Vine & Wine Glossary

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Vine & Wine Glossary

A multimedia GLOSSARY to discover the "Vine & Wine" Technical Terms and build together a shared language!

Alcoholic Fermentation

ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION

The breakthrough!

Alcoholic fermentation is a biochemical process during which the sugars contained in the grape must (glucose and fructose) are transformed into alcohol by yeasts. some carbon dioxide is also released. Its duration depends on the wine type: for example it is around 20 days long for a red wine. During the alcoholic fermentation, 3 steps can be distinguished: - Reassembly: the must at the bottom of the vat rises to the surface using a pump to provide the mount of oxygen needed by the yeasts - Lifting: it speeds up the fermentation, thanks to a well-thought choice of yeast. The yeast that is usually used is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has a very good fermentation capacity -Management and optimization of the fermentation

🔬Louis Pasteur demonstrated in the 1850s–1860s that alcoholic fermentation is caused by living microorganisms (yeast).

Spanish Translation

Phonetic transcription

Translated into Spanish as "fermentación alcohólica"

In English, it is pronounced /ælkəˈhɒlɪk ˌfɜːmɛnˈteɪʃᵊn/

Sources

Etymology

The word “alcohol” ultimately comes from the Arabic term al-kuḥl, which originally referred to a very fine powder.The word “fermentation” comes from Latin fermentatio, derived from fermentum, meaning “leaven” or “that which causes bread to rise".

Budburst

BUDBURST

Budburst (or bud-break) is the first stage in the vine's vegetative cycle. It marks the end of the winter resting period and corresponds to the moment when the buds, surrounded by their scales, begin to tip their leaves. Budburst can be divided into three distinct stages: woolly bud, green tip (the tip of the shoot can be observed), emergence of leaves gathered in a rosette. The date of budburst varies according to grape variety and vintage. It Is the temperature that initiates budburst. It takes about 10 days with average temperatures above 10°C to initiate budburst. This is a very important stage, which will condition part of the yield components such as the number of inflorescences. Once the vine has budded, it will be much more sensitive to frost. Every year, winegrowers hope to avoid frost after bud-break.

Historical Facts

19th century: scientific viticultureWith advances in plant science, budburst became a defined phenological stage (a stage in a plant’s life cycle tied to seasons).

Phonetic transcription

Spanish Translation

In English, it is pronounced /bʌd bɜːst/

Translated into Spanish as "brotación"

Etymology

🌱 “Bud”: comes from Old English budd, meaning a swelling or protuberance on a plant".💥 “Burst”: comes from Old English berstan, meaning to break suddenly, split open, or erupt.

Cane Pruning

Chenin

CANE PRUNING

Pruning is carried out when the vines are dormant, as soon as the leaves have fallen and the sap has run down until budburst. There are three main principles to vine Cane pruning : sustainability - fruit-bearing - avoiding lengthening. Cane pruning the vine is the best way of limiting the spread of wood, as the vine is a vigorous plant that grows continuously. Principle of cane pruning (double Guyot) : It consists of leaving two arms on the feet, each carrying a spur and a long stick. The long wood will be formed by the upper shoot and the renewal spur by the lower shoot. Non-free standing is necessary for this type of pruning. Cane pruning has become a technique widely adopted and used by many vinegrowers throughout the world. The vineyards where this type of pruning is most common are Bordeaux and Charentes

Historical Facts

The Guyot method is named after Jules Guyot (1807–1872). In the mid-1800s, Guyot studied vineyards across France and sought to simplify and standardize pruning to improve both yield and grape quality. He introduced a system based on: -keeping one or two long canes (for fruiting), plus short renewal canes

Phonetic transcription

Spanish Translation

In English, it is pronounced /keɪn ˈpruːnɪŋ/

Translated into Spanish as "poda en vara"

Etymology

Etymologically, the phrase describes exactly what the technique does:selecting and trimming vine canes to manage growth and production.

CHENIN

Originally from France in the region of Anjou, Chenin is also called “Pineau blanc de la Loire” or “Chenin blanc”. It is renowned to be one of the most complex grape varieties in the world, and to be very adapted to Saumuroi, a famous region in Anjou. It can be recognized by its medium to large sized clusters, its fruits are very round and small in size. As you can see, young leaves have bronze patches. Chenin is also characterized by an early budburst which makes it susceptible to spring frosts. This grape variety appreciates the mild climate and can take on several faces depending on the terroir: the sands will bring lightness to the wines, the clays of the amplitude and intensity, and the limestones of the acidity.

Historical Facts

Medieval origins Chenin Blanc has been cultivated in the Loire since at least the 9th–10th centuries. One of the earliest known references comes from Thomas Bohier, who planted the grape around the 15th century at the estate of Château de Chenonceau. The grape likely takes its name from Mont Chenin, a hillside near this estate.

Disbudding

DISBUDDING

Disbudding consists of removing any supernumerary buds. It is carried out in the spring after budbreak. In general, the aim is to retain between 12 and 20 buds. These buds must be well-positioned on the spur or cane and fairly far apart. Double buds and suckers (buds located on old wood) are eliminated. Ideally, this should be done before the shoots reach 20 cm in length. If the pruning has been carried out properly, the job is not too tedious and can be done quickly. It is important to carry out the operation at the right time and quickly, as it becomes more complicated to remove shoots once they have reached a length of over 20 cm. The aims of disbudding are to allow good ventilation of the canopy and to control yield..

20th century: scientific validation

Research in plant physiology confirmed that early removal of excess buds/shoots: -directs the vine’s energy into fewer, better-quality clusters, -improves light exposure and airflow, -reduces disease pressure. Disbudding became a standard part of canopy management, especially in high-quality wine production.

Spanish Translation

Phonetic transcription

Translated into Spanish as "desyemado"

In English, it is pronounced /dɪsˈbʌdɪŋ/

Etymology

The verb “to disbud” appeared in English in agricultural and horticultural contexts (including viticulture and animal husbandry) in the 18th–19th centuries, when more specialized farming vocabulary was developing..

Flowering

FLOWERING

Historical facts

The flowering of the vine is a crucial stage of its growth cycle, marking the beginning of the formation of grape clusters. This delicate phase is strongly influenced by weather conditions, particularly temperature and humidity. Flowering generally occurs in Spring, a few weeks after budburst. Vine flowers are hermaphrodite, meaning they have both male organs (stamens) and female organs (pistil). Pollination, essential for the formation of grapes, is generally carried out by wind or insects. Successful flowering is crucial for producing quality grapes because it determines the number of berries that will develop in each cluster. Favorable weather conditions during flowering contribute to efficient fertilization and successful fruit set, ensuring the yield and quality potential of the grapes for the future harvest.

In regions like Burgundy and Bordeaux, farmers had a traditional rule of thumb: the grape harvest would occur about 100 days after flowering (“floraison”). This observation dates back centuries, well before formal viticulture research. Growers carefully noted when vines flowered each year because it was one of the most reliable natural indicators of when grapes would ripen.

Phonetic transcription

In English, it is pronounced /flaʊərɪŋ/

Spanish Translation

Translated into Spanish as "floración"

Etymology

“Flower” entered English from Old French flor / flour, meaning “flower” or “blossom.”That Old French word comes from Latin flōs (genitive flōris), also meaning “flower.” In early English (Middle English), “flower” could also mean “the finest part” or “the peak,” which is why we still say things like “the flower of youth.”

Gobelet

Grafting techniques

Gobelet

gobELET

Etymology

Gobelet vine training

The term “goblet” originates from the Old French gobelet, meaning “cup,” itself a diminutive of gobel, likely related to gobe, meaning “to gulp”

Also known as gobelet, bush vine, or head training—is an ancient, free-standing method of cultivating grapevines without the use of trellises. In this system, vines are pruned to form a short trunk with multiple arms radiating outward, creating a cup-like shape that promotes balanced canopy growth and natural shade for grape clusters. This technique is particularly effective in hot, arid regions, as it minimizes leaf surface area, reducing water loss and shielding grapes from excessive sun exposure .

Spanish Translation

Translated into Spanish as "vaso" or "conduccion en vaso"

Phonetic transcription

Sources

In English, it is pronounced /ˈɡɒblɪt/

Historical fact

Historically, goblet training dates back to ancient Greek and Roman viticulture and remains prevalent in Mediterranean areas such as southern France (e.g., Beaujolais, Languedoc), Italy, and Spain . In the New World, it was widely adopted in California between the 1850s and 1920s and continues to be used in regions like Australia and South Africa for drought-resistant, low-intervention farming .

Etymology

gRAFTING TECHNIQUES

Middle English: graften or graften (14th century), meaning "to insert a scion into another plant."Old French: gref(f)er, from gref(f)e meaning "graft, stylus"—referring to something inserted. Late Latin: graphium, meaning "stylus, pointed instrument," and earlier "writing tool", from Greek γράφειν (graphein), meaning "to write.

Winegrowers apply grafting techniques to merge different plant segments together for growth as a unified living organism. The technique in viticulture joins scion structures above ground to rootstock structures in the underground system. The solution to the phylloxera crisis in the 19th century which caused massive destruction of European vineyards resulted in the widespread adoption of this horticultural practice. The phylloxera-resistant American rootstocks received Vitis vinifera grafts from grape growers as their solution to the phylloxera problem. The three primary grafting methods in use today are the cleft graft, omega graft and chip-budding. The selection of rootstock affects the ability of the plant to fight diseases and its compatibility with different soil types and the strength of the vine. Through grafting, growers can easily switch grape varieties without requiring the vine to be uprooted because they need only attach the new cultivar to the existing vine. The long-term survival and adaptability of vineyards depend on the essential techniques of grafting.

Phonetic transcription

In English, it is pronounced /ˈɡrɑːftɪŋ /

Spanish Translation

Translated into Spanish as "injerto"

Sources

Additional resources

https://en.assolesvieillesbranches.com/3-greffage-et-reconstitution

Hybridization

HYBRIDIZATION

Etymology

Hybridization is the process of crossing two different grape varieties or species to produce a new plant that inherits characteristics from both parents. In viticulture, hybridization is often used to develop vines that are more resistant to diseases, pests, or environmental stresses, while maintaining desirable traits like flavor and yield. Hybrids can occur naturally or through human intervention. Historically, after the phylloxera crisis in the 19th century, hybrid grapes became essential in saving European vineyards. Today, hybrids are gaining renewed interest, particularly in sustainable viticulture, as they offer natural resilience without heavy chemical inputs. Famous hybrid varieties include Vidal Blanc and Chambourcin.

From Latin "hybrida": originally referred to the offspring of a tame sow and a wild boar. Later adopted in biology (18th-19th century) to refer to the cross-breeding of different species or varieties.

Spanish Translation

Translated into Spanish as "Hibridacion"

Phonetic transcription

Sources

In English, it is pronounced /ˌhaɪbrɪdaɪˈzeɪʃᵊn/

Key steps

1. Parent vines are chosen for specific traits like disease resistance or flavor.2. Flowers of the two plants are crossed manually to combine traits. 3. Seeds from the cross are collected and grown into young plants. 4. Young vines are observed carefully for the best characteristics. 5. The most successful hybrids are selected and multiplied

Malbec

Mating Disruption

MALBEC

Grape variety that comes from the cross between prunelard and magdeleine noire des Charentes.Origin: France. It is the main varietal of the AOP of Cahors, at least 70% of the content of the AOP Cahors wines must contain Malbec. It is highly cultivated in Argentina (25,000 hectares) and Chile (6.000 hectares). It produces colorful wines, very rich in tannins. It thrives in clay-limestone soils. Sensitive to humidity, it adapts very well to dry heat. In Mendoza, Argentina, it is grown preferably at altitude, often more than a thousand meters above sea level, on very stony soils, and with greater thermal amplitude, than in the plains. The aromatic Malbec wines offer notes of black and violet fruits, cherries, blackberries, fine spices and licorice.

Sources

Historical facts

Malbec’s global story changed in 1853, when French agronomist Michel Aimé Pouget introduced it to Argentina under the direction of Domingo Faustino Sarmiento. The grape adapted exceptionally well to the climate, especially in Mendoza.

MATING DISRUPTION

Etymology

Mating disruption is a collective biotechnical control method against grape budworms. The principle of the technique is to disrupt the mating phase of male and female butterflies by emitting large quantities of synthetic pheromones. These pheromones reproduce the natural substance emitted by the female to attract the male. In an atmosphere saturated with pheromones, the males are unable to locate the females and mating is reduced. The result is fewer eggs, fewer caterpillars and consequently less damage to the grapes. Technics of sexual confusion present lots of advantages : non-toxic for the user (but still requires gloves to be worn when applying the sprays), respect of auxiliary fauna, no residues on the grapes and respect of the environment

"Mating” = comes from “mate” (to pair or reproduce), which entered English in the 14th century from Middle Dutch mate meaning “companion” or “partner.”“Disruption” = from Latin disruptio (“a breaking apart”), from disrumpere (dis- “apart” + rumpere “to break”).

Phonetic transcription

Spanish Translation

Translated into Spanish as "“confusión sexual."

In English, it is pronounced /ˈmeɪtɪŋ dɪsˈrʌpʃᵊn/

Historical Facts

"Mating disruption" emerged from pheromone research in the mid-20th century.The technique became possible after scientists identified and synthesized insect sex pheromones in the 1950s–60s. This allowed growers to manipulate insect behavior rather than relying only on insecticides.

Pergola

PERGOLA

Pergola is a type of vine pruning. It is rather used for table grapes than wine grapes. This technique comes from the Romans and is used in the Mediterranean regions. The pergola allows the vine to grow up to 2m in height using a metal structure. The vine is a liana, so it needs support. Then the vine grows horizontally. In a plot where the vine is driven in pergola, the external rows are different from those internal. Indeed, on the external row, the vine has two arms facing the middle row to cover the surface and bind to the vine of the intermediate row. The middle row vine has two arms on the left and two arms on the right.

Etymology

Spanish Translation

Translated into Spanish as "pérgola."

From Late Latin pergula: meaning a projecting eave, balcony, or vine-covered structure attached to a building.The term entered English in the 17th century, along with Renaissance garden design ideas coming from Italy

Phonetic transcription

In English, it is pronounced /ˈpɜːɡᵊlə/

Historical Facts

Ancient roots in Mediterranean viticultureTraining vines overhead on wooden or stone structures goes back to ancient times. In regions influenced by the Roman Empire, vines were often grown on supports that lifted the canopy above the ground—sometimes even trained to grow up trees (“arbustum”). Pergola-like systems evolved from these early practices.

Riesling

Rootstock

RIESLING

Etymology

"The name Riesling comes from German rieseln, meaning “to trickle” or “to flow in fine drops.”This may refer either to: the wine’s light, flowing character, or grapes affected by noble rot (Botrytis), which causes berries to shrivel and “drip” concentration

Riesling is a GRAPE VARIETY originating from the Moselle and the Rhône valley, cultivated since the arrival of Romans in Northern France. It is a cross breeding between Gouais B, and another cross of Traminer B with a wild vine. Riesling is mainly located in Germany, but also widely cultivated in France and the USA. This variety needs a long vine training system with trellising. It produces the best wines on schists and granites. For the weather, Riesling needs a cool climate and it is resistant to really cold winters. This white grape variety produces mineral wines with a good acidity and complexity. On the nose, young wines are fruit driven, but older ones present a strong rubber flavor. Riesling can also produce sweet white wines with late harvests.

Phonetic transcription

In English, it is pronounced /ˈriːslɪŋ/

Historical Facts

Origin in the Rhine region (15th century)Riesling is first clearly documented in the Rhine Valley of what is now Germany. The earliest written reference appears in 1435 in a vineyard inventory in the town of Rüsselsheim, where “Riesslingen” vines were recorded.

ROOTSTOCK

Etymology

It is part of the vine below the surface of the soil. It is genetically different from the scion, and they are linked by the grafting point. It represents the vine's root system. Historically, rootstocks were created to combat phylloxera, which was decimating European vines. But there are many different rootstock species and hybrids, and each has its own particular characteristics, such as adaptation to chalky soil, resistance to nematodes and resistance to dry conditions, so it is an important feature to take into account before planting a vineyard. Most rootstocks are American vines or American-European hybrids, because they are resistant to phylloxera, unlike Asian or European vines. The most widely planted rootstock is SO4 = Selection Oppenheimer 4, a hybrid between Vitis riparia and Vitis berlandieri

The word “rootstock” is a compound noun built from two very old Germanic roots:1. “Root” = comes from Old English rōt, meaning the underground part of a plant. 2. “Stock” = comes from Old English stocc, meaning a tree trunk, stem, or stump

Spanish Translation

Phonetic transcription

Translated into Spanish as "portainjerto”

In English, it is pronounced /ˈruːt stɒk/

Historical Facts

"Ancient grafting practices (before modern rootstocks)Grafting vines is very old. The Roman Empire already practiced vine grafting, though not in the modern scientific sense of disease-resistant rootstocks. Growers understood that attaching one vine to another could improve vigor or fruit quality, but they did not yet use dedicated “rootstock” varieties.

Stilt Driving

STILT DRIVING

Etymology

The phrase “stilt driving” is not a long-established technical term in English. Stilt” comes from Middle English stilt(e), meaning a support or post. Likely related to Middle Low German stelt (“leg, support”) and Old Norse stilt (“support, crutch-like structure”). “Driving” comes from Old English drīfan, meaning to push, force forward, or impel.

"Stilt driving" in vineyards is a method involving the use of stilts for vineyard management, particularly in terraced or sloped landscapes.This technique enables workers to deal with challenging topography while conducting tasks such as pruning and harvesting. By utilizing stilts, laborers gain an elevated position, enhancing visibility and facilitating efficient grapevine maintenance. This method is especially beneficial in vineyards with uneven terrain, where conventional machinery may be impractical. Stilt driving is rooted in tradition, offering a practical solution to the complexities of managing vineyards on diverse landscapes. This nuanced approach underscores the blend of craftsmanship and adaptability in viticulture, ensuring meticulous care for grapevines in conditions that demand a unique and technical skill set.

Spanish Translation

Phonetic transcription

Translated into Spanish as "hincado de estacas”

In English, it is pronounced /ˈstɪlt ˈdraɪvɪŋ/

Historical Facts

Ancient use of vine supportsEarly viticulture in the Mediterranean region relied heavily on physical supports for vines. In the Roman Empire, growers commonly drove wooden stakes into the ground to lift vines off the soil and improve fruit quality and air circulation.

Trellising

Trimming

TRELLISING

Etymology

"Trellising" entered English in the late Middle Ages (15th–16th century). It comes from Old French treille, meaning a grape arbor or vine-covered structure. From Latin trichila, borrowed from Greek trikhinos / trichila (related to thrix, meaning “hair”), originally referring to something woven or lattice-like..

Trellising is a vine training method that consists of lifting the vine and tying the leaves by placing the shoots on the wires in order to arrange them. The objective is therefore to support the vegetation, avoid overcrowding and vine shoot breakage and ensure that the grapes are exposed to light and aired. Moreover it allows a better interception of the plant protection products, which can decrease the total amount of products that is used.It is usually realized in June / July and preceded by the raising of the vines. To realize the trellising efficiently, it is important to select the good lifting wires, that have to be mechanically strong, and the stakes.

Spanish Translation

Phonetic transcription

Translated into Spanish as “espaldera”

In English, it is pronounced / ˈtrɛlɪsɪŋ/

Historical Facts

Ancient Mediterranean originsGrape trellising dates back to early viticulture in the Mediterranean region. In the Roman Empire, vines were trained on trees, stakes, or simple wooden frameworks to keep fruit off the ground and improve ripening.

TRIMMING

Etymology

At its root, “trim” traces back to Old English “trymman”, meaning to strengthen, make firm, prepare, or arrange.” This itself is related to the adjective “trum” (firm, strong, or steadfast). So originally, the idea wasn’t about cutting things smaller—it was about putting something into proper condition.

Trimming is a viticultural technique that allows to optimize the leaf surface area exposure to the sun and to facilitate the vinegrower work because the access to the vines is facilitated. By work, we mean that it is easier to prune the vines and raise the canes. Trimming is an interesting method in the face of climate change as it reduces the exposure of the bunches to the sun or the alcoholic degree when it is done properly. However, too much trimming can reduce the yield and quality of the grapes. Trimming requires mechanical action. It is done using a specific machine called a "trimming machine"

Spanish Translation

Phonetic transcription

Translated into Spanish as “poda”

In English, it is pronounced / ˈtrɪmɪŋ/

Historical Facts

Ancient discovery and early practiceOne of the earliest recorded insights comes from Pliny the Elder in the 1st century CE. He retold a story that a donkey ate part of a vine, and the following season the plant produced better fruit. Whether legend or not, it reflects a real observation: cutting back vines improves yield and quality.

Variety

Veraison

VARIETY

Etymology

A grapevine variety, also known as a grape variety or cultivar, is a distinct type of Vitis vinifera (or other Vitis species) that possesses unique genetic, morphological, and oenological characteristics. Each variety differs in traits such as berry color, cluster shape, ripening time, disease resistance, and the flavor profile it imparts to the wine. These differences are the result of centuries of natural selection, crossbreeding, and clonal selection by growers and winemakers. The scientific study of grapevine varieties is known as ampelography, which plays a crucial role in identifying, classifying, and preserving them. Grapevine varieties are classified according to their use; wine grapes, table grapes, or raisins and can be further distinguished by their geographic origin or adaptation to specific terroirs. Well-known examples include Chardonnay, Syrah, and Sangiovese, but thousands of lesser-known or indigenous varieties also contribute to the diversity of global viticulture.

The word "variety" comes from the Latin varietas, meaning "difference, diversity," from varius, meaning "different, diverse, various."

Spanish Translation

Translated into Spanish as "Variedad"

Sources

Phonetic transcription

In English, it is pronounced vəˈraɪəti

"Variety" vs "Cultivar

• "Variety" traditionally referred to naturally occurring sub-groups within a species.
• "Cultivar" (from "cultivated variety") is a more precise modern term in agriculture and horticulture, used for human-selected and propagated plants, like most grapevine types.
• In viticulture, though "cultivar" is technically more accurate, "variety" remains the standard and widely accepted term.

VERAISON

Veraison is the phenological stage of the vine which results in a change in berry color. Berries that were green before veraison take on the color they will have when ripe. This stage also results in a softening of the berry. Veraison is asynchronous. Each berry evolves independently of the others. This is due to different fertilization dates, berry exposure to the sun and soil resources. This process takes about 15 days, and is considered to have been reached when 50% of the berries have changed color. Inside the berry, the color change is due to the production and accumulation of anthocyanins, with a significant accumulation of sugars in the berry while malic acid begins to decrease. In the northern hemisphere, this will be around the end of July and August, and between the end of January and February in the southern hemisphere.

Etymology

It derives from the Old French véraison, which referred to the ripening of fruit, especially grapes. That, in turn, comes from the Latin verb verare, meaning “to become true” or “to become real.”

Phonetic transcription

Spanish Translation

In English, it is pronounced vɛəˈreɪzɒn

Translated into Spanish as "envero"

Scientific Understanding

With the rise of plant physiology, "veraison" gained scientific importance. Researchers began studying: sugar accumulation (glucose and fructose), acid decline (especially malic acid), pigment development (anthocyanins in red grapes).This helped formalize viticulture as a science rather than purely tradition.

NEBBIOLO is the superstar grape variety behind the top-quality red wines across northwestern Italy. Nebbiolo wines are often distinctively perfumed with an aroma described as "tar and roses"

"A bottle of wine contains more philosophy than all the books in the world" Louis Pasteur

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"Wine rejoices the heart of man and JOY is the mother of all virtues" Wolfgang Von Goethe

The sweetness of wine is REDUCED when you chill it. Red wine, however, loses its fruity flavour if it becomes too warm

Sources

• winefolly.com
• cella
• binivista.com
• etymologyonline.com
• tophonetics.com

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Screw caps on wine bottles were popularised in Australia and New ZEALAND.

"Every EMPTY bottle is filled with stories" Unknown

"Wine is sunlight HELD together by water" Galileo Galilei

Sources

• winefolly.com
• cella
• binivista.com
• etymologyonline.com
• tophonetics.com

Sources

• winefolly.com
• cellarpass.com
• binivista.com
• etymologyonline.com
• tophonetics.com

"I drink to make other people more INTERESTING" Ernest Hemingway

Sources

• winefolly.com
• cellarpass.com
• binivista.com
• etymologyonline.com
• tophonetics.com

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You need to DRINK 7 glasses of orange juice or 20 glasses of apple juice in order to get the same amount of antioxidants as in wine.

In 2016, white wine outsold red wine in the UNITED KINGDOM.

"Be careful to TRUST a person who does not like wine" Karl Marx

"Men are like wine - some turn to VINEGAR but the best improve with age" Pope John XXIII

QUAGLIANO. An Italian red variety often used in low alcohol still and sparkling wines

"Wine brings to light the hidden secrets of the SOUL" Horace

Sources

• winefolly.com
• cellarpass.com
• binivista.com
• etymologyonline.com
• tophonetics.com

"Beer is made by men and wine by GOD" Martin Luther

"Good wine is a good FAMILIAR creature if it is well used" William Shakespeare

Sources

• winefolly.com
• cellarpass.com
• binivista.com
• etymologyonline.com
• tophonetics.com

Gobelet By Anna & Ewen_IA2A VO_2022-2023

"Wine is bottled POETRY" Robert Louis Stevenson

"Wine is the most CIVILISED thing in the world" Ernest Hemingway

"More wine, less WHINE" Anonymous

A glass of good wine has a LENGTHY, more LINGERING aftertaste.

As fungi, YEASTS are eukaryotic organisms. They typically are about 0.075 mm (0.003 inch) in diameter and have many forms, from spherical to egg-shaped to filamentous.

In the MIDDLE AGES, churches and monasteries produced the bulk of wines available

The world’s OLDEST bottle of wine was found near the town of Speyer, Germany. It dates before to A.D. 325

XNISTERI – A white grape variety from Cypress

There are a KNOWN 10,000 grape varieties throughout the world

Gobelet By Anna & Ewen_IA2A VO_2022-2023

There are approximately 400 species of oak, but only 20 of them are used in making oak BARRELS.