Lecture 1

HISTORY

Introduction (2 hrs.)+ practical class (East Slavs)1 hr.Basic methodological concepts of historical science

prepared by PHd IN pHILOSOPHY OLGA IATSEVICH

Questions to be discussed before lecture

1. How do you think: is history a science? If not, why? If, yes, why?

7. .......

2. Do you think is it important to study history?

8. ......

3. What do you know about the history of Russia?

4. What other disciplines can history be connected with?

5. Can a single person influence the development of history?

6. What Russian historians are known to you?

The past does not disappear, but continues to live on in the accumulated experience of social life. Generalisation and processing of the accumulated human experience is the primary task of history.

"Histona cst magistra vitae" ("History is the tutor of life"), - said the ancients. People always, especially in critical periods of human life, in the gigantic laboratory of the world's social experience, try to find answers to the burning questions of social experience. Social experience try to find an answer to the burning questions of our time. Through historical examples, people are educated to respect the eternal, enduring human values: peace, goodness, justice, freedom, equality,

The outstanding Russian historian, professor of the Moscow University was a professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences. W.О. Kluchevsky wittily remarked in one of his diary entries that, although it is said that history has taught no one anything. life, however, takes even more revenge on those who do not know history at all..A famous scientist, a great lecturer and wit wrote: "It is not the fault of flowers that the blind do not see them''.

Wasiliy Osipovich klychevskiy (1841-1911)

History teaches even those who do not learn from it: it teaches them a lesson for theirignorance and neglect." I would like to recall another aphorism:"False interpretation of the past leads to failures in the present and prepares for disaster in the future."

History is one of the most important forms of people's self-awareness. Opposing political forces seek to use the experience of history. They use references to history to justify their actions. Therefore, in the interpretation of these or those historical events.there is a continuous struggle of different ideas and opinions.

People's interest in the results of studying their past will give certain grounds for scepticism about history as a science that objectively assesses the events and laws of historical development. One can often hear it said that history is used to justify the goals of political struggle, that every generation, every party rewrites history anew, that it is a ''politics overturned into the past".

Finally, as an the argument for the failure of history as a science is the idea the impossibility of reconstructing the irretrievably disappeared past because of the unrepresentativeness of the surviving sources on the events that actually took place.

unrepresentativeness of the surviving sources-невозможность представить сохранившиеся источники

There is a view that the past can only be objectively cognised if it is isolated from modernity. Sceptics also argue that, in the age of scientific and technological revolutionhistory will only become a science when it adopts the methods and mathematical precision of the natural sciences.

In spite of the pluralism in answering global questions of human development and in interpreting them, it is important to recognise that there is a pluralism in the answers to global questions of human development.

It is the task of scientific knowledge not to blame, but to study the past, to explain it. The search for truth in history, historical cognition is a complex, time-consuming and interesting process that requires both an understanding of the peculiarities of this cognition and a certain professional skill. *cognition-познание

Being the social memory of mankind, a storehouse of its social experience, history will be passed on from one generation to another. And the comprehension of this experience makes it an asset of modernity. Contrary to the opinions of sceptics, the role of historical science in people's lives is increasing. Historians do not study the past to escape from the present. History serves modernity by explaining the present and providing material for predicting the future.

1.studying the historical path of Russia and its peoples. 2.It allows analysing historical facts, revealing regularities in the development of society in order not to make mistakes in the future. In order to determine where and how a society should go in its development, it is necessary to know where it came from, what state it came from and how it has travelled its historical path. 3.Worldview (a view of the world, society, laws of its development) can be scientific if it is based on objective reality. In social development, the objective reality is historical facts. History, its factual side has been and remains the foundation on which the science of society is based. 4.contributes to the all-round education of a person, forms his/her civic qualities, helps to accumulate moral and ethical values of society. 5.historical science acts as a link between the past and the present. The knowledge it provides constitutes a necessary element of spiritual culture, without which the progressive development of society is impossible.

So what are the functions of historical science?

1. cognitive

2. political

3. visionary

4. educational

5. social memory

As in other sciences, history is accumulating and discovering new facts, improving theory, taking into account the development of other branches of knowledge (culturology, historical psychology, sociology, etc.), methods of processing and analysing sources (for example, the use of mathematical methods). Many facts, events, phenomena of our history with the discovery of new sources, with the expansion of our horizons, with the improvement of theoretical knowledge today are evaluated differently than five to ten years ago. five to ten years ago.

The comprehensive scientific study of the material and spiritual culture of the past makes us richer and smarter, more generous and perceptive in thought and deed, in plans and achievements. All this testify in favour of the fact that the knowledge of history allows us to understand more clearly modernity, but modernity, in turn, poses the challenge the task of maximally accurate scientific understanding of the past, which has not only moral but also practical value.

The great Russian scientist-encyclopaedist M.V. Lomonosov wrote, that history "gives sovereigns examples of government, subjects - of obedience, soldiers - of courage, judges - of justice, the young - of the old mind, the elderly - of extreme firmness in advice, "to every one, a gentle amusement and an unspeakable benefit."

*«дает государям примеры правления, подданным — повиновения, воинам — мужества, судьям — правосудия, младым — старых разум, престарелым — сугубую твердость в советах, каждому — незлобивое увеселение с несказанною пользою соединенное»

M. W. Lomonossow(1711-1765)

It has already been noted that the stones of science are the stones of history. Proof of conclusions is an indispensable feature of scientific knowledge.History as a science operates with precisely established facts. As in other sciences, in history there is an accumulation and discovery of new facts. These facts are extracted from historical sources.

Historical sources:

Historical sources are all remnants of past life, all evidence of the past. At present, four main groups (classes) of historical sources are distinguished: 1) material; 2) written; 3) pictorial (pictorial-graphic, pictorial-artistic, pictorial-natural); 4) phonics. Historians, studying historical sources in their entirety, have no right to "play" with big facts and small facts. They investigate all facts without exception.

Genially

Throughout time, historians have explained the causes and regularities of the development of our country's history in different ways. Chroniclers since the time of Nestor believed that the world develops by divine providence and divine will.

Nestor (1056-1114)

М. V. Lomonosov (1711-1765) and V. N. Tatishchev (1686-1750), who stood at the origins of Russian historical science, believed that knowledge and enlightenment determine the course of the historical process. The main idea pervading the works of N. M. Karamzin (1766-1826) ("History of the Russian State") is the necessity of a wise autocracy for Russia.

V.N. Tatishchev

N.M. Karamzin

The greatest Russian historian of the 19th century, S. M. Solovyov (1820-1870) ("History of Russia from the Most Ancient Times") saw the course of our country's history in the transition from clan relations to family and autocracy.Three major factors: the nature of the country, the nature of the tribe and the course of external events, as the historian believed, objectively determined the course of Russian history.

S. M. Solovyov's student of V. O. Kliuchevsky (1841-1911) ("Course of Russian History"), developing the ideas of his teacher, believed that it was necessary to identify the totality of facts and factors (geographical, ethnic, economic, social, political, etc.)

Use an image

During the Soviet period, historians were particularly successful in studying socio-economic issues and movements of the masses. New historical sources were sources were identified and introduced into scientific circulation. However, the dominance of only one Marxist-Leninist concept in the theoretical sphere significantly constrained the creativity of scientists. They proceeded from the determining role of material production in the life of people and saw the meaning of historical development in the transition from one socio-economic formation to another, culminating in the construction of a communist society on earth.

S. F. Platonov (1850-1933) was close to him in theoretical views S. F. Platonov (1850-1933), whose Lectures on Russian History, as well as the works of N. M. Karamzin, S. M. Soloviev, and V. O. Klyuchevsky, have been repeatedly reprinted in recent years.

S.F. Platonov

Questions to be amswered after the lecture:1. What human values can you name? 2. Can history predict the future? 3. What names of historians mentioned in lecture do you remember? 4.Can history objectively assess the events and laws of historical development?

History of Russia: Textbook / A.S. Orlov, V.A. Georgiev, N.G. Georgieva, E.A. Sivokhina. - 4th ed., revised and updated - Moscow: Prospect, 2016. - 528 с.

East Slavs in antiquity

Practical lesson 1

GOALS:

Review of literature and electronic sources of information on a given topic, writing and holding speech about East Slavs

Practical work of students (assignments for the formation of practical skills of students) Questions for the formation of practical skills of students: 1. What theories about the origin of the Slavs exist in historical science? 2. Which peoples can be considered autochthonous (of local origin) on the territory of our country, and which are newcomers in historical time? 3. What was the nature of the tribal relations of the Eastern Slavs? 4. What were the largest associations of the Eastern Slavs? Where did they settle? 5. What is the origin of the political and geographical concept of "Russia - Russia"? 6. Name the main pagan gods of the Eastern Slavs. What phenomena and forces did they represent?

Slavic rituals

http://slavonicweb.chat.ru/slavonic.htm Here you can find topics for your report

Homework Prepare presentations on the following topics: 1. Gods of Ancient Russia 2. Occupations of the Eastern Slavs.

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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt.

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• Sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut.
• Labore et dolore magna aliqua.

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