Functional groups

Hidroxyl or alcohol

carbonyl

Aldehyde

By binding to carbons, it forms alcohols, which are polar compounds and therefore soluble in water. At room temperature they are liquid and are very good at forming hydrogen bridges.

Present carbonyl group in terminal position. Unlike the other functional groups containing a carbonyl group C=O, aldehydes are only bound to a radical and by another bond, to a hydrogen.

It is formed by a carbon atom attached to an oxygen atom by double bonding

Structural formula

Structural formula

Structural formula

CARBOXYL

AMIDE

kETONE

It is formed by the union of a hydroxyl group with the carbonyl.

Formed by a carbonyl group (C=O) located between two carbon atoms. The presence of the carbonyl group turns ketones into polar compounds.

They are organic compounds derived from a carboxylic acid by substitution of the hydroxyl group by an amino group.

Structural formula

Structural formula

Structural formula

Functional groups // Chemical properties

ESTER

ETHER

Amine

They are obtained from the reaction of a carboxylic acid with an alcohol.

Ammonia derivative (NH3). Amino Group is classified according to the number of hydrogens replaced

Formed by an oxygen (-O-) to which carbonate chains are attached at each end.

Structural formula

Structural formula

Structural formula

Methyl

THIOL

Phosphate

It is an alkane, composed of one carbon atom and three hydrogen atoms.

Phosphorus binds to four oxygen atoms so it behaves like acid.

Formed by a sulfur atom and a hydrogen atom (-SH), they are sulfur analogues of alcohols.

Structural formula

Structural formula

Structural formula

Acetyl

Thioester

The acetyl radical contains a methyl group bound by a simple bond to a carbonyl group, it is composed of two carbon atoms, three hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Thiols may also react with carboxylic acids to form thioesters (but instead of oxygen contains sulfur)

Structural formula

Structural formula

Amino

They are polar but less than alcohols so their boiling points are also somewhat minor. High solubility

• Primary: Only one hydrogen is replaced (R-NH2)
• Secondary: Two hydrogens are replaced
• Tertiary: Three hydrogens are replaced

Amide

They are solid at room temperature, soluble in water, colourless and odorless.

Aldehyde

Do not form intermolecular hydrogen bridges.

• It is a characteristic group of carbohydrates.
• They are mainly polar, but as the number of carbons in the main chain increases, the apolaridity of the chain increases.

Methyl

• It is hydrophobic
• Makes molecules insoluble.
• Present in fats and oils, proteins.

Carbonyl

It confers a certain polarity, has a certain solubility, can form hydrogen bonds.

• Depending on who is A or B, carbonyls can be: aldehydes, ketones, carboxyls, esters, amides

Acetyl

The acetyl radical contains a methyl group bound by a simple bond to a carbonyl group, it is composed of two carbon atoms, three hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Carboxyl

They are organic acids (product of oxidation of alcohols and aldehydes) that are found abundantly in nature, in addition, they are polar (soluble in water) if the carbon chain is small. As the carbon chain grows, the solubility in water is lost or become amphipathic molecules, that is, with one part soluble and another part insoluble in water.

• They are found in fatty acids and amino acids.

Hidroxyl

Intervenes in the reactions of dehydration and hydrolysis.

• Found in carbohydrates, acids nucleics, proteins, alcohols, some acids and steroids.

Phosphate

This group of atoms is called the phosphate group when it is attached to a molecule containing carbon.

• It is found in nucleic acids,.
• In ATP, participate in phosphorylation
• In lipids (phospholipids), is an important pH buffer, as a nutrient in plants.

Ether

• They don’t form hydrogen bridges.
• Are poorly soluble in water
• Used as organic solvents

Thioester

The thioester connects the acetyl groups of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA.

Ketone

Water solubility decreases as the carbon chain increases (ketones up to 10 carbon atoms are liquid, above 10 are solid).

• They can form hydrogen bridges with water.
• They behave like acids due to the carbonyl group.

Ester

They are more soluble than the hydrocarbons from which they derive but less than the corresponding alcohols.

• They are responsible for the flavors and fragrances of flowers and fruits.
• They are present in waxes, fats, oils both vegetable and in animals, and in nucleic acids by forming the phosphodiester bond.

Thiol

The -SH is also known as mercaptan or sulfhydryl.

• It is mainly in proteins and amino acids.
• This group is apolar, that is, it is insoluble in water and behaves like acid.
• The most characteristic property of a thiol is its smell. The smell of skunks is mainly due to some simple thiols