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Spanish History Timeline
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Spanish History Timeline
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1200000
8500
5600
2200
850
3300
Ancient History
Prehistory
Mesolithic
Paleolithic
Chalcolithic or Copper Age
Neolithic
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Tartessos
1200 BC
218 BC
Iberians
500 BC
Roman Conquest
Celts
650 BC
Phoenicians
Carthaginians
300 BC
1100 BC
Paleolithic
Timeline
People were nomads
People lived in caves.
Tools were made of wood, bones, stone.
People learnt to use fire
Cueva de la Pileta, Benaoján (Málaga)
Neolithic
Timeline
Sedentary life people:
- cultivated crops
- domesticated animals
Tools were made of wood and stone.
People made pottery.
Esparto Neolithic sandal, located in Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid)
Timeline
Chalcolithic or Copper age
Discovery of copper to melt it and make tool and weapons
People were:
- Farmers: produce food.
- Metal workers: made tools
Bowl from los Millares (Almería), located in Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid)
Bronze age
Timeline
Discovery of Bronze to melt it and shape to make tools and weapons.
Argaric culture
Tartessos
Timeline
Treasure of El Carambolo, discovered in Camas (Sevilla), located in Museo Arqueológico de Sevilla
Celts and Iberians
Timeline
Los Toros de Guisando
La Dama de Elche
- Farmers and metal workers
- Farmers
- Traded goods with other Mediterranean cultures.
- Fierce warriors
- Lived in rural communities
- Lived in urban settlements
Phoenicians
Timeline
Gadir
Gadir
Antropomorphic Sarcophagus, Cádiz. Located in Museo de Cádiz.
Phoenician golden ring, Cádiz. Located in Museo de Cádiz
Carthaginians
Timeline
Anibal, general and statesman.
They fought against the Romans to defend their territories
Almilcar Barca, general and statesman.
Woman bust (linked to Astarté), Cádiz.. Located in Museo de Cádiz
La Dama de Ibiza, located in Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid).
Asdrubal, general.
Spanish History Timeline
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100 AD
507 AD
711AD
1492 AD
718AD
Middle Ages
Ancient History
Modern Age
Al- Andalus
Visigoths
Romans
Emirate of Córdoba
Caliphate of Córdoba
Omeya Dinasty
Taifa Period
Almohad Rule
Emirate of Granada
Almoravid Rule
Christian Kingdoms
Castilla Kingdom
Reyes Católicos: Isabel I de Castilla y Fernando II de Aragón
Asturias Kingdom
Crown of Castilla
Leon Kingdom
Crown of Aragón
Catalanes and Aragoneses Counties
Spanish March
(Casa Trastámara)
Aragón Kingdom
Navarra Kingdom
Romans
Timeline
Villa en Augusta Emerita (Mérida)
Anfitetaro de Itálica (Santiponce, Sevilla)
Basílica de Baelo Claudia (Bolonia, Cádiz)
Teatro "Theatrum Balbi" de Gades (Cádiz)
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Romans
Timeline
Emperors Trajano and Adriano were from Itálica (Santiponce, Sevilla)
Puellae Gaditanae were very famous dancers from Gades (Cádiz)
Domicia Paulina (emperor Adriano's mother) was from Gades (Cádiz)
Junia Rufina was a very powerful woman from Baelo Claudia (Bolonia, Cádiz)
Hispania exported wine, olive oil, garum and salting fish to the rest of Roman provinces.
Gades was famous in the Roman period because of salting (mostly fish).
Visigoths
Timeline
King Recesvinto crown. Located in Museo Arqueológico Nacional (Madrid)
Visigoth fortress in Toledo (it was the capital city in the Visigoth period)
Para saber más
Timeline
Visigoths
List of Visigoth kings.
Al- Andalus
Timeline
Stages in the Muslim Conquest
The Battle of Guadalete (Cádiz) in the year 711 where the Visigoths were defeated by the Muslims led by the general Tariq Ibd Zyyad.
Para saber más
Al- Andalus
Timeline
Heritage
La Mezquita de Córdoba
More than 4000 words in Spanish come from Arab origins
sandía
almohada
ojalá
zanahoria
noria
limón
zoco
La Alhambra de Granada
La Giralda de Sevilla
Christian Kingdoms
Timeline
Para saber más
Christian Kingdoms
Timeline
Some Christian kings and queens:
Fernando III el Santo (Alfonso X's father). King of Castilla and León. He fought against Muslims and conquered Jaén, Córdoba and Sevilla.
Urraca I la temeraria. Queen of Leon. She was the first woman in Europe to be a real queen (but she ruled only a few months).
Jaime I el Conquistador. King of Aragón. He fought against Muslims and conquered Ibiza, Mallorca, Menorca and Valencia.
Alfonso X el Sabio. King of Castilla. He fought against Muslims and conquered Jerez and Cádiz. He also was poet, astrologer and historian.
Para saber todavía más
Christian Kingdoms
Timeline
The Catholic Monarchs
Fernando II de Aragón
Isabel I de Castilla
House: Trastámara
House: Trastámara
Born: Sos (Aragón) in 1452
Born: Madrigal de las Torres Altas (Ávila) in 1451
Died: Madrigalejo (Extremadura) in 1516
Died: Medina del Campo (Valladolid) in 1504
The Catholic Monarchs fought against the Nasrid Dinasty's Emirate of Granada It ended in 1492 with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castilla, ending the last remnant of Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula.
The navigator Christopher Columbus received finances and was authorised by the Catholic Monarchs to sail west and claim lands for Spain. Christopher Colombus discovered America.
Spanish History Timeline
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1492
1506
1516
1556
1598
1724
1621
1665
1700
Christopher Colombus discovered America
Modern Age
Trastámara + Habsburgo (Austria)
Habsbugo/ Austria
Borbón
Trastámara
King of Spain:
Catholic Monarchs
King of Spain:
King of Spain:
King of Spain:
King of Spain:
King of Spain:
King of Spain:
Crown of Castilla:
Juana I and Felipe I
Carlos I
Felipe II
Felipe III
Felipe IV
Carlos II
Felipe V
Luis I
Crown of Aragón:
Fernando II
Juana I
Timeline
Born: Toledo, 1479
Died: Tordesillas (Valladolid), 1555
Spouse: Felipe I (House: Habsburg/ Austria)
Queen of Castilla: 1506- 1555 she was a nominal queen
(it means that she didn´t rule).
She reigned with her husband, Felipe I and then with her son, Carlos I.
Queen of Aragón: 1516- 1555 she was a nominal queen. She reigned with her son, Carlos I.
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Juana I
Timeline
She was declared insane and confined in the Royal Palace in Tordesillas under the orders of her father (Fernando II).
She was nominally co-monarch but remained confined until her death.
Felipe I (called "el hermoso") was ruler of the Netherlands and titular Duke of Borgoña from 1482 to 1506, as well as the first Habsburgo King of Castilla for a brief time in 1506.
Para saber más
Timeline
Carlos I
of Spain/ Carlos V as Holy Roman Emperor
Born: Gante (Flandes, currently Bélgica), 1500
Died: Cuacos de Yuste (Extremadura), 1558
Spouse: Isabel de Portugal
King of Spain: 1516- 1556. He inherited his mother's kingdom.
King of Germany and Holy Roman Emperor: 1520- 1556 (as Carlos V).
He inherited his father's (Felipe I) empire.
Archiduke of Austria: 1519-1521. He inherited his father's archdukedom.
Carlos I abdicated in 1556 and Felipe II, his son was the next king of Spain.
Para saber más
Timeline
Carlos I
Carlos I map of his empire:
of Spain/ Carlos V as Holy Roman Emperor
Timeline
Felipe II
Born: Valladolid, 1527.
Died: San Lorenzo de El Escorial (Madrid), 1598.
Spouses: Mª Manuela de Portugal, María I Inglaterra,
Isabel de Valois and Ana de Austria (future king Felipe III's mother)
King of Spain: 1556- 1598.
King of Portugal: 1580- 1598.
During his reign, Spain was the first power in Europe. The Spanish empire was the first in the world, since it had territories on all inhabited continents.
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Timeline
Felipe II
Felipe II map of his empire:
Spain territories
Portugal territories
Timeline
Felipe III
Born: Madrid, 1578
Died: Madrid, 1621
Spouse: Margarita de Austria
King of Spain and Portugal: 1598- 1621
Felipe III gave a lot of power to his valido (person of confidence of the king who had lots of political questions), the Duke of Lerma. He had influence over the king and the Duke of Lerma used that influence to became himself richer and richer.
Timeline
Felipe IV
Born: Valladolid, 1605
Died: Madrid, 1665
Spouse: Isabel de Borbón and Mariana de Austria
(future king Carlos II's mother)
King of Spain: 1621- 1665
King of Portugal: 1621- 1640 (Lisbon's nobles expelled Felipe IV and gave the throne to another king)
Felipe IV's valido was el Conde-Duque de Olivares who had a lot of power and was in charge of political questions.
Timeline
Carlos II
Born: Madrid, 1661
Died: Madrid, 1700
Spouses: Mª Luisa de Orleans and Mariana de Neoburgo
King of Spain: 1665- 1700
Carlos II did not have descendants. He was the last Habsburg ruler of the Spanish Empire.
He had ill-health with some problems (apparently one of them was hydrocephalus).
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Timeline
Carlos II
Carlos II died without descendants, and named Felipe de Anjou (from Borbón dinasty) as his successor, who was crowned with the title of Felipe V.
Felipe V was grandson of Luis XIV (king of France) and Mª Teresa de Austria (Carlos II's sister).
Timeline
Felipe V
Born: Versalles (France), 1683
Died: Madrid, 1746
Spouses: Mª Luisa Gabriela de Saboya (future kings Luis I and Fernando VI were her sons) and Isabel de Farnesio (future king Carlos III was her son)
King of Spain: 1700- 1724.
War of the Spanish Succession: 1701- 1715
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Felipe V had mental instability and abdicated the throne to his eldest son, Luis I but Luis died after seven months and Felipe V was restored to the Spanish throne.
Timeline
Felipe V
War of the Spanish Succession: 1701- 1715
Carlos II had died without descendants, and named Felipe de Anjou as his successor, who was crowned with the title of Felipe V.
But, there were some important people that did not accept the new king and supported Archiduque Carlos de Habsburgo (from the Austria dinasty)
The war ended with the triumph of Philip V and with the signing of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 where Spain lost some territories.
Luis I
Timeline
Born: Madrid, 1707
Died: Madrid, 1724
Spouse: Luisa Isabel de Orleans (no descendants)
King of Spain: 1724 (he only reigned seven months)
His father, Felipe V had mental instability and abdicated the throne to his eldest son, Luis I, but when Luis died after seven months, Felipe V was restored to the Spanish throne.
Spanish History Timeline
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1746
1759
1788
1808
1813
1808
1873
1874
1833
1870
1868
Independence War
Independence War
Glorious Revolution
Modern Age
Contemporary Age
Borbón
Borbón
Borbón
Bonaparte
Sexenio Democrático
First Republic
King of Spain: Fernando VI
King of Spain: Fernando VII
King of Spain: Fernando VII
Queen of Spain: Isabel II
King of Spain: José I
Saboya
King of Spain: Carlos III
King of Spain: Carlos IV
Presidents:
Provisional Government
Estanislao Figueras
King of Spain: Amadeo I
Francisco Pi y Maragal
Nicolás Salmerón
Emilio Castelar
Francisco Serrano
Fernando VI
Timeline
Born: Madrid, 1713
Died: Villaviciosa de Odón (Madrid), 1759
Spouse: Bárbara de Braganza (no descendant)
King of Spain: 1746-1759
He founded the Royal Botanical Garden of Madrid.
General Imprisonment of the Gypsis: During his reign, Marqués de la Ensenada organised an attempt to exterminate Gypsis living in Spain, leading to the death of 12,000 Romani People.
Carlos III
Timeline
Born: Madrid, 1716
Died: Madrid, 1788
Spouse: Mª Amalia de Sajonia (future king Carlos IV's mother)
He established the Spanish flag.
King of Spain: 1759- 1788.
He created the Spanish Lottery.
He modernized Spain by making cities safer and more hygienic with the introduction of sidewalks and sewage systems.
In Madrid, he was nicknamed "el Mejor Alcalde de Madrid" because he had La Puerta de Alcalá, Museo Reina Sofía building (it was an hospital), Museo del Prado building (it was a natural history museum) and he reorganised some streets.
Carlos IV
Timeline
Born: Portici, Nápoles (Italia), 1748
Died: Nápoles (Italia), 1819
Spouse: Mª Luisa de Parma
(future king Fernando VII's mother)
King of Spain: 1788- 1808
Carlos IV was not very interested in government, he preferred hunting.
His wife, Mª Luisa de Parma and Carlos VI's valido and prime minister, Manuel Godoy were in charge of the affairs of government.
Napoleón Bonaparte forced Carlos IV and his son, Fernando VII to abdicate to place Napoleón's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the throne of Spain
Fernando VII
Timeline
Born: El Escorial (Madrid), 1784
Died: Madrid, 1833
Spouses: Mª Antonia de Napoles, Mª Isabel de Portugal, Mª Josefa Amalia de Sajonia and Mª Cristina Borbón Dos-Sicilias
(future queen Isabel II's mother)
King of Spain: 1st reign (before the War of Independence) 1808
Napoleon forced Fernando VII and his father, Carlos IV, to abdicate to place his brother, José Bonaparte, in the Spanish throne.
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Fernando VII
Timeline
King of Spain: 2nd reign (after the War of Independence) 1813-1833
After the War of Independence, Fernando VII was restored as King of Spain.
He promised to respect the Constitution of 1812 but later, he made it illegal and the absolute monarchy was restored.
Timeline
José I
Born: Corte (Córcega), 1768
Died: Florencia (Italy), 1844
Spouse: Julia Clary
King of Spain: 1808- 1813
His brother, Napoleón Bonaparte, place him in the Spanish throne.
Many people in Spain didn´t like him and called him "Pepe Botella", even though José I didn´t drink alcohol..
Timeline
Isabel II
Born: Madrid, 1830
Died: Paris, 1904
Spouse: Francisco de Asís de Borbón
Queen of Spain: 1833- 1868
Under the regency of her mother, Spain transitioned from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy.
Isabel II's reign was full of scandals (rumors about her private life) and corruption (her mother, Mª Cristina Borbón was involved).
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Timeline
Isabel II
The Glorious Revolution was raised against Isabella II and her reign.
It was led by General Prim, General Serrano and Juan Bautista Topete.
Isabella II went into exile in France with her family.
She formally abdicated the Spanish throne in favour of her son, Alfonso.
Timeline
Sexenio Democrático
Two main stages in this period:
- The Provisional Government (1868- 1871)
Las Cortes chose a constitutional monarchy as a political system.
They elaborated a new constitution and enacted it in 1869
They search a king who would respect the new constitution.
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- The King of Spain: Amadeo I (1871- 1873)
Amadeo I
Timeline
Born: Turín (Italy), 1845
Died: Turín, 1890
Spouse: Mª Victoria dal Pozzo
King of Spain: 1870- 1873
He was the first king in Spain to be elected by Las Cortes.
There were some problems during his reign:
- Rebellions in the Basque and Catalan regions and Republican uprising.
- Conflicts between political parties.
Finally, Amadeo I abdicated in 1873.
Timeline
First Republic
After Amadeo abdicated, the parliament declared Spain a republic on 11 february 1873.
However, political and social instability continued.
There were five presidents in only one year.
General Martínez-Campos led a coup d’etat in 1874 to try to end the republic.
Some groups supported a return of the monarchy under Alfonso (Isabel II’s son).
Spanish History Timeline
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1976
1975
1902
1931
1977
1874
1923
1936
1939
1978
Civil War
Contemporary Age
Borbón
Second Republic
Francoist Dictatorship
Transition to Democracy
King of Spain: Alfonso XII
King of Spain: Alfonso XIII
Borbón
President: Niceto Alcalá-Zamora
President: Manuel Azaña
King of Spain: Juan Carlos I
Primo de Rivera dictatorship
President: Adolfo Suárez
President: Carlos Arias Navarro
Civil War
General Election
Constitution 1978
Alfonso XII
Timeline
Born: Madrid, 1857
Died: El Pardo (Madrid), 1885
Spouses: Mª de las Mercedes de Orleans y Mª Cristina de Habsburgo-Lorena
(future king Alfonso XIII's mother)
King of Spain: 1874- 1885
The monarchy was restored to the Borbones.
Alfonso XII became the new king and the first republic ended.
Spain was a parliamentary monarchy again.It was a time of economic prosperity and stability.
Alfonso XIII
Timeline
Born: Madrid, 1886
Died: Roma (Italy), 1941
Spouses: Victoria Eugenia de Battenberg
King of Spain: 1986- 1931
(His mother served as regent until he assumed full powers on his sixteenth birthday in 1902.)
The first period of his reign was a constitutional monarchy.
There were some problems:
- People were unhappy with the two-party political system (there were two political parties which took turns governing spain)
- Food prices were increasing because of World War I
- There was a war in Morocco (it was spain’s colony). The Spanish government ordered men to go to fight in Morocco, but protests and strikes began in Barcelona against this.
Timeline
Alfonso XIII and Primo de Rivera dictatorship
Most of the military sector was unhappy with the government and the situation in Spain.
In 1923, General Primo de Rivera organised a coup d’etat with the support of the king Alfonso XIII.
Primo de Rivera suspended the Constitution and all the freedoms and rights.
In the later years of the dictatorship, people became more hostile towards it because of Spain’s economic decline and bankruptcy. Alfonso XIII forced Primo de Rivera to resign in 1930.
The king tried to create a non-dictatorship form of government, but people and politicians did not trust him anymore. Alfonso XIII was exiled from Spain.
Second Republic
Timeline
In April 1931, the king Alfonso XIII agreed to have elections. The parties that favour the republic, won.
The Second Republic was proclaimed.
Alfonso XIII left Spain and the monarchy was abolished.
A new constitution was approved in 1931:
- Established freedom of speech and religion.
- Gave women the right to vote for the first time.
- Allowed more regional autonomy.
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- Limited the powers to the Catholic Church.
Second Republic
Timeline
During the Second Republic, women were allowed to vote themselves.
Clara Campoamor was a lawyer, politician and writer.
She was one of the main promoters for women's suffrage in Spain, included in the Spanish Constitution of 1931.
She later lost her parliamentary seat and briefly served as a government minister, before fleeing the country during the Spanish Civil War. Campoamor died in exile in Switzerland
Civil War
Timeline
In July 1936, there was a military coup d’etat attempt by Generals Mola, Franco and Sanjurjo.
It was the start of the Civil War.
Spain was divided into two sides:
- Republicans
- Nationalist, led by General Franco.
The Civil War lasted 3 years. The War ended in 1939 with a Nationalist victory when Franco’s side took control of Madrid.
Lots of people died during the civil war, many of them assassinated, and lots of corpses are still missing in common graves.
Francoist Dictatorship
Timeline
When the civil war ended, General Franco established a dictatorship .
He made himself the head of state and he had all the power.
Life was very difficult in this period:
- Cities were destroyed after the war.
- There was little food. Spain could not produce enough food for the population.
- The regime imprisoned and killed many people for their beliefs. Others went into exile.
- The government restricted the media (radio-tv-newspaper).
- Trade Unions and public protest were prohibited.
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Francoist Dictatorship
Timeline
- Catholicism became the official religion of the state. The state gave the Catholic church a number of privileges.
- Boys and girls had separate classes at school and learnt different things. Girls were prepared to be good mothers and wives learning how to cook, how to sew, etc.
- Many regional traditions and languages were repressed. Carnaval in Cádiz was forbiden for several years
Franco was very old and his health was not good enough.
The Law of Succession allowed Franco to name a successor.In 1969, he chose Juan Carlos de Borbón, Alfonso XIII’s grandson.
Juan Carlos I
Timeline
Born: Roma, 1938
Spouses: Sofía de Grecia
(current King Felipe VI's mother)
King of Spain: 1975- 2014
He began the Spanish transition to democracy soon after his accession.
The Spanish Constitution of 1978 in a referendum, re-established a constitutional monarchy.
The second period of his reign was full of economic and private scandals, as well as a very improper ties to business deals in Saudi Arabia.
In 2014, he abdicated in favour of his son, who acceded to the throne as Felipe VI.
Transition to democracy
Timeline
Franco died on 20 November 1975.
Prince Juan Carlos became King (Juan Carlos I) and Head of State but he realised that the dictatorship could not continue.
He began the process of making Spain a Constitutional Monarchy.
The first Prime Minister was Carlos Arias Navarro (he was Prime Minister before Franco's death) but Juan Carlos I forced his resignation.
After that, the King Juan Carlos I named Adolfo Suárez as Prime Minister.
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Transition to democracy
Timeline