experimental Design ( how you divide participants)
- Independent Measures
- Repeated Measures
- Matched Pairs
- Experimental Method (where you conduct the study)
- Field Experiment
- Laboratory Experiment
- Naturalistic/ Quasi Experiment
*Lets Identify strengths and weaknesses for each*
Laboratory Experiment
Weaknesses
Strengths
The artificial environment means there is low realism.
Demand characteristics and experimenter bias may occur.
There is usually low ecological validity as it is an unrealistic setting.
A laboratory means limited space; you can’t fit a big sample into a laboratory at once.
There is tight control over variables.
Cause and effect (causal relationship) is easily identifiable.
They are usually replicable.
They are usually less time-consuming and less costly.
Scientific equipment is used.
+ info
+ info
Field Experiment
Weaknesses
Strengths
Control of extraneous variables is difficult Difficult to replicicate and lowers reliability Pt's may not know they are in a study and that can raise ethical issues.
Pt's are in their normal enviornment and are likely to behaved naturally. Pt's may not realize they are in a study and are less likely to experience demand characteristics
vs
+ nfo
+ info
Naturalistic/ Quasi Experiment
Weaknesses
Strength
Potential for researcher biases (they interpret what they observe) Lack of scientific control
Pt's in their natural enviornment and behaviors will be natural . No demand characteristics
vs
+ inf
+ info
Repeated Measure Deign
Weaknesses
Strengths
Participant variable will not afect the IV and therfore the DV. Counterbalancing is possible to reduce order effects Fewer participants needed. This helps when Pt's are hard to find or if pt's at risk
Order effects distort results As pt's see the task more frequently they have greater chance of deman Characteristics
Matched Pairs Design
Strengths
Weaknesses
*Due to needing pairs with similar quality finding pt's may take some time and need to be done in advance. *Due to nature of matching people on similar qualities, will likely have small sample size small
*Pt's only see one level of IV*Participant variable less likely to affect study *Different pt's for each IV so there is no order effects
+ inf
+ info
How do we collect our participants?
- Sample: The group of people chosen to participate in the study
Population: The group of people where you take your sample from (ex. If you want to do a study w/ students. then the population you would visit is a school with students present in order to get your sample)
How to get your sample:-Volunteer Sampling-Random Sampling -Opportunity Sampling
Sampling Techniques
Opportunity Sampling When Pt's are present where the study is being conducted and are easily accesible as the sample (ex. field experiment on a bus or train)
Random Sampling When Pt's are randomly chosen from a pool of people to participate in a study
Volunteer Sampling When participants self- select to become part of a study. They volunteer through advertisements
+ info
+ info
+ info
Case Study
The analysis of a single individual or just a few individuals with a common trait Strength:Rich in depth deatiled data. Alot of qualitative data Weakness: Focuses on one individual so it is not generalisable to the general population
G.R.A.V.E
G- Is the study Generalizable ? Can we apply findings to other situations and populations R- Is the study reliable ? Can it be replicated and get the same results? A- Applicable Can it be applied to real world situations V- is there validity Are the findings accurate? E- Ethics Is the study ethical?
Common ways to run a study- Standardization: Every participant from each level of IV receives the same exact procedure even instructions (Helps w/ replicability) -Operationalisation- creating something you can measure in a study. (Helps w/ replicability)
Ways to collect data in a study
- Self-reports
- Questionnaires
- interviews
- surveys
- Quizzes
- Observations.
- Assesments
Questionnaires
Weaknesses
Strengths
These are lists of written questions that are completed by participants.
It may have open-ended questions (elaboration is allowed) or close-ended questions (fixed choice).
-The response rate of postal questionnaires is generally quite low. - There might be misunderstandings of participants when they read the questions, especially with unfamiliar terminology. - With postal questionnaires, there is no guarantee that right person has filled it in. - If the experimenter is present or if there is no anonymity, demand characteristics may occur.
It allows a large sample to be tested at the same time so it saves time.- It is not as costly as other methods. -They are very easy to replicate and convenient to use. -Subjectivity can be avoided if close-ended questions are used. -Participants can take part anonymously and be ensured confidentiality.
+ info
Writing a hypothesis Directional hypothesis (one-tailed): Statement predicting the direction of the relationship between variables Non-directional hypothesis (two-tailed): There will be a relationship between variable but no direction Null hypothesis: Testable statement that any correlayion between IV and DV is DUE TO CHANCE
Null: Any difference between Iv and DV is due to chance
Measure of tendency- Mathematical way find typical or average score from a set of Data
Mode- Most frequent score in a data set Median-Middle score of a data set Mean-calculated average . Sum of values divided by number of scores Range- largest- dmsllrdt data
+ ino
Graphs
Bar Chart Histograms Scatter Graph
Start
Ethical issues: Raise concerns about the welfare of the participants
Ethics
- Ethical guidelines
- Protection from harm: Pts. should be protected from any physical or psychological harm
- Valid Consent -Pt's have the right to know what will happen in the study. However sometime we have to hide the true aim
- Informed consent- they know what will take place in study
- For children: Must get parental consent
- Right to withdraw- Given right to leave study whenever they want
- Lack of deception- Try your best to not deceive unless completely necessary. Debrief (explanation of study and true aim reveal) as soon as possible.
- Confidentiality- No personal info of pt's (name/ personal info) Unless agreed by pt.
- Privacy - Respect boundaries when it comes to answering questions , observations or self-reports
Common Debates
Nature vs. Nurture Are our behaviors due to nature (biology) or nurture ( our enviornment) Individual vs Situational explanation
Individual Explanation = Something about the person is used to explain behaviour. Situational Explanation = Something about the situation is used to explain behaviour.
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Transcript
Let's Investigate
Research Methods Pt.2
Start
Lets Review
*Lets Identify strengths and weaknesses for each*
Laboratory Experiment
Weaknesses
Strengths
The artificial environment means there is low realism. Demand characteristics and experimenter bias may occur. There is usually low ecological validity as it is an unrealistic setting. A laboratory means limited space; you can’t fit a big sample into a laboratory at once.
There is tight control over variables. Cause and effect (causal relationship) is easily identifiable. They are usually replicable. They are usually less time-consuming and less costly. Scientific equipment is used.
+ info
+ info
Field Experiment
Weaknesses
Strengths
Control of extraneous variables is difficult Difficult to replicicate and lowers reliability Pt's may not know they are in a study and that can raise ethical issues.
Pt's are in their normal enviornment and are likely to behaved naturally. Pt's may not realize they are in a study and are less likely to experience demand characteristics
vs
+ nfo
+ info
Naturalistic/ Quasi Experiment
Weaknesses
Strength
Potential for researcher biases (they interpret what they observe) Lack of scientific control
Pt's in their natural enviornment and behaviors will be natural . No demand characteristics
vs
+ inf
+ info
Repeated Measure Deign
Weaknesses
Strengths
Participant variable will not afect the IV and therfore the DV. Counterbalancing is possible to reduce order effects Fewer participants needed. This helps when Pt's are hard to find or if pt's at risk
Order effects distort results As pt's see the task more frequently they have greater chance of deman Characteristics
Matched Pairs Design
Strengths
Weaknesses
*Due to needing pairs with similar quality finding pt's may take some time and need to be done in advance. *Due to nature of matching people on similar qualities, will likely have small sample size small
*Pt's only see one level of IV*Participant variable less likely to affect study *Different pt's for each IV so there is no order effects
+ inf
+ info
How do we collect our participants?
- Sample: The group of people chosen to participate in the study
Population: The group of people where you take your sample from (ex. If you want to do a study w/ students. then the population you would visit is a school with students present in order to get your sample)How to get your sample:-Volunteer Sampling-Random Sampling -Opportunity Sampling
Sampling Techniques
Opportunity Sampling When Pt's are present where the study is being conducted and are easily accesible as the sample (ex. field experiment on a bus or train)
Random Sampling When Pt's are randomly chosen from a pool of people to participate in a study
Volunteer Sampling When participants self- select to become part of a study. They volunteer through advertisements
+ info
+ info
+ info
Case Study
The analysis of a single individual or just a few individuals with a common trait Strength:Rich in depth deatiled data. Alot of qualitative data Weakness: Focuses on one individual so it is not generalisable to the general population
G.R.A.V.E
G- Is the study Generalizable ? Can we apply findings to other situations and populations R- Is the study reliable ? Can it be replicated and get the same results? A- Applicable Can it be applied to real world situations V- is there validity Are the findings accurate? E- Ethics Is the study ethical?
Common ways to run a study- Standardization: Every participant from each level of IV receives the same exact procedure even instructions (Helps w/ replicability) -Operationalisation- creating something you can measure in a study. (Helps w/ replicability)
Ways to collect data in a study
Questionnaires
Weaknesses
Strengths
These are lists of written questions that are completed by participants. It may have open-ended questions (elaboration is allowed) or close-ended questions (fixed choice).
-The response rate of postal questionnaires is generally quite low. - There might be misunderstandings of participants when they read the questions, especially with unfamiliar terminology. - With postal questionnaires, there is no guarantee that right person has filled it in. - If the experimenter is present or if there is no anonymity, demand characteristics may occur.
It allows a large sample to be tested at the same time so it saves time.- It is not as costly as other methods. -They are very easy to replicate and convenient to use. -Subjectivity can be avoided if close-ended questions are used. -Participants can take part anonymously and be ensured confidentiality.
+ info
Writing a hypothesis Directional hypothesis (one-tailed): Statement predicting the direction of the relationship between variables Non-directional hypothesis (two-tailed): There will be a relationship between variable but no direction Null hypothesis: Testable statement that any correlayion between IV and DV is DUE TO CHANCE
Null: Any difference between Iv and DV is due to chance
Measure of tendency- Mathematical way find typical or average score from a set of Data
Mode- Most frequent score in a data set Median-Middle score of a data set Mean-calculated average . Sum of values divided by number of scores Range- largest- dmsllrdt data
+ ino
Graphs
Bar Chart Histograms Scatter Graph
Start
Ethical issues: Raise concerns about the welfare of the participants
Ethics
Common Debates
Nature vs. Nurture Are our behaviors due to nature (biology) or nurture ( our enviornment) Individual vs Situational explanation
Individual Explanation = Something about the person is used to explain behaviour. Situational Explanation = Something about the situation is used to explain behaviour.
Lorem ipsum dolor
Consectetur adipiscing elit
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
Lorem ipsum dolor
Consectetur adipiscing elit
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt.
Lorem ipsum dolor sit
Lorem ipsum dolor
Consectetur adipiscing elit
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt.
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