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Learning Theories Part 2
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Learning Theories
Behaviorism
Connectivism
Sociocultural
The theory of behaviorism is associated with the following theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov (Western Governors University, 2020). This theory focuses on how the environment influences the behaviors an individual demonstrates (Western Governors University, 2020).
The theory of connectivism is associated with the following theorists: George Siemens and Stephen Downes (Western Governors University, 2021). This theory focuses on how learning connections for students are made (Western Governors University, 2021).
The sociocultural learning theory is associated with the theorist Lev Vygotsky (University of Manchester, n.d.). This theory focuses on how society impacts an individual's learning (University of Manchester, n.d.).
Learning
Memory
Learning
Memory
Learning Types
Learning
Characteristics
Memory
Learning Types
Characteristics
Learning Types
Characteristics
Behaviorism
Behaviorism
Resources
Adult Learning Theory
The theory of behaviorism is associated with the following theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov (Western Governors University, 2020). This theory focuses on how the environment influences the behaviors an individual demonstrates (Western Governors University, 2020).
The theory of behaviorism is associated with the following theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov (Western Governors University, 2020). This theory focuses on how the environment influences the behaviors an individual demonstrates (Western Governors University, 2020).
Allman, B. (n.d.). Socioculturalism. The Students’ Guide to Learning Design and Research. https://edtechbooks.org/studentguide/socioculturalism#:~:text=The%20sociocultural%20perspective%20views%20learning,is%20more%20than%20cooperative%20learning.
The theory of adult learning is associated with the following theorist Malcolm Knowles (Western Governors University, 2020). This theory focuses on how individuals learn when they are adults rather than children (Western Governors University, 2020).
Memory
Learning
More
Characteristics
Learning Types
Learning Types
Learning
Characteristics
Memory
Learning Types
Learning
Characteristics
Memory
The Role of Memory
If the learning is relevant to an adult's life, it will be committed to memory (Western Governors University, 2020). Much of this learning is done by completing hands-on tasks. When the tasks are completed by the individual, they are able to see the steps, apply the learning, and remember the problem solving they completed (Western Governors University, 2020).
How Learning Occurs
In behaviorism, learning occurs through an individual's environment (Western Governors University, 2020). The individual is influenced by stimuli when displaying their behaviors (Western Governors University, 2020). Through behaviorism, positive or negative behaviors can be learned by an individual when a stimulus is presented. Often this learning is subconscious and once developed not thought of by the individual as it becomes routine for them (Western Governors University, 2020).
The Role of Memory
The role of memory in sociocultural learning theory allows students to grow through their interactions with others (Allman, n.d.). While this is how they grow, memory and learning is only able to work with students in their zone of proximal development (University of Manchester, n.d.). If students are not developmentally ready for this information, they will not be able to hold this new information (University of Manchester, n.d.).
The Role of Memory
In behaviorism, subconscious learning is occurring as behaviors are learned from an environment (Western Governors University, 2020). As responses are linked over time to a neutral stimulus, this behavior is naturally occurring for an individual as these responses have become routine (Western Governors University, 2020).
How Learning Occurs
In adult learning theory, learning occurs when it is relevant and able to be applied to an adult's life (Western Governors University, 2020). If learning is not relevant to the adult or their life, they will not fully learn to the desired level (Western Governors University, 2020).
How Learning Occurs
In connectivism, learning is done through connections made between an individual and another information source (Western Governors University, 2021). When making connections, the student is combining knowledge in one topic area to make this knowledge even stronger (Western Governors University, 2021).
How Learning Occurs
In behaviorism, learning occurs through an individual's environment (Western Governors University, 2020). The individual is influenced by stimuli when displaying their behaviors (Western Governors University, 2020). Through behaviorism, positive or negative behaviors can be learned by an individual when a stimulus is presented. Often this learning is subconscious and once developed not thought of by the individual as it becomes routine for them (Western Governors University, 2020).
Types of Learning Explained by Connectivism Theory
Discussion In a discussion, students are working with other(s) to talk about a topic. In a discussion, students are presenting their background knowledge to their peers and presented with information their peers hold. Discussion is active and can have many people taking part of it to create new knowledge for all parties involved. Classroom example: A socratic seminar held in an English language arts classroom to discuss a book.
Types of Learning Explained by Sociocultural Theory
Interaction Learning through interaction occurs when discussion between students or a group allows students to learn. While this learning is done through word of mouth and watching interactions, it allows students to learn from those around them (Allman, n.d.). Classroom example: A teacher uses think, pair, share where students think about their answer, find a partner, and discuss their answer with their partner.
Collaboration This learning occurs when a learner is working with their peers to solve a problem or discover new learning. As students are working together they are building skills with each other using knowledge that each student has (Allman, n.d.). Classroom example: Students working together to create a solar powered water fountain.
Types of Learning Explained by Behaviorism
To get a behavior to occur a reward is given and to get a behavior to stop a consequence is given (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Skinner’s box where if a mouse stepped on a lever, they would receive a reward of food. This was conditioning through the use of a reward. Classroom example: Receiving a good grade on a test and receiving classroom economy money. Observational learning This learning is caused by an individual watching a behavior another individual does and repeating this same behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Bandura’s experiment where children observed adults hitting the doll and then repeated the action when receiving a doll (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: A student who was new to the class would mimic the peers behavior of lining up in the classroom.
Classical conditioning Before introducing the stimulus to get a response, the stimulus is neutral and does not have an action or reaction with it (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Once the stimulus is paired with a response, over time the response comes naturally after the neutral stimulus is used (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment often associated with this is Pavlov’s dog reacting to a neutral stimulus that was a bell and having the reaction of salvation for food (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: Bell ringing in the classroom indicates that students need to be quiet in their seats. Operant conditioning This conditioning is controlled by rewards and consequences for an individual to get a desired behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). To
How Learning Occurs
In behaviorism, learning occurs through an individual's environment (Western Governors University, 2020). The individual is influenced by stimuli when displaying their behaviors (Western Governors University, 2020). Through behaviorism, positive or negative behaviors can be learned by an individual when a stimulus is presented. Often this learning is subconscious and once developed not thought of by the individual as it becomes routine for them (Western Governors University, 2020).
Major Characteristics
Behaviors learned from environment Behaviorism is based on an individual's response to their environment (Western Governors University, 2020). While many of these behaviors are learned without a goal, behaviors can also be achieved through conditioning (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement delivers a reward for desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement is motivation for an individual to do a behavior, without the reward this behavior may not occur as frequently (Western Governors University, 2020).
Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement takes away something unpleasant from an individual after they demonstrate a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Similar to positive reinforcement, this is used as motivation to have a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020).
The Role of Memory
In behaviorism, subconscious learning is occurring as behaviors are learned from an environment (Western Governors University, 2020). As responses are linked over time to a neutral stimulus, this behavior is naturally occurring for an individual as these responses have become routine (Western Governors University, 2020).
Additional Resources
Let’s Go Learn. (2022). What is the zone of proximal development [Infographic]. https://www.letsgolearn.com/reading-assessment/what-is-the-zone-of-proximal-development/ National Paideia Center. (n.d.). Paideia socratic seminar [Image]. https://www.paideia.org/our-approach/paideia-seminar Peregrine Team. (2023, March 7). What is experimental learning and why is it important [Infographic]. https://peregrineglobal.com/experiential-learning/ University of Manchester. (n.d.). Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. http://www.ceebl.manchester.ac.uk/events/archive/aligningcollaborativelearning/Vygotsky.pdf Western Governors University. (2020, April 7). 10 simple principles of adult learning. https://www.wgu.edu/blog/adult-learning-theories-principles2004.html Western Governors University. (2021, May 27). Connectivism learning theory. https://www.wgu.edu/blog/connectivism-learning-theory2105.html#:~:text=Connectivism%20promotes%20learning%20that%20happens,%2C%20blogs%2C%20or%20information%20databases.
The Role of Memory
In the connectivism theory, memory is formed as information is combined (Western Governors University, 2021). As students are exposed to new information they are finding ways that this connects with knowledge they previously had. If students are able to connect this information in a variety of topics, the memory becomes stronger.
Types of Learning Explained by Behaviorism
To get a behavior to occur a reward is given and to get a behavior to stop a consequence is given (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Skinner’s box where if a mouse stepped on a lever, they would receive a reward of food. This was conditioning through the use of a reward. Classroom example: Receiving a good grade on a test and receiving classroom economy money. Observational learning This learning is caused by an individual watching a behavior another individual does and repeating this same behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Bandura’s experiment where children observed adults hitting the doll and then repeated the action when receiving a doll (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: A student who was new to the class would mimic the peers behavior of lining up in the classroom.
Classical conditioning Before introducing the stimulus to get a response, the stimulus is neutral and does not have an action or reaction with it (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Once the stimulus is paired with a response, over time the response comes naturally after the neutral stimulus is used (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment often associated with this is Pavlov’s dog reacting to a neutral stimulus that was a bell and having the reaction of salvation for food (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: Bell ringing in the classroom indicates that students need to be quiet in their seats. Operant conditioning This conditioning is controlled by rewards and consequences for an individual to get a desired behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). To
Major Characteristics
Relevant informationThis theory pushes that the information learned by the adult needs to be relevant to their own lives (Western Governors University, 2020). Each adult is going to have a unique take on what is relevant and what is not relevant to their lives. This learned information should be able to be applied to some portion of their life at home, work, hobbies, etc.
Hands on learning Much of the adult learning theory is done from hands-on learning where the student is able to learn from a task (Western Governors University, 2020). This hands-on learning allows students to learn as they are doing a task, but be able to problem solve as they are completing the task as well.
Major Characteristics
Behaviors learned from environment Behaviorism is based on an individual's response to their environment (Western Governors University, 2020). While many of these behaviors are learned without a goal, behaviors can also be achieved through conditioning (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement delivers a reward for desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement is motivation for an individual to do a behavior, without the reward this behavior may not occur as frequently (Western Governors University, 2020).
Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement takes away something unpleasant from an individual after they demonstrate a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Similar to positive reinforcement, this is used as motivation to have a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020).
Major Characteristics
Social learning Sociocultural learning theory is heavily influenced by an individual’s learning through others in society (University of Manchester, n.d.). People who may have influence on a student's learning can vary but may include: peers, teachers, parents, family members, and other members of the community. Zone of proximal development While students have the ability to grow as a student and individual, the zone of proximal development has a limit to which they can grow (University of Manchester, n.d.). Each individual is prepared to receive a certain amount of information.
To begin to be prepared for additional information individuals need further assistance and interactions with others to grow this zone of proximal development (University of Manchester, n.d.).
How Learning Occurs
In the sociocultural learning theory, learning occurs through an individual’s interaction with society (University of Manchester, n.d.). The individual learns and grows from their discussions, observations, and teachings from others (University of Manchester, n.d.). This learning is limited to an individual's zone of proximal development. The zone of proximal development is the preparedness of an individual to grow. To expand this zone of proximal development, additional social interactions need to occur to continue the growth of the learner (University of Manchester, n.d.).
Types of Learning Explained by Behaviorism
To get a behavior to occur a reward is given and to get a behavior to stop a consequence is given (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Skinner’s box where if a mouse stepped on a lever, they would receive a reward of food. This was conditioning through the use of a reward. Classroom example: Receiving a good grade on a test and receiving classroom economy money. Observational learning This learning is caused by an individual watching a behavior another individual does and repeating this same behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Bandura’s experiment where children observed adults hitting the doll and then repeated the action when receiving a doll (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: A student who was new to the class would mimic the peers behavior of lining up in the classroom.
Classical conditioning Before introducing the stimulus to get a response, the stimulus is neutral and does not have an action or reaction with it (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Once the stimulus is paired with a response, over time the response comes naturally after the neutral stimulus is used (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment often associated with this is Pavlov’s dog reacting to a neutral stimulus that was a bell and having the reaction of salvation for food (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: Bell ringing in the classroom indicates that students need to be quiet in their seats. Operant conditioning This conditioning is controlled by rewards and consequences for an individual to get a desired behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). To
Types of Learning Explained by Adult Learning Theory
Experiential learning In experiential learning individuals learn through experience. As they are attempting to learn a task by completing it hands on, they are able to see it in a way they would be unable to if they were verbally taught. During this individuals are able to problem solve any issues as well as connect it to previous knowledge they had.
The Role of Memory
In behaviorism, subconscious learning is occurring as behaviors are learned from an environment (Western Governors University, 2020). As responses are linked over time to a neutral stimulus, this behavior is naturally occurring for an individual as these responses have become routine (Western Governors University, 2020).
Characteristics
Background knowledge In order to make a connection, students need to have background knowledge on a topic. This could be anything from an observation to previous learning held by an individual. With this background knowledge, they will make a connection with new information they are presented with.
Technology In the current age of technology, information is in an individual's hand. When used correctly, technology plays a large role in connectivism for individuals (Western Governors University, 2021). As they begin to research, even a Google search, they are making a connection to knowledge they already have.
Major Characteristics
Behaviors learned from environment Behaviorism is based on an individual's response to their environment (Western Governors University, 2020). While many of these behaviors are learned without a goal, behaviors can also be achieved through conditioning (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement delivers a reward for desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement is motivation for an individual to do a behavior, without the reward this behavior may not occur as frequently (Western Governors University, 2020).
Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement takes away something unpleasant from an individual after they demonstrate a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Similar to positive reinforcement, this is used as motivation to have a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020).