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DISCOURSE, DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND C.D.A

KAROLL ELIZABETH NARANJO DIAZ

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Transcript

Qualitative Reserach Methods

DISCOURSE, DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND C.D.A

Group No 9 Mauricio Monar Karoll Naranjo Andrea Hidalgo Katherine Amaguaña

  • Salome Amguaña
  • Andrea Hidalgo
  • Mauicio Monar
  • Karoll Naranjo

DISCOURSE, DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND C.D.A

Tendencies in Discourse Change

As Social Practice (Fairclough)

Discourse Analy sis

Intertextual Context

Foucauldian discourse

Discourse Formations

Pragmatics

Approaches to discourse Analysis

Ethnograpy

Speech Act Theory

Interactional sociolinguistics

A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

Discourse in linguistics

Three-dimensional model

Critical Discourse Analysis

Interpretation

Fairclough's approach to A.D.C.

Description

Discourse Practice

interpreting the situational context

TEXTUAL ANALYSIS

Social Practice

EXPLANATION

Text

GLOSARY
REFERENCES
  • Discourse: Study of language patterns and usage.
  • Text: Observable product of communicative interaction.
  • Discourse Analysis: Examining texts to understand communication.
  • Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA): Examining power dynamics in communication.
  • Foucauldian Discourse: Analysis of power relations in communication.
  • Discourse Formations: Historical practices shaping meaning and subjectivity.
  • Discourse as Social Practice: Language use in social contexts.
  • Resources: Socially influenced elements for production and interpretation.
  • Intertextual Context: Historical series influencing interpretation in discourse.
  • Discourse Change: Influence of social identities, technology, and manipulation.
  • Discourse Analysis: Study of social practices and hidden ideologies in communication.

Almufadda, A. (2019). DISCOURSE, DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AND C.D.A 2.1 Discourse in linguistics. uin-mlg. https://www.academia.edu/41087213/DISCOURSE_DISCOURSE_ANALYSIS_AND_C_D_A_2_1_Discourse_in_linguistics

Discourse analysis

Coulthard (1985) identifies four versions:

  • Ethnography of speaking.
  • Speech act theory.
  • Ethnomethodological conversation analysis.
  • Systemic linguistic.
The analysis of social practice is more difficult to reduce to a checklist, so the following heads should be seen only as very rough guidelines.
  • Social Matrix of Discourse: The aim is to specify the social and hegemonic relations and structures which constitute the matrix of this particular instance of social and discursive practice.
  • Orders of Discourse: The objective here is to specify the relationship of the instance of social and discursive practice to the orders of discourse it draws upon and the effects of reproducing or transforming orders of discourse to which it contributes
  • Ideological and Political Effects of Discourse: It is useful to focus upon the following particular ideological and hegemonic effects:
1. Systems of knowledge and belief;2. Social relations;3. Social identities (selves).

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Etnography of communication

Rooted in anthropology and linguistics, focuses on a wide range of communicative behaviors and aims to discover the diverse forms.

Dell Hymes is a key figure in the development of this approach, emphasizing the importance of linguistic competence, social appropriateness, psycholinguistic limitations and actual language use.

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  • Interactional Control: The objective here is to describe larger-scale organizational properties of interactions
  • Cohesion: The objective is to show how clauses and sentences are connected together in the text.
  • Politeness: The objective is to determine which politeness strategies are most used in the sample
  • Ethos: The objective is to pull together the diverse features that go towards constructive selves, or social identities, in the sample.
  • Grammar: Three dimensions of the grammar of the clause are differentiated here: ‘transitivity’, ‘theme’ and ‘modality’
  • Transitivity: The objective is to see whether particular process types and participants are favoured in the text.
  • Theme: The objective is to see if there is a discernible pattern in the text’s thematic structure to the choices of themes for clauses
  • Modality: The objective is to determine patterns in the text in the degree of affinity expressed with propositions through modality.
  • Word Meaning: The emphasis is upon ‘key words’ which are of general or more local cultural significance
  • Metaphor: The objective is to characterize the metaphors used in the discourse sample
The textual analysis consists of investigating the following aspects in a text.
  • Social Events
  • Genre
  • Intertextuality
  • Assumptions
  • Semantic/ Grammatical Relations between Sentences and Clauses
  • Exchanges, Speech Functions and Grammatical Mood
  • Discourses
  • Representation of Social Events
  • Styles
  • Modality
  • Evaluation

For interpreting the situational context, Fairclough (1989: 147-8) suggests four questions which relate to four main dimensions of situation:

  1. What is going on? This can be subdivided into 'activity', 'topic' and 'purpose'. activity types are also associated with particular institutionally recognized purposes.
  2. Who is involved? The question of 'who's involved' and 'in what relations' is obviously closely connected, though analytically separable. In the case of the former, one is trying to specify which 'subject positions' are set up; the set of subject positions differs according to the type of situation.
  3. In what relations? When it comes to the question of relations, what relationships of power,
  4. What is the role of language? Language is being used in an instrumental way as a part of a wider institutional and bureaucratic objective.
Interactional sociolinguistics

Influenced by the works of Erving Goffman and John Gumperz, examines discourse within the context of situated meaning and social interaction.

  • Gumperz's framework emphasizes language as a socially and culturally constructed symbol system
  • Goffman's sociological perspective complements this by highlighting the role of social and interpersonal context in interpreting meaning.

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OBJECTIVE: Is portray discourse as part of a social process, as a social practice, showing how it is determined by social structures and what reproductive effects discourses can cumulatively have on those structures, sustaining them or changing them.

The stage of explanation can be summarized in the form of three questions which can be asked of a particular discourse under investigation:1. Social determinants: what power relations at situational, institutional and societal levels help shape this discourse? 2. Ideologies: what elements of members’ resources which are drawn upon have an ideological character? 3. Effects: how is this discourse positioned in relation to struggles at the situational, institutional and societal level? Are these struggles overt or covert? Is the discourse normative with respect to members resources or creative? Does it contribute to sustaining existing power relations, or transforming them?

  • The stage of explanation involves a specific perspective on members resources as they are seen specifically as ideologies.
  • Explanation is a matter of seeing discourse as part of processes of social struggle, within a matrix of relations of power.
  • Explanation has two dimensions, discourses can be seen as parts of social struggles and contextualize them in terms of these broader (nondiscoursal) struggles and the effects of these struggles on structures.

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  • Interdiscursivity: The objective is to specify what discourse types are drawn upon in the discourse sample under analysis and how.
  • Intertextual Chains: The objective here is to specify the distribution of a (type of) discourse sample by describing the intertextual chains it enters into.
  • Coherence: The aim here is to look into the interpretative implications of the intertextual and interdiscursive properties of the discourse sample.
  • Conditions of Discourse Practice: The aim is to specify the social practices of text production and consumption
  • Manifest Intertextuality: is a grey area between discourse practice and text it raises questions about what goes into producing a text.
  • Discourse Representation:
– Is it direct or indirect?– What is represented aspects of context and style, or just ideational meaning?
  • Presupposition:
– How are presuppositions cued in the text?

Interpretation is a complex and dynamic process involving multiple aspects and a continuous interaction between context, text and interpretation.

  • Participants use formal clues from the text .
  • generate interpretations through the interaction of these clues and resources.
  • interpretation is divided into situational and intertextual context interpretation.

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Pragmatics

Pragmatics is seen as a branch of semiotics, the study of signs and their interpreters.

  • Thomas (1995) distinguishes three types of meaning:
  • abstract meaning
  • contextual or utterance meaning
  • utterance force

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A Historical Overview

Discourse analysis emerged in the 1960s and 1970s from various disciplines, including linguistics, semiotics, psychology, anthropology, and sociology.

  • Linguistic elements in extended texts and their social context.
  • In America, the ethnomethodological tradition and conversarion examined speech events and cultural settings
  • Narrative discourse and socilinguistics also played a role, with Labov's oral storytelling studies and insights into politeness.