The Industrial Revolution in England

The Industrial Revolution in England

By Marian Rodriguez Ortiz

Image 1. (Textile Mill Workers in Union Point, 1941)

Topic Outline

Introduction

Understanding what led to the industrial revolution

Timeline of the most important inventions during the industrial revolution

Consequences

Let’s talk about some dirty-handed issues: The slave trade

References

Image 2. (Library of Congress, Washington, D.C, n.d.)

Introduction

The Industrial Revolution was the change process from an agrarian to an industrial economy which started in England spanned from about 1760 to 1840. (Industrialization, Labor, and Life, n.d.)

Image 3. Textile mill workers in Union Point (By J. Delano). (1941). https://cdn.thecollector.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/textile-mill-georgia-women-factory-workers.jpg?width=1400&quality=70

Image 4. Van Gogh, V. (1888). Factories at Clichy. Artsy. https://d7hftxdivxxvm.cloudfront.net/?height=630&quality=80&resize_to=fill&src=https%3A%2F%2Fartsy-media-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2F2xAnrKBxQY8X-KjHZOKdJQ%252Fcustom-Custom_Size___Van%2BGogh_Factories%2Bat%2BClichy%2Bcopy.jpg&width=1200

Understanding what led to the industrial revolution

Image 5. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. (n.d.). Britannica. https://cdn.britannica.com/44/197444-050-6AAA3995/Graph-progression-21st-Industrial-Revolutions.jpg?w=300

Image 6. What developments led to the Industrial Revolution? (n.d.). BBC. https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zg87jsg/large

Another reason why The Industrial Revolution started was the fight against famine (let’s remember England is not as fertile as other countries):

Timeline of the most important inventions during the industrial revolution: Domino effect

Locomotion

Aqueducts

Factories

Abraham Darby iron smelting technique

Road work

Spinning jenny

Steam engine

Consequences

• The start of two new classes of people: the factory owners and the factory workers. (British History for Dummies®, 2006)
• Cities grew larger, but they were often dirty, crowded, and unhealthy. Infectious diseases were really common
• The products were cheaper to make and also cheaper to buy so many factory owners became rich.
• Labor unions appeared to protect workers.
• The process of industrialization continues around the world.

(The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, n.d.)

Image 18. Scott, W. (1860). Iron and Coal. Wikipedia. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/William_Bell_Scott_-_Iron_and_Coal.jpg/800px-William_Bell_Scott_-_Iron_and_Coal.jpg

Let’s talk about some dirty-handed issues: The slave trade

Image 19. African woman slave trade.jpg. (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/African_woman_slave_trade.jpg/2560px-African_woman_slave_trade.jpg

References

• Lang. S. (2006). British History For Dummies®, 2nd Edition. West Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
• Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, June 8). Industrial Revolution. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/money/topic/Industrial-Revolution
• Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2020, September 25). Industrial Revolution Causes and Effects. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/summary/Industrial-Revolution-Causes-and-Effects
• Repeal of the Calico Act 1744. (2015, April 24). Intriguing History. https://intriguing-history.com/3092/
• Schwab, K. (2023, May 31). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Fourth-Industrial-Revolution-2119734
• School History. (2022). Public Health During the Industrial Revolution Facts & worksheets. School History. https://schoolhistory.co.uk/industrial/industrial-revolution/public-health-during-the-industrial-revolution/#:~:text=The%20key%20public%20health%20issues,typhus%2C%20smallpox%2C%20and%20tuberculosis.
• Quimbee. (2022, May 20). Somerset v. Stewart Case Brief Summary | Law Case Explained [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mQpH0iiHRo
• Chava Tarin. (2021, July 24). James Watt Steam Engine [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xYk9cmhFHQ
• Schwab, K. (2023, May 31). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Fourth-Industrial-Revolution-2119734
• Sir Richard Arkwright’s Cromford Mills. (2021, September 15). Mill History - Cromford Mills. Cromford Mills. https://www.cromfordmills.org.uk/learning/mill-history/#:~:text=Cromford%20Mill%2C%20the%20world's%20first,form%20the%20Cromford%20Mills%20site.
• Wikipedia contributors. (2023). Flying shuttle. Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_shuttle
• EcuRed. (n.d.). Hiladora Jenny - Ecured. https://www.ecured.cu/Hiladora_Jenny
• Industrialization, labor, and life. (n.d.). https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/industrialization-labor-and-life/

IMAGES

• Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (n.d.). Britannica. https://cdn.britannica.com/17/167717-131-94C99B30/boys-mill-Macon-Georgia-1909.jpg
• Textile mill workers in Union Point (By J. Delano). (1941). https://cdn.thecollector.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/textile-mill-georgia-women-factory-workers.jpg?width=1400&quality=70
• The origins of the Industrial Revolution. (n.d.). BBC. https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p09sz777.png
• Revolución industrial. Revolución agrícola británica. (n.d.). https://w7.pngwing.com/pngs/955/623/png-transparent-industrial-revolution-british-agricultural-revolution-enclosure-inclosure-acts-agriculture-abolition-of-slavery-text-united-kingdom-agriculture-thumbnail.png
• Image (). English Leicester. (n.d.). Heritage Sheep Australia. https://heritagesheep.org.au/assets/images/leicester.jpg
• Van Gogh, V. (1888). Factories at Clichy. Artsy. https://d7hftxdivxxvm.cloudfront.net/?height=630&quality=80&resize_to=fill&src=https%3A%2F%2Fartsy-media-uploads.s3.amazonaws.com%2F2xAnrKBxQY8X-KjHZOKdJQ%252Fcustom-Custom_Size___Van%2BGogh_Factories%2Bat%2BClichy%2Bcopy.jpg&width=1200
• 1555-2009: The first turnpike and toll roads – the history of state-control of the highways. (n.d.). Isles Project. https://i0.wp.com/farm4.static.flickr.com/3400/3251175232_e1a9a77dc0.jpg
• Barton Aqueduct, shortly before its demolition. (1891). https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Barton_aqueduct.jpg/220px-Barton_aqueduct.jpg
• Spinning frame01.jpg. (1884). Wikipedia. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Spinning_frame01.jpg
• Visitor centre opens at Cromford Mills factory site. (2016). BBC. https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/FA7F/production/_88672146_cromford_mills_-_general_010.jpg
• Sir Richard Arkwright’s Cromford Mills. (2023, April 19). Cromford Mills | The Birthplace of The Modern Factory System. Cromford Mills. https://www.cromfordmills.org.uk/
• Donning Kindersley / Getty Images. (2019). Thoughtco. https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ZCEwQ-QOH35RfyZIWtA49iTBqQg=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/125176351-57ab52f35f9b58974a077a94.jpg
• Steam Train Doubleheaders (By CoasterFan2105). (2019). YouTube. https://i.ytimg.com/vi/P3F20t6PoYQ/maxresdefault.jpg
• PIONEERS OF INDUSTRY. (n.d.). ENGLISH HERITAGE. https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/siteassets/home/visit/places-to-visit/iron-bridge/history/tc_history-of-iron-bridge.jpg
• Scott, W. (1860). Iron and Coal. Wikipedia. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/William_Bell_Scott_-_Iron_and_Coal.jpg/800px-William_Bell_Scott_-_Iron_and_Coal.jpg
• African woman slave trade.jpg. (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/African_woman_slave_trade.jpg/2560px-African_woman_slave_trade.jpg
• Depiction of the classical model of the triangular trade. (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Triangle_trade2.png/350px-Triangle_trade2.png
• Three people who changed the course of black history. (n.d.). BBC. https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p06m8jzs.jpg

THANK YOU

All steamed up

• Now Edmund Cartwright designed a spinning jenny that could work while you are away with steam power. Factories no longer needed to be near a river and could work 24 hours a day.

• The first steam pump was created back in 1698 by a Cornishman called Savery, then Thomas Newcomen improved it.
• Later on, James Watt made more efficient the steam engine in 1763. This created a big demand for coal and stimulated different industries.

Image 15. Donning Kindersley / Getty Images. (2019). Thoughtco. https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ZCEwQ-QOH35RfyZIWtA49iTBqQg=/1500x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/125176351-57ab52f35f9b58974a077a94.jpg

Locomotion

• The Puffing Billy: It was made by Wiliam Hedley to pull coal wagons.
• The locomotion: Designed by Geoge Stephenson in 1825. It was the first proper railway locomotive in the world.
• The Rocket: In 1829 George Stephenson’s son, Robert, made faster its engine, however, his invention was crushed. It became the first railway accident.

Image 16. Steam Train Doubleheaders (By CoasterFan2105). (2019). YouTube. https://i.ytimg.com/vi/P3F20t6PoYQ/maxresdefault.jpg

• Fun fact:

The firt steam engine to run on rails was created by Richard Trevithick but it was only a fairground attraction.

Factories

There was a problem with the water frame; you needed to be by a river so Arkwright gathered some workers to work in a place called Factory. Quicker than a flash, factory owners controlled the lives of their workers by:

• They built the workers’ houses with cheap materials and there was no sanitation.
• Children even had to work in factories!
• The workers earned a very minimum wage.
• The owners paid them with tokens to get some goods.

Image 14. Visitor centre opens at Cromford Mills factory site. (2016). BBC. https://c.files.bbci.co.uk/FA7F/production/_88672146_cromford_mills_-_general_010.jpg

• Cromford Mill, the world's first successful water powered cotton spinning mill, was built in 1771 by Arkwright. (Sir Richard Arkwright’s Cromford Mills, 2023)

Abraham Darby family

This family worked out the smelting iron.

• Abraham I got sheet iron from coke instead of charcoal.
• Abrahan II used coke to wrought iron.
• Abraham III built the first iron bridge in the world with his family’s techniques.

Image 17. PIONEERS OF INDUSTRY. (n.d.). ENGLISH HERITAGE. https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/siteassets/home/visit/places-to-visit/iron-bridge/history/tc_history-of-iron-bridge.jpg

Spinning jenny

Image 12. Modelo de la spinning jenny en un museo de Wuppertal, Alemania. (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spinning_jenny.jpg/640px-Spinning_jenny.jpg

• English cloth is good but it was difficult to weave it.
• So John Kay designed in 1733 the flying shuttle which was a special gadget to mothe the warp faster and easily.

• Then James Hargreaves came up with the spinning jenny in 1764. It could spin 8 threads in one wheel.
• Richar Arkwright powered the machine with water in 1769 Now it could make tougher threads. He called it the water frame.

Image 13. Spinning frame01.jpg. (1884). Wikipedia. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Spinning_frame01.jpg

Road work

1. The English roads were so bad.

• John Loudon Macadam worked out how to waterproof roads with tar coating.
• Thomas Relford built many roads.

2. The toolhouse apparition: Some villages clubbed together to pay for a good road by charging tolls.

Imgae 10. 1555-2009: The first turnpike and toll roads – the history of state-control of the highways. (n.d.). Isles Project. https://i0.wp.com/farm4.static.flickr.com/3400/3251175232_e1a9a77dc0.jpg

Aqueducts

James Brindley, requested by Francis Egerton ( a rich man with coal to transport), built a canal connected to other canals though there was a river on the way, so he built an aqueduct to transport Francis Egerton’s coal.

Image 11. Barton Aqueduct, shortly before its demolition. (1891). https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Barton_aqueduct.jpg/220px-Barton_aqueduct.jpg

The beginning of the end

• In 1771 Granville Sharp boarded a ship in London and demanded the release of a black slave called James Somerset. This case went up to the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Mansfield.
• To everybody’s surprise, he freed James on England because slavery is illegal in that country!

• The slave trade was abolished in 1806 but slavery itself remained in British colonies until 1833. After that, the British forced other countries to abolish it.

Image 21. Three people who changed the course of black history. (n.d.). BBC. https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/1200xn/p06m8jzs.jpg

How it started

• The British paid a lot of money for sugar .
• The harvesting of sugar was done by slaves in the Caribbean and the West Indies through the Triangular Trade:

1. High-quality trade goods were shipped from Britain to Africa and exchanged for slaves.
2. The slaves were packed into slave ships and carried from Africa to the West Indies.
3. The slaves were sold and the money was used to buy sugar.

Image 20. Depiction of the classical model of the triangular trade. (n.d.). Wikipedia. https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Triangle_trade2.png/350px-Triangle_trade2.png

• A lot of people died in the slave ships due to the bad conditions.