Geographical Science

Made by Joan Matias Romero Estrada

Geography in the sky and on the Earth

Geographical Science

What it is?

The science to DESCRIBE earth

How is divided?

Earth Lines, Spots and Circles

Methodological Principles

Earth’s Representations

bASED ON

iT IS

5 PRINCIPLES

THEORY

types of maps

MAPS

ELEMENTS

Projections

PRINCIPLES

Earth Lines, Spots and Circles

Geographical References

Geographical References are imaginary lines, spots and circles that divide the Earth and make sense about our view of world map. East and North are positive and West and South are negative.

• The line from North Pole to South Pole is called Earth’s Axis or Polar Axis.
• The Greenwich meridian is noted as 0 degrees.
• There exist two special parallels called “Cancer’s Tropic” in north and “Capricorn’s Tropic” in south; during winter solstice, the sun rays hit the Cancer tropic directly; on the other hand, during summer solstice, the sun rays hit the Capricorn tropic directly.
• There exist Arctic circle and Antarctic circle respectively.

Methodological Principles

The methods that we use to understand the Earth are five:

1. Location: It’s divided in three terms; 1.1 Latitude, known as parallels, who divide northern to southern, it is in Equator and has since 0 to 90 degrees; 1.2 Longitude, known meridians, who divide eastern to western, it is in Greenwich meridian, and has since 0 to 180 degrees; 1.3 Altitude, that it’s the number of meters that a place is up or down to sea level.2. Casuality: It tries to understand why something happen.3. Relation: It finds for possible relation with other objects4. Generality: It searches for when the phenomenon happens5. Evolution: It analyses possible changes in the phenomenon

Earth’s Representations

Specialized Maps

• Topographical: A mix of different aspects (Google Maps).
• Land use: For land uses
• Geological: To mine and rock distribution
• Edaphological: To different types of soil
• Climatological: To climate.
• Urban: To distribution of the streets.

Earth’s Representations

Maps

A map is the way we understand the Earth. Cartography is the science who create maps. There exist tree types of maps: • Historical Maps: Used to describe historical events. • Human Maps: Used to describe transportation routes. • Physical Maps: Used to describe phenomena.

Earth’s Representations

Study elements

Maps have three essential elements: • Scale: Relation between map and real distance. • Legend: Highlight important symbols • Compass rose: Orientate the user to read the map.

Earth’s Representations

World Maps

• Terrestrial Globe, the most popular and exact, • Mercator or cylindrical, used for navigation, however, it deforms polar regions. • Conic, it doesn’t represent all the earth and it used to represent continents. • Azimuthal, it used to polar zones, specifically, in plot radio signals, seismic waves and air-route maps. • Mollweide, pseudo-cylindrical and close to Terrestrial Globe, however, borders are severely damaged. • Goode Homolosine, an interrupted Mollweide, it’s focused on particular areas and deform oceans.