Spanish History Timeline

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Spanish History Timeline

Ancient History

300 BC

Carthaginians

1100 BC

Phoenicians

1200 BC

650 BC

500 BC

218 BC

850

2200

3300

5600

8500

1200000

Prehistory

RomanConquest

Celts

Iberians

Tartessos

Chalcolithic or Copper Age

Iron Age

Bronze Age

Neolithic

Mesolithic

Paleolithic

People learnt to use fire

Tools were made of wood, bones, stone.

People lived in caves.

People were nomads

Timeline

Cueva de la Pileta, Benaoján (Málaga)

Paleolithic

People made pottery.

Tools were made of wood and stone.

- domesticated animals

- cultivated crops

Sedentary life people:

Timeline

Esparto Neolithic sandal, located in Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid)

Neolithic

- Metal workers: made tools

- Farmers: produce food.

People were:

Discovery of copper to melt it and make tool and weapons

Timeline

Chalcolithic or Copper age

Bowl from los Millares (Almería), located in Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid)

Discovery of Bronze to melt it and shape to make tools and weapons.

Timeline

Bronze age

Argaric culture

Timeline

Tartessos

Treasure of El Carambolo, discovered in Camas (Sevilla), located in Museo Arqueológico de Sevilla

- Traded goods with other Mediterranean cultures.

- Fierce warriors

- Farmers and metal workers

- Farmers

- Lived in urban settlements

- Lived in rural communities

La Dama de Elche

Los Toros de Guisando

Timeline

Celts and Iberians

Gadir

Phoenician golden ring, Cádiz. Located in Museo de Cádiz

Timeline

Gadir

Phoenicians

Antropomorphic Sarcophagus, Cádiz. Located in Museo de Cádiz.

Anibal, general and statesman.

They fought against the Romans to defend their territories

Asdrubal, general.

Almilcar Barca, general and statesman.

Timeline

Woman bust (linked to Astarté), Cádiz.. Located in Museo de Cádiz

Carthaginians

La Dama de Ibiza, located in Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid).

(Casa Trastámara)

Reyes Católicos: Isabel I de Castilla y Fernando II de Aragón

Modern Age

Aragón Kingdom

Navarra Kingdom

Crown of Aragón

Catalanes and Aragoneses Counties

Spanish March

Crown of Castilla

Castilla Kingdom

Leon Kingdom

Asturias Kingdom

Emirate of Granada

Almohad Rule

Almoravid Rule

Taifa Period

Caliphate of Córdoba

Emirate of Córdoba

Omeya Dinasty

718AD

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Spanish History Timeline

Middle Ages

1492 AD

711AD

507 AD

100 AD

Ancient History

Al- Andalus

Christian Kingdoms

Visigoths

Romans

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Villa en Augusta Emerita (Mérida)

Basílica de Baelo Claudia (Bolonia, Cádiz)

Anfitetaro de Itálica (Santiponce, Sevilla)

Timeline

Teatro "Theatrum Balbi" de Gades (Cádiz)

Romans

Hispania exported wine, olive oil, garum and salting fish to the rest of Roman provinces.

Gades was famous in the Roman period because of salting (mostly fish).

Junia Rufina was a very powerful woman from Baelo Claudia (Bolonia, Cádiz)

Puellae Gaditanae were very famous dancers from Gades (Cádiz)

Emperors Trajano and Adriano were from Itálica (Santiponce, Sevilla)

Domicia Paulina (emperor Adriano's mother) was from Gades (Cádiz)

Timeline

Romans

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King Recesvinto crown. Located in Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid)

Visigoth fortress in Toledo (it was the capital city in the Visigoth period)

Timeline

Visigoths

List of Visigoth kings.

Timeline

Visigoths

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The Battle of Guadalete (Cádiz) in the year 711 where the Visigoths were defeated by the Muslims led by the general Tariq Ibd Zyyad.

Timeline

Stages in the Muslim Conquest

Al- Andalus

Timeline

almohada

sandía

ojalá

zanahoria

noria

zoco

limón

More than 4000 words in Spanish come from Arab origins

La Giralda de Sevilla

La Alhambra de Granada

La Mezquita de Córdoba

Heritage

Al- Andalus

Timeline

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Christian Kingdoms

Timeline

Jaime I el Conquistador.King of Aragón.He fought against Muslims and conquered Ibiza, Mallorca, Menorca and Valencia.

Fernando III el Santo (Alfonso X's father). King of Castilla and León.He fought against Muslims and conquered Jaén, Córdoba and Sevilla.

Alfonso X el Sabio. King of Castilla. He fought against Muslims and conquered Jerez and Cádiz. He also was poet, astrologer and historian.

Urraca I la temeraria. Queen of Leon.She was the first woman in Europe to be a real queen (but she ruled only a few months).

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Some Christian kings and queens:

Christian Kingdoms

The navigator Christopher Columbus received finances and was authorised by the Catholic Monarchs to sail west and claim lands for Spain. Christopher Colombus discovered America.

The Catholic Monarchs fought against the Nasrid Dinasty's Emirate of Granada It ended in 1492 with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castilla, ending the last remnant of Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula.

Died: Madrigalejo (Extremadura) in 1516

Born: Sos (Aragón) in 1452

Timeline

House: Trastámara

Fernando II de Aragón

Died: Medina del Campo (Valladolid) in 1504

Born: Madrigal de las Torres Altas (Ávila) in 1451

House: Trastámara

Isabel I de Castilla

The Catholic Monarchs

Christian Kingdoms

1724

1700

King of Spain:

Luis I

Felipe V

King of Spain:

Borbón

Habsbugo/ Austria

Trastámara + Habsburgo (Austria)

Trastámara

1665

Carlos II

King of Spain:

1621

Felipe IV

King of Spain:

Felipe III

King of Spain:

1598

Felipe II

King of Spain:

1556

Carlos I

King of Spain:

1516

Fernando II

Crown of Aragón:

Crown of Castilla:

Juana I and Felipe I

Christopher Colombus discovered America

Catholic Monarchs

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Spanish History Timeline

1506

1492

Modern Age

Spouse: Felipe I (House: Habsburg/ Austria)

Queen of Aragón: 1516- 1555 she was a nominal queen. She reigned with her son, Carlos I.

She reigned with her husband, Felipe I and then with her son, Carlos I.

(it means that she didn´t rule).

Queen of Castilla: 1506- 1555 she was a nominal queen

Died: Tordesillas (Valladolid), 1555

Born: Toledo, 1479

Timeline

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Juana I

She was nominally co-monarch but remained confined until her death.

Felipe I (called "el hermoso") was ruler of the Netherlands and titular Duke of Borgoña from 1482 to 1506, as well as the first Habsburgo King of Castilla for a brief time in 1506.

She was declared insane and confined in the Royal Palace in Tordesillas under the orders of her father (Fernando II).

Timeline

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Juana I

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Carlos I abdicated in 1556 and Felipe II, his son was the next king of Spain.

He inherited his father's (Felipe I) empire.

of Spain/ Carlos V as Holy Roman Emperor

Spouse: Isabel de Portugal

Archiduke of Austria: 1519-1521. He inherited his father's archdukedom.

King of Spain: 1516- 1556. He inherited his mother's kingdom.

King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor: 1520- 1556 (as Carlos V).

Died: Cuacos de Yuste (Extremadura), 1558

Born: Gante (Flandes, currently Bélgica), 1500

Timeline

Carlos I

Carlos I map of his empire:

Timeline

of Spain/ Carlos V as Holy Roman Emperor

Carlos I

During his reign, Spain was the first power in Europe. The Spanish empire was the first in the world, since it had territories on all inhabited continents.

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King of Portugal: 1580- 1598.

Isabel de Valois and Ana de Austria (future king Felipe III's mother)

Spouses: Mª Manuela de Portugal, María I Inglaterra,

King of Spain: 1556- 1598.

Died: San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Madrid), 1598.

Timeline

Born: Valladolid, 1527.

Felipe II

Portugal territories

Spain territories

Timeline

Felipe II map of his empire:

Felipe II

Felipe III gave a lot of power to his valido (person of confidence of the king who had lots of political questions), the Duke of Lerma. He had influence over the king and the Duke of Lerma used that influence to became himself richer and richer.

Spouse: Margarita de Austria

King of Spain and Portugal: 1598- 1621

Died: Madrid, 1621

Timeline

Born: Madrid, 1578

Felipe III

(future king Carlos II's mother)

King of Portugal: 1621- 1640 (Lisbon's nobles expelled Felipe IV and gave the throne to another king)

Felipe IV's valido was el Conde-Duque de Olivares who had a lot of power and was in charge of political questions.

Spouse: Isabel de Borbón and Mariana de Austria

King of Spain: 1621- 1665

Died: Madrid, 1665

Timeline

Born: Valladolid, 1605

Felipe IV

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He had ill-health with some problems (apparently one of them was hydrocephalus).

Carlos II did not have descendants. He was the last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire.

Spouses: Mª Luisa de Orleans and Mariana de Neoburgo

Timeline

King of Spain: 1665- 1700

Died: Madrid, 1700

Born: Madrid, 1661

Carlos II

Felipe V was grandson of Luis XIV (king of France) and Mª Teresa de Austria (Carlos II's sister).

Carlos II died without descendants, and named Felipe de Anjou (from Borbón dinasty) as his successor, who was crowned with the title of Felipe V.

Timeline

Carlos II

Felipe V had mental instability and abdicated the throne to his eldest son, Luis I but Luis died after seven months and Felipe V was restored to the Spanish throne.

War of the Spanish Succession: 1701- 1715

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Spouses: Mª Luisa Gabriela de Saboya (future kings Luis I and Fernando VI were her sons) and Isabel de Farnesio (future king Carlos III was her son)

Timeline

King of Spain: 1700- 1724.

Died: Madrid, 1746

Born: Versalles (France), 1683

Felipe V

The war ended with the triumph of Philip V and with the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 where Spain lost some territories.

But, there were some important people that did not accept the new king and supported Archiduque Carlos de Habsburgo (from the Austria dinasty)

Carlos II had died without descendants, and named Felipe de Anjou as his successor, who was crowned with the title of Felipe V.

War of the Spanish Succession: 1701- 1715

Timeline

Felipe V

His father, Felipe V had mental instability and abdicated the throne to his eldest son, Luis I, but when Luis died after seven months, Felipe V was restored to the Spanish throne.

Spouse: Luisa Isabel de Orleans (no descendants)

Timeline

King of Spain: 1724 (he only reigned seven months)

Died: Madrid, 1724

Born: Madrid, 1707

Luis I

1874

Francisco Serrano

Emilio Castelar

Nicolás Salmerón

Francisco Pi y Maragal

Estanislao Figueras

Presidents:

Independence War

1873

First Republic

1870

Saboya

King of Spain: Amadeo I

Provisional Government

Glorious Revolution

Sexenio Democrático

1868

Contemporary Age

1833

1813

1808

Queen of Spain: Isabel II

King of Spain: Fernando VII

King of Spain: José I

King of Spain: Fernando VII

King of Spain: Carlos IV

King of Spain: Carlos III

King of Spain: Fernando VI

Borbón

Bonaparte

Independence War

1808

Borbón

1788

1759

Borbón

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Spanish History Timeline

1746

Modern Age

General Imprisonment of the Gypsis: During his reign, Marqués de la Ensenada organised an attempt to exterminate Gypsis living in Spain, leading to the death of 12,000 Romani People.

He founded the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid.

Spouse: Bárbara de Braganza (no descendant)

Timeline

King of Spain: 1746-1759

Died: Villaviciosa de Odón (Madrid), 1759

Born: Madrid, 1713

Fernando VI

He established the Spanish flag.

He modernized Spain by making cities safer and more hygienic with the introduction of sidewalks and sewage systems.

In Madrid, he was nicknamed "el Mejor Alcalde de Madrid" because he had La Puerta de Alcalá, Museo Reina Sofía building (it was an hospital), Museo del Prado building (it was a natural history museum) and he reorganised some streets.

He created the Spanish Lottery.

Spouse: Mª Amalia de Sajonia (future king Carlos IV's mother)

Timeline

King of Spain: 1759- 1788.

Died: Madrid, 1788

Born: Madrid, 1716

Carlos III

(future king Fernando VII's mother)

Napoleón Bonaparte forced Carlos IV and his son, Fernando VII to abdicate to place Napoleón's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the throne of Spain

His wife, Mª Luisa de Parma and Carlos VI's valido and prime minister, Manuel Godoy were in charge of the affairs of government.

Carlos IV was not very interested in government, he preferred hunting.

Spouse: Mª Luisa de Parma

Timeline

King of Spain: 1788- 1808

Died: Nápoles (Italia), 1819

Born: Portici, Nápoles (Italia), 1748

Carlos IV

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Napoleon forced Fernando VII and his father, Carlos IV, to abdicate to place his brother, José Bonaparte, in the Spanish throne.

(future queen Isabel II's mother)

Timeline

Spouses: Mª Antonia de Napoles, Mª Isabel de Portugal, Mª Josefa Amalia de Sajonia and Mª Cristina Borbón Dos-Sicilias

King of Spain: 1st reign (before the War of Independence) 1808

Died: Madrid, 1833

Born: El Escorial (Madrid), 1784

Fernando VII

He promised to respect the Constitution of 1812 but later, he made it illegal and the absolute monarchy was restored.

After the War of Independence, Fernando VII was restored as King of Spain.

King of Spain: 2nd reign (after the War of Independence) 1813-1833

Timeline

Fernando VII

Many people in Spain didn´t like him and called him "Pepe Botella", even though José I didn´t drink alcohol..

His brother, Napoleón Bonaparte, place him in the Spanish throne.

Timeline

Spouse: Julia Clary

King of Spain: 1808- 1813

Died: Florencia (Italy), 1844

Born: Corte (Córcega), 1768

José I

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Isabel II's reign was full of scandals (rumors about her private life) and corruption (her mother, Mª Cristina Borbón was involved).

Under the regency of her mother, Spain transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.

Timeline

Spouse: Francisco de Asís de Borbón

Queen of Spain: 1833- 1868

Died: Paris, 1904

Born: Madrid, 1830

Isabel II

It was led by General Prim, General Serrano and Juan Bautista Topete.

She formally abdicated the Spanish throne in favour of her son, Alfonso.

Isabella II went into exile in France with her family.

The Glorious Revolution was raised against Isabella II and her reign.

Timeline

Isabel II

They search a king who would respect the new constitution.

Las Cortes chose a constitutional monarchy as a political system.

They elaborated a new constitution and enacted it in 1869

- The King of Spain: Amadeo I (1871- 1873)

- The Provisional Government (1868- 1871)

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Timeline

Two main stages in this period:

Sexenio Democrático

Finally, Amadeo I abdicated in 1873.

- Conflicts between political parties.

- Rebellions in the Basque and Catalan regions and Republican uprising.

There were some problems during his reign:

He was the first king in Spain to be elected by Las Cortes.

Timeline

Spouse: Mª Victoria dal Pozzo

King of Spain: 1870- 1873

Died: Turín, 1890

Born: Turín (Italy), 1845

Amadeo I

General Martínez-Campos led a coup d’etat in 1874 to try to end the republic.

There were five presidents in only one year.

Some groups supported a return of the monarchy under Alfonso (Isabel II’s son).

Timeline

However, political and social instability continued.

After Amadeo abdicated, the parliament declared Spain a republic on 11 february 1873.

First Republic

Civil War

President:Manuel Azaña

President:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora

Civil War

1874

1978

Constitution 1978

General Election

President:Adolfo Suárez

President:Carlos Arias Navarro

King of Spain: Juan Carlos I

Borbón

Transition to Democracy

1976

1977

Second Republic

1975

Francoist Dictatorship

1936

Contemporary Age

1939

1931

1923

Primo de Rivera dictatorship

King of Spain: Alfonso XIII

King of Spain: Alfonso XII

1902

Borbón

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Alfonso XII became the new king and the first republic ended.

Spain was a parliamentary monarchy again.It was a time of economic prosperity and stability.

The monarchy was restored to the Borbones.

(future king Alfonso XIII's mother)

Timeline

Spouses: Mª de las Mercedes de Orleans y Mª Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena

King of Spain: 1874- 1885

Died: El Pardo (Madrid), 1885

Born: Madrid, 1857

Alfonso XII

- There was a war in Morocco (it was spain’s colony). The Spanish government ordered men to go to fight in Morocco, but protests and strikes began in Barcelona against this.

- Food prices were increasing because of World War I

- People were unhappy with the two-party political system (there were two political parties which took turns governing spain)

There were some problems:

The first period of his reign was a constitutional monarchy.

(His mother served as regent until he assumed full powers on his sixteenth birthday in 1902.)

Timeline

Spouses: Victoria Eugenia de Battenberg

King of Spain: 1986- 1931

Died: Roma (Italy), 1941

Born: Madrid, 1886

Alfonso XIII

The king tried to create a non-dictatorship form of government, but people and politicians did not trust him anymore. Alfonso XIII was exiled from Spain.

In the later years of the dictatorship, people became more hostile towards it because of Spain’s economic decline and bankruptcy. Alfonso XIII forced Primo de Rivera to resign in 1930.

Primo de Rivera suspended the Constitution and all the freedoms and rights.

In 1923, General Primo de Rivera organised a coup d’etat with the support of the king Alfonso XIII.

Most of the military sector was unhappy with the government and the situation in Spain.

Timeline

Alfonso XIII and Primo de Rivera dictatorship

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- Limited the powers to the Catholic Church.

- Allowed more regional autonomy.

- Gave women the right to vote for the first time.

- Established freedom of speech and religion.

A new constitution was approved in 1931:

Alfonso XIII left Spain and the monarchy was abolished.

The Second Republic was proclaimed.

In April 1931, the king Alfonso XIII agreed to have elections. The parties that favour the republic, won.

Second Republic

She later lost her parliamentary seat and briefly served as a government minister, before fleeing the country during the Spanish Civil War. Campoamor died in exile in Switzerland

She was one of the main promoters for women's suffrage in Spain, included in the Spanish Constitution of 1931.

Clara Campoamor was a lawyer, politician and writer.

Timeline

During the Second Republic, women were allowed to vote themselves.

Second Republic

Lots of people died during the civil war, many of them assassinated, and lots of corpses are still missing in common graves.

The Civil War lasted 3 years. The War ended in 1939 with a Nationalist victory when Franco’s side took control of Madrid.

- Nationalist, led by General Franco.

- Republicans

Spain was divided into two sides:

It was the start of the Civil War.

Timeline

In July 1936, there was a military coup d’etat attempt by Generals Mola, Franco and Sanjurjo.

Civil War

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- Trade Unions and public protest were prohibited.

- The government restricted the media (radio-tv-newspaper).

- The regime imprisoned and killed many people for their beliefs. Others went into exile.

- There was little food. Spain could not produce enough food for the population.

- Cities were destroyed after the war.

Timeline

Life was very difficult in this period:

He made himself the head of state and he had all the power.

When the civil war ended, General Franco established a dictatorship .

Francoist Dictatorship

The Law of Succession allowed Franco to name a successor.In 1969, he chose Juan Carlos de Borbón, Alfonso XIII’s grandson.

Franco was very old and his health was not good enough.

- Many regional traditions and languages were repressed. Carnaval in Cádiz was forbiden for several years

- Boys and girls had separate classes at school and learnt different things. Girls were prepared to be good mothers and wives learning how to cook, how to sew, etc.

- Catholicism became the official religion of the state. The state gave the Catholic church a number of privileges.

Timeline

Francoist Dictatorship

In 2014, he abdicated in favour of his son, who acceded to the throne as Felipe VI.

The second period of his reign was full of economic and private scandals, as well as a very improper ties to business deals in Saudi Arabia.

(current King Felipe VI's mother)

The Spanish Constitution of 1978 in a referendum, re-established a constitutional monarchy.

He began the Spanish transition to democracy soon after his accession.

Timeline

Spouses: Sofía de Grecia

King of Spain: 1975- 2014

Born: Roma, 1938

Juan Carlos I

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The first Prime Minister was Carlos Arias Navarro (he was Prime Minister before Franco's death) but Juan Carlos I forced his resignation.

Timeline

After that, the King Juan Carlos I named Adolfo Suárez as Prime Minister.

He began the process of making Spain a Constitutional Monarchy.

Prince Juan Carlos became King (Juan Carlos I) and Head of State but he realised that the dictatorship could not continue.

Franco died on 20 November 1975.

Transition to democracy

The Constitution of 1978 was approved by the Parliament and then by the Spanish people in a referendum (people voted yes or no to the constitution).

In 1977, after the first democratic elections, Adolfo Suárez party, the UCD (unión de centro democrático), won.

- The legalisation of all political parties.

- The legalisation of the right to strike and form trade unions.

- The dissolution of the secret police.

- The release of political prisoners.

During this time, Suárez made the following changes:

Timeline

Adolfo Suárez was responsible for calling elections and leading the country.

Transition to democracy