Part 2. Natural services.

Part 2. Natural Services

Version 230428 Coordinators: UT3 team Task force: IRD, …

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From Albert et al. 2015 and A. Grêt-Regamey, B. Weibel, S.-E. Rabe & B. Burkhard “A tiered approach for ecosystem services mapping” in Burkhard B, Maes J (Eds.) (2017) Mapping Ecosystem Services. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, 374 pp.

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This is an example of an NS estimation for the Tonle Sap lake from Nang & Meral (2021), that compared different types of paddy-field managements for rice production. Their conclusion is that organic growth is the best practice to sustain most of the service deliveries and do not degrade any of them.

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NS assesment from river reach to flood plain:

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A documentary on the effect of fishing Nile perch (Tanzania's Victoria Lake). The predatory fish, which have wiped out the native species, is sold in European supermarkets while Tanzanian families are starving and need to survive with leftovers.

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This graph shows the dependency of each service category to biodiversity. Why are provisioning services not at the highest biodiversity level? It is because of the agricultural fields. The recreational NS gets a maximum of biodiveristy light use because some of the best-protected areas are not accessible to people.

Many papers were published and still arrive in the scientific community. The main work of IPBES so far was to promote a large understanding and awareness of nature’s contributions to people, under the umbrella of Sandra Diaz. This work, like all other reports of IPBES, doesn’t belong to research, but to literature review. Then, IPBES transfers this knowledge assessment to governments for a better influence on the policies, taking the benefits of nature conservation into account.

The water-quality regulation service is the rivers’ and streams’ capacity of self purification. It acts with the help of the natural biofilm and the plants’ roots uptake. Observation: In a stream reach, the pollutant flux that is recovered downstream is lower than what is expected from simple physical advection or dilution of the water coming from upstream.

Two examples from Cyprus and the Netherlands illustrate nation-wide mapping of ES in the EU. Cyprus is an island in the Mediterranean Sea. The map illustrates the recreational potential of the traditional landscape and nature. The map was made in a training workshop where country officials from the ministry worked together with scientists to map recreational services on the island. On another line, the Netherlands create maps of ES which are publicly available via their Atlas of Natural Capital5.

The conceptual IPBES framework was suggested as a guideline for scientists and policy makers. This framework shows how nature is related to quality of life and security under the effects of several drivers. If the government goal is to save the quality of life in their country, then it becomes evident that the main influence should focus on the nature that sustains these quality and security benefits with the help of institutions.

Another example of service is the air quality regulation, which is driven by all autotrophic living organisms on earth. By the photosynthesis, these organisms are able to use solar energy to collect CO2 and transform it into organic matter. This process leads to carbone storage in the soil and soil biomass, which is then sent to the ocean. Note that atmospheric CO2 content is the difference between what is emitted from our industry and what is collected by photosynthesis.

In the EU, countries have started initiatives to map their ecosystems and ecosystem services (ES) on their national territory. The main goal is to create a national knowledge base about ecosystems that can be used for planning purposes, such as the selection of areas for ecological restoration, the development of new infrastructure projects or land and water management. The European Commission is providing guidance to countries on how to map ecosystems and ES through the MAES initiative and collect information on the biodiversity information system for Europe4.

This table lists some of the indicators (or proxies) that are regularly used for NS quantification. In the 3rd column, the difference between indicators of NS supplies (which provide information on the flux of NS delivery) and the NS potentials (which provide information about the NS demand that comes from society) is found. Example: for NS water quality regulation, the indicator of demand or potential is the N concentration, since the more pollutants in the water, the highest the expectation from this NS. For that service, the supply indicator is the N removal rate achieved from the river itself (quantity of pollutants removed per unit of time and space) . The 4th column gives the spatial scale that is relevant for each indicator. The “data type” column indicates the type of data source, because some NS are still difficult to estimate from direct measurement and only models are able to provide NS estimations.

Pathway 1 is primarily driven by loss of existing species and addition of invasive species (either native or non-native). Pathway 2 is driven by changes in abiotic conditions. Pathway 3 is driven by biotic and abiotic changes acting synergistically. (c) Reversing the pathways of development in (a) requires the removal of invasive species (Pathway 4) and/or improvement of altered environmental conditions (Pathways 5 and 6). Black lines indicate the presence of potential restoration thresholds that prevent the system, by moving back to a less altered state without significant management input. (d) The state space can be divided into an area within which restoration to a system within the historic range of variability remains feasible areas (which includes some or most hybrid systems), within which restoration of ecosystem structure and/or function can be achieved without a return to historic system characteristics, and an area within which restoration is likely to be difficult or impossible and hence alternative management objectives are required.

Types of ecosystem that develop under varying levels of biotic and abiotic alteration: (a) three main types of system state: (i) historical, within which ecosystems remain within their historical range of variability; (ii) hybrid, within which ecosystems are modified from their historical state by changing biotic and/or abiotic characteristics; and (iii) novel, within which systems have been potentially irreversibly changed by large modifications to abiotic conditions or biotic composition. (b) Potential pathways of ecosystems development in the face of changing biotic composition (loss or addition of species) and abiotic change (land use or climate).

The processes that underpin this service are more efficient in aquatic systems with a good naturalness and hyporheic sediment in riverbeds. The hyporheic zone, where the free water passes through in natural streams and rivers, sherters the biggest biofilm biomass that plays the role of natural filters for all types of pollutants that happen in the free water. Horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of the stream geomorphology is largely increasing the water spiralling between free and interstitial flows, which significantly improves the NS. Moreover, when an invertebrate community that lives in the interstitial media feeds on this detritus (living and dead biofilm), they limit the clogging for a better water infiltration. In an artificial stream bed, these processes are cancelled and NS is limited to biofilm development on the walls.

After the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) in 2012 (Chaudhary et al., 2015; Mace, 2014; http://www.ipbes.net), the vocabulary of NS has evolved. The 2018 global IBPES report leads to the proposal of the concept of nature’s contribution to people (NBP), in replacement of the NS concept. This was done to strengthen the anthropocentric values of NS. Now the NBP are listed with numbers, so they all have the same level of importance. The three main types of NS (regulation, provisioning, cultural) are recognised. Furthermore, this list also includes habitat creation and maintenance, which were not included in the 3 previous categories.

Restoration project of the Rhine river flood plain: The surface of the annual floods are largely recovered after lowering the water gates that were initially built to prevent the river to get to this point. This large-scale rescue also contributes to reducing the risk of flash floods on urban area downstreams.

In Burkhart & Mase’s book (previous slide), the method to map NS is extendly explained. This slide offers an abstract of the different steps to get to a map, as shown on the next slides. It starts from land-uses information coupled with EUNIS data for the biodiversity and habitats as the basic information to begin with (ecosystem map) . A value of the indicator is applied on each habitat or land-uses category, so that it is possible to visualize the spatial distribution of the NS over a territory.

This figure shows the different states of naturalness of an ecosystem between tipping points. The tipping points are thresholds between 2 differents states that lead to a major change in the ecosystem functioning. This change usually gets along with the arrival of a new wildlife community (species communities are represented by the colourful dots). Resilience is the level of pressure that an ecosystem can handle without getting into a different state of functioning, characterised by a degraded biodiversity (Holling, 1973). After restoration, the return to the community and the ecosystem is generaly impossible.

In 2017, IPBES reported an assesment about spatial and temporal trends of all ecosystem services in 5 regions of the world. Now, NBP are listed with numbers, so they all share the same level of importance. The 3 main types of NS (regulation, proviosioning, cultural) are recognised. However, this list also includes habitat creation and maintenance, which were not included in the 3 previous categories.

At a meeting on biodiversity and ecosystem services in June 2010, several states adopted the establishment of “an intergovernmental science-policy platform for biodiversity and ecosystem services”. By a resolution on December 2010, the General Assembly requested the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), “to convene a plenary meeting…to determine modalities and institutional arrangements for [IPBES]”. Subsequently in 2012, participating states adopted a resolution that established IPBES as “an independent intergovernmental body,” with the seat of the secretariat located in Bonn, Germany. They also decided the link between [IPBES] and the United Nations system UNEP, who provides the secretariat of IPBES. The IPBES rolling work programme up to 2030 aims to advance the achievement of the overall objective of IPBES, which is to strengthen the science-policy interface of biodiversity and ecosystem services for a conservation and a sustainable use of biodiversity, a long-term human well-being, and a sustainable development. According to IPBES, ther are no more ecosystem services, but nature’s contribution to people and this change of...

Many ecosystems are rapidly being transformed into new, non-historical configurations due to a variety of local and global changes.This figure from Hobbs et al. (2009) illustrates how new systems can arise in the face of primarily biotic change (extinction and/or invasion), primarily abiotic change (e.g., land use or climate change) and a combination of both. Some changes will result in hybrid systems retaining some original characteristics as well as new elements, whereas larger changes will result in novel systems, which comprise different species, interactions and functions. It suggests that these new systems will require significant revisions of conservation and restoration norms away from the traditional place-based focus on existing or historical assemblages.

Another way to show the several NS in the different ecosystems is by showing the quantitative details for each service. In this picture, purple to black show regulation services; orange to green show provisioning services; and blue show cultural services. See the ecosystem 2 that corresponds to a pharmaceutical and perfume plants growing, with a majority of blue and red for the biodiversity habitats.

This graph provides an update on the data sources for the different NS estimations, with an extra category of data that comes from GIS information. This new category arises from the needs to spatially quantify NS. This information allows the production of maps that demonstrate the mismatch between the places where NS demands occur and the delivery places.