Learning Theories
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Behaviorism
The theory of behaviorism is associated with the following theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov (Western Governors University, 2020). This theory focuses on how the environment influences the behaviors an individual demonstrates (Western Governors University, 2020).
The theory of cognitivism is associated with the theorist Jean Piaget (Feder, 2022). This theory is based on how an individual processes the information they are presented with (Feder, 2022).
The theory of behaviorism is associated with the following theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov (Western Governors University, 2020). This theory focuses on how the environment influences the behaviors an individual demonstrates (Western Governors University, 2020).
Learning
Memory
Learning
Memory
Learning Types
Learning
Characteristics
Memory
Learning Types
Characteristics
Learning Types
Characteristics
Behaviorism
Behaviorism
Resources
Constructivism
The theory of behaviorism is associated with the following theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov (Western Governors University, 2020). This theory focuses on how the environment influences the behaviors an individual demonstrates (Western Governors University, 2020).
The theory of behaviorism is associated with the following theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov (Western Governors University, 2020). This theory focuses on how the environment influences the behaviors an individual demonstrates (Western Governors University, 2020).
Feder, M. (2022, July 12). What is cognitive learning theory? University of Phoenix. https://www.phoenix.edu/blog/what-is-cognitive-learning-theory.html Made Easy School. (2021, March 30). Positive reinforcement vs negative reinforcement [Infographic]. https://blog.madeeasypreschool.in/positive-reinforcement-vs-negative-reinforcement/
The theory of cognitivism is associated with the theorist John Dewey (Mcleod, 2023). This theory is based on individuals creating their own understanding of a topic (Mcleod, 2023).
Memory
Learning
More
Characteristics
Learning Types
Learning Types
Learning
Characteristics
Memory
Learning Types
Learning
Characteristics
Memory
The Role of Memory
This learning theory is heavily influenced by the memories an individual holds (Mcleod, 2023). Due to the learning process stemming from background knowledge, if there is no prior knowledge students need to find a place to start. The more memories held by an individual about a topic, the more it benefits them within the learning process (Mcleod, 2023).
Types of Learning Explained by Cognitivism
Classroom example: A student may have knowledge that the cafeteria serves special lunches on holidays. Using reasoning they can assume that the cafeteria will serve a special lunch for an upcoming holiday.
Information-processing Information-processing is done when information is presented to an individual. This presentation can be verbal, written, or seen. When the information is presented the individual then processes this information and turns it into memory. Classroom example: Looking at a poster on the wall in the classroom and processing the information on it. Reasoning This learning is caused through an individual's ability to make connections within their learning. Once an individual has background knowledge on a subject they are able to use it to make a decision on a topic.
How Learning Occurs
In behaviorism, learning occurs through an individual's environment (Western Governors University, 2020). The individual is influenced by stimuli when displaying their behaviors (Western Governors University, 2020). Through behaviorism, positive or negative behaviors can be learned by an individual when a stimulus is presented. Often this learning is subconscious and once developed not thought of by the individual as it becomes routine for them (Western Governors University, 2020).
Types of Learning Explained by Behaviorism
To get a behavior to occur a reward is given and to get a behavior to stop a consequence is given (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Skinner’s box where if a mouse stepped on a lever, they would receive a reward of food. This was conditioning through the use of a reward. Classroom example: Receiving a good grade on a test and receiving classroom economy money. Observational learning This learning is caused by an individual watching a behavior another individual does and repeating this same behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Bandura’s experiment where children observed adults hitting the doll and then repeated the action when receiving a doll (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: A student who was new to the class would mimic the peers behavior of lining up in the classroom.
Classical conditioning Before introducing the stimulus to get a response, the stimulus is neutral and does not have an action or reaction with it (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Once the stimulus is paired with a response, over time the response comes naturally after the neutral stimulus is used (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment often associated with this is Pavlov’s dog reacting to a neutral stimulus that was a bell and having the reaction of salvation for food (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: Bell ringing in the classroom indicates that students need to be quiet in their seats. Operant conditioning This conditioning is controlled by rewards and consequences for an individual to get a desired behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). To
The Role of Memory
In behaviorism, subconscious learning is occurring as behaviors are learned from an environment (Western Governors University, 2020). As responses are linked over time to a neutral stimulus, this behavior is naturally occurring for an individual as these responses have become routine (Western Governors University, 2020).
The Role of Memory
In behaviorism, subconscious learning is occurring as behaviors are learned from an environment (Western Governors University, 2020). As responses are linked over time to a neutral stimulus, this behavior is naturally occurring for an individual as these responses have become routine (Western Governors University, 2020).
How Learning Occurs
In this theory learning is created by the individual (Mcleod, 2023).Using their background knowledge individuals use this to begin to find more knowledge on the topic (Mcleod, 2023). This learning theory is based upon real life experiences, and is not directly taught to students (Mcleod, 2023). The teacher in this learning theory acts as a guide supporting students in their journey to find knowledge (Mcleod, 2023).
How Learning Occurs
Learning in cognitivism occurs using background knowledge that a student has on a topic (Feder, 2022). During the learning process, connections made between previous learning and experiences students have had allow for the learning process to occur (Feder, 2022). A technique used in the classroom that supports this learning is KWL charts. The K in the chart stands for what students already know about the topic. These charts allow students to reflect upon what knowledge they currently know as well as what they would like to learn about.
How Learning Occurs
In behaviorism, learning occurs through an individual's environment (Western Governors University, 2020). The individual is influenced by stimuli when displaying their behaviors (Western Governors University, 2020). Through behaviorism, positive or negative behaviors can be learned by an individual when a stimulus is presented. Often this learning is subconscious and once developed not thought of by the individual as it becomes routine for them (Western Governors University, 2020).
Major Characteristics
Incorporates previous knowledge This theory incorporates that background knowledge that a student has on a topic (Feder, 2022). When this background knowledge is accessed, students are able to use it to further their knowledge of a topic or learn more about related concepts (Feder, 2022). Schema Schema is an action that is able to be repeated by an individual (Feder, 2022). This action can be recognizing a piece of information that was previously held by an individual (Feder, 2022). Once one schema is formed it can be connected to another schema to have an understanding of what is happening (Feder, 2022).
Types of Learning Explained by Behaviorism
To get a behavior to occur a reward is given and to get a behavior to stop a consequence is given (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Skinner’s box where if a mouse stepped on a lever, they would receive a reward of food. This was conditioning through the use of a reward. Classroom example: Receiving a good grade on a test and receiving classroom economy money. Observational learning This learning is caused by an individual watching a behavior another individual does and repeating this same behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Bandura’s experiment where children observed adults hitting the doll and then repeated the action when receiving a doll (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: A student who was new to the class would mimic the peers behavior of lining up in the classroom.
Classical conditioning Before introducing the stimulus to get a response, the stimulus is neutral and does not have an action or reaction with it (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Once the stimulus is paired with a response, over time the response comes naturally after the neutral stimulus is used (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment often associated with this is Pavlov’s dog reacting to a neutral stimulus that was a bell and having the reaction of salvation for food (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: Bell ringing in the classroom indicates that students need to be quiet in their seats. Operant conditioning This conditioning is controlled by rewards and consequences for an individual to get a desired behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). To
How Learning Occurs
In behaviorism, learning occurs through an individual's environment (Western Governors University, 2020). The individual is influenced by stimuli when displaying their behaviors (Western Governors University, 2020). Through behaviorism, positive or negative behaviors can be learned by an individual when a stimulus is presented. Often this learning is subconscious and once developed not thought of by the individual as it becomes routine for them (Western Governors University, 2020).
Major Characteristics
Behaviors learned from environment Behaviorism is based on an individual's response to their environment (Western Governors University, 2020). While many of these behaviors are learned without a goal, behaviors can also be achieved through conditioning (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement delivers a reward for desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement is motivation for an individual to do a behavior, without the reward this behavior may not occur as frequently (Western Governors University, 2020).
Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement takes away something unpleasant from an individual after they demonstrate a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Similar to positive reinforcement, this is used as motivation to have a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020).
The Role of Memory
In behaviorism, subconscious learning is occurring as behaviors are learned from an environment (Western Governors University, 2020). As responses are linked over time to a neutral stimulus, this behavior is naturally occurring for an individual as these responses have become routine (Western Governors University, 2020).
Additional Resources
Magnify Learning. (n.d.). What is project based learning [Infographic]. https://www.magnifylearningin.org/what-is-project-based-learning Mcleod, S. (2023, June 15). Constructivism learning theory philosophy of education. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/constructivism.html SOF Olympiad Trainer. (2017, March 31). The importance of logical reasoning [Photo]. https://www.sofolympiadtrainer.com/blog/the-importance-of-logical-reasoning/ The Peak Performance Center. (2023). Types of behavioral learning. https://thepeakperformancecenter.com/educational-learning/learning/theories/types-behavioral-learning/#:~:text=Behaviorists%20believe%20that%20learning%20actually,to%20a%20change%20in%20behavior.&text=As%20indicted%20above%2C%20observational%20learning,between%20behaviorism%20and%20cognitive%20learning. Western Governors University. (2020, May 29). What is the behavioral learning theory? https://www.wgu.edu/blog/what-behavioral-learning-theory2005.html#close Western Governors University. (2020, May 27). What is constructivism? https://www.wgu.edu/blog/what-constructivism2005.html#:~:text=Constructivist%20classrooms%20focus%20on%20student,students%20work%20primarily%20in%20groups.
The Role of Memory
In cognitivism, memory is actively worked on (Feder, 2022). In day to day life there is an abundance of information that is presented to process (Feder, 2022). As information is processed by the individual it is moved to short term memory or long term memory (Feder, 2022). Information in long term memory is something that can constantly be strengthened as new information is presented and connected to previous memories.
Types of Learning Explained by Behaviorism
To get a behavior to occur a reward is given and to get a behavior to stop a consequence is given (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Skinner’s box where if a mouse stepped on a lever, they would receive a reward of food. This was conditioning through the use of a reward. Classroom example: Receiving a good grade on a test and receiving classroom economy money. Observational learning This learning is caused by an individual watching a behavior another individual does and repeating this same behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Bandura’s experiment where children observed adults hitting the doll and then repeated the action when receiving a doll (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: A student who was new to the class would mimic the peers behavior of lining up in the classroom.
Classical conditioning Before introducing the stimulus to get a response, the stimulus is neutral and does not have an action or reaction with it (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Once the stimulus is paired with a response, over time the response comes naturally after the neutral stimulus is used (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment often associated with this is Pavlov’s dog reacting to a neutral stimulus that was a bell and having the reaction of salvation for food (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: Bell ringing in the classroom indicates that students need to be quiet in their seats. Operant conditioning This conditioning is controlled by rewards and consequences for an individual to get a desired behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). To
Major Characteristics
Revision With this learning being heavily reliant on discovery, revision is inevitable (Mcleod, 2023). As students begin to discover new information, they may find their previous understandings to be inaccurate. With the revision process students are able to change their understanding until they have come to a more accurate conclusion (Mcleod, 2023).
Knowledge discovery In constructivism, students begin to gather information on a topic on their own (Mcleod, 2023). Using the knowledge that they had on a topic, they are able to move forward and discover more about their topic. This knowledge is not directly given to individuals, but may be collaboratively done to learn new information (Mcleod, 2023).
Major Characteristics
Behaviors learned from environment Behaviorism is based on an individual's response to their environment (Western Governors University, 2020). While many of these behaviors are learned without a goal, behaviors can also be achieved through conditioning (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement delivers a reward for desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement is motivation for an individual to do a behavior, without the reward this behavior may not occur as frequently (Western Governors University, 2020).
Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement takes away something unpleasant from an individual after they demonstrate a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Similar to positive reinforcement, this is used as motivation to have a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020).
Major Characteristics
Behaviors learned from environment Behaviorism is based on an individual's response to their environment (Western Governors University, 2020). While many of these behaviors are learned without a goal, behaviors can also be achieved through conditioning (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement delivers a reward for desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement is motivation for an individual to do a behavior, without the reward this behavior may not occur as frequently (Western Governors University, 2020).
Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement takes away something unpleasant from an individual after they demonstrate a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Similar to positive reinforcement, this is used as motivation to have a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020).
How Learning Occurs
In behaviorism, learning occurs through an individual's environment (Western Governors University, 2020). The individual is influenced by stimuli when displaying their behaviors (Western Governors University, 2020). Through behaviorism, positive or negative behaviors can be learned by an individual when a stimulus is presented. Often this learning is subconscious and once developed not thought of by the individual as it becomes routine for them (Western Governors University, 2020).
Types of Learning Explained by Behaviorism
To get a behavior to occur a reward is given and to get a behavior to stop a consequence is given (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Skinner’s box where if a mouse stepped on a lever, they would receive a reward of food. This was conditioning through the use of a reward. Classroom example: Receiving a good grade on a test and receiving classroom economy money. Observational learning This learning is caused by an individual watching a behavior another individual does and repeating this same behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Bandura’s experiment where children observed adults hitting the doll and then repeated the action when receiving a doll (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: A student who was new to the class would mimic the peers behavior of lining up in the classroom.
Classical conditioning Before introducing the stimulus to get a response, the stimulus is neutral and does not have an action or reaction with it (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Once the stimulus is paired with a response, over time the response comes naturally after the neutral stimulus is used (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment often associated with this is Pavlov’s dog reacting to a neutral stimulus that was a bell and having the reaction of salvation for food (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: Bell ringing in the classroom indicates that students need to be quiet in their seats. Operant conditioning This conditioning is controlled by rewards and consequences for an individual to get a desired behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). To
Types of Learning Explained by Constructivism
Classroom example: The usage of project based learning builds upon students background knowledge of a topic to find solutions to a problem.
Interactive learning In interactive learning students work with groups on projects to discover new information about a topic (Western Governors University, 2020). Students are working on a project hands on using the background knowledge they have as well as their group has (Western Governors University, 2020). The teacher is a facilitator where the students are doing the discovery of knowledge (Western Governors University, 2020).
The Role of Memory
In behaviorism, subconscious learning is occurring as behaviors are learned from an environment (Western Governors University, 2020). As responses are linked over time to a neutral stimulus, this behavior is naturally occurring for an individual as these responses have become routine (Western Governors University, 2020).
Major Characteristics
Behaviors learned from environment Behaviorism is based on an individual's response to their environment (Western Governors University, 2020). While many of these behaviors are learned without a goal, behaviors can also be achieved through conditioning (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement delivers a reward for desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement is motivation for an individual to do a behavior, without the reward this behavior may not occur as frequently (Western Governors University, 2020).
Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement takes away something unpleasant from an individual after they demonstrate a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Similar to positive reinforcement, this is used as motivation to have a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020).
Learning Theories Part 1
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Transcript
Learning Theories
Behaviorism
Cognitivism
Behaviorism
The theory of behaviorism is associated with the following theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov (Western Governors University, 2020). This theory focuses on how the environment influences the behaviors an individual demonstrates (Western Governors University, 2020).
The theory of cognitivism is associated with the theorist Jean Piaget (Feder, 2022). This theory is based on how an individual processes the information they are presented with (Feder, 2022).
The theory of behaviorism is associated with the following theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov (Western Governors University, 2020). This theory focuses on how the environment influences the behaviors an individual demonstrates (Western Governors University, 2020).
Learning
Memory
Learning
Memory
Learning Types
Learning
Characteristics
Memory
Learning Types
Characteristics
Learning Types
Characteristics
Behaviorism
Behaviorism
Resources
Constructivism
The theory of behaviorism is associated with the following theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov (Western Governors University, 2020). This theory focuses on how the environment influences the behaviors an individual demonstrates (Western Governors University, 2020).
The theory of behaviorism is associated with the following theorists: John Watson, B.F. Skinner, and Ivan Pavlov (Western Governors University, 2020). This theory focuses on how the environment influences the behaviors an individual demonstrates (Western Governors University, 2020).
Feder, M. (2022, July 12). What is cognitive learning theory? University of Phoenix. https://www.phoenix.edu/blog/what-is-cognitive-learning-theory.html Made Easy School. (2021, March 30). Positive reinforcement vs negative reinforcement [Infographic]. https://blog.madeeasypreschool.in/positive-reinforcement-vs-negative-reinforcement/
The theory of cognitivism is associated with the theorist John Dewey (Mcleod, 2023). This theory is based on individuals creating their own understanding of a topic (Mcleod, 2023).
Memory
Learning
More
Characteristics
Learning Types
Learning Types
Learning
Characteristics
Memory
Learning Types
Learning
Characteristics
Memory
The Role of Memory
This learning theory is heavily influenced by the memories an individual holds (Mcleod, 2023). Due to the learning process stemming from background knowledge, if there is no prior knowledge students need to find a place to start. The more memories held by an individual about a topic, the more it benefits them within the learning process (Mcleod, 2023).
Types of Learning Explained by Cognitivism
Classroom example: A student may have knowledge that the cafeteria serves special lunches on holidays. Using reasoning they can assume that the cafeteria will serve a special lunch for an upcoming holiday.
Information-processing Information-processing is done when information is presented to an individual. This presentation can be verbal, written, or seen. When the information is presented the individual then processes this information and turns it into memory. Classroom example: Looking at a poster on the wall in the classroom and processing the information on it. Reasoning This learning is caused through an individual's ability to make connections within their learning. Once an individual has background knowledge on a subject they are able to use it to make a decision on a topic.
How Learning Occurs
In behaviorism, learning occurs through an individual's environment (Western Governors University, 2020). The individual is influenced by stimuli when displaying their behaviors (Western Governors University, 2020). Through behaviorism, positive or negative behaviors can be learned by an individual when a stimulus is presented. Often this learning is subconscious and once developed not thought of by the individual as it becomes routine for them (Western Governors University, 2020).
Types of Learning Explained by Behaviorism
To get a behavior to occur a reward is given and to get a behavior to stop a consequence is given (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Skinner’s box where if a mouse stepped on a lever, they would receive a reward of food. This was conditioning through the use of a reward. Classroom example: Receiving a good grade on a test and receiving classroom economy money. Observational learning This learning is caused by an individual watching a behavior another individual does and repeating this same behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Bandura’s experiment where children observed adults hitting the doll and then repeated the action when receiving a doll (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: A student who was new to the class would mimic the peers behavior of lining up in the classroom.
Classical conditioning Before introducing the stimulus to get a response, the stimulus is neutral and does not have an action or reaction with it (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Once the stimulus is paired with a response, over time the response comes naturally after the neutral stimulus is used (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment often associated with this is Pavlov’s dog reacting to a neutral stimulus that was a bell and having the reaction of salvation for food (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: Bell ringing in the classroom indicates that students need to be quiet in their seats. Operant conditioning This conditioning is controlled by rewards and consequences for an individual to get a desired behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). To
The Role of Memory
In behaviorism, subconscious learning is occurring as behaviors are learned from an environment (Western Governors University, 2020). As responses are linked over time to a neutral stimulus, this behavior is naturally occurring for an individual as these responses have become routine (Western Governors University, 2020).
The Role of Memory
In behaviorism, subconscious learning is occurring as behaviors are learned from an environment (Western Governors University, 2020). As responses are linked over time to a neutral stimulus, this behavior is naturally occurring for an individual as these responses have become routine (Western Governors University, 2020).
How Learning Occurs
In this theory learning is created by the individual (Mcleod, 2023).Using their background knowledge individuals use this to begin to find more knowledge on the topic (Mcleod, 2023). This learning theory is based upon real life experiences, and is not directly taught to students (Mcleod, 2023). The teacher in this learning theory acts as a guide supporting students in their journey to find knowledge (Mcleod, 2023).
How Learning Occurs
Learning in cognitivism occurs using background knowledge that a student has on a topic (Feder, 2022). During the learning process, connections made between previous learning and experiences students have had allow for the learning process to occur (Feder, 2022). A technique used in the classroom that supports this learning is KWL charts. The K in the chart stands for what students already know about the topic. These charts allow students to reflect upon what knowledge they currently know as well as what they would like to learn about.
How Learning Occurs
In behaviorism, learning occurs through an individual's environment (Western Governors University, 2020). The individual is influenced by stimuli when displaying their behaviors (Western Governors University, 2020). Through behaviorism, positive or negative behaviors can be learned by an individual when a stimulus is presented. Often this learning is subconscious and once developed not thought of by the individual as it becomes routine for them (Western Governors University, 2020).
Major Characteristics
Incorporates previous knowledge This theory incorporates that background knowledge that a student has on a topic (Feder, 2022). When this background knowledge is accessed, students are able to use it to further their knowledge of a topic or learn more about related concepts (Feder, 2022). Schema Schema is an action that is able to be repeated by an individual (Feder, 2022). This action can be recognizing a piece of information that was previously held by an individual (Feder, 2022). Once one schema is formed it can be connected to another schema to have an understanding of what is happening (Feder, 2022).
Types of Learning Explained by Behaviorism
To get a behavior to occur a reward is given and to get a behavior to stop a consequence is given (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Skinner’s box where if a mouse stepped on a lever, they would receive a reward of food. This was conditioning through the use of a reward. Classroom example: Receiving a good grade on a test and receiving classroom economy money. Observational learning This learning is caused by an individual watching a behavior another individual does and repeating this same behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Bandura’s experiment where children observed adults hitting the doll and then repeated the action when receiving a doll (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: A student who was new to the class would mimic the peers behavior of lining up in the classroom.
Classical conditioning Before introducing the stimulus to get a response, the stimulus is neutral and does not have an action or reaction with it (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Once the stimulus is paired with a response, over time the response comes naturally after the neutral stimulus is used (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment often associated with this is Pavlov’s dog reacting to a neutral stimulus that was a bell and having the reaction of salvation for food (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: Bell ringing in the classroom indicates that students need to be quiet in their seats. Operant conditioning This conditioning is controlled by rewards and consequences for an individual to get a desired behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). To
How Learning Occurs
In behaviorism, learning occurs through an individual's environment (Western Governors University, 2020). The individual is influenced by stimuli when displaying their behaviors (Western Governors University, 2020). Through behaviorism, positive or negative behaviors can be learned by an individual when a stimulus is presented. Often this learning is subconscious and once developed not thought of by the individual as it becomes routine for them (Western Governors University, 2020).
Major Characteristics
Behaviors learned from environment Behaviorism is based on an individual's response to their environment (Western Governors University, 2020). While many of these behaviors are learned without a goal, behaviors can also be achieved through conditioning (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement delivers a reward for desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement is motivation for an individual to do a behavior, without the reward this behavior may not occur as frequently (Western Governors University, 2020).
Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement takes away something unpleasant from an individual after they demonstrate a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Similar to positive reinforcement, this is used as motivation to have a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020).
The Role of Memory
In behaviorism, subconscious learning is occurring as behaviors are learned from an environment (Western Governors University, 2020). As responses are linked over time to a neutral stimulus, this behavior is naturally occurring for an individual as these responses have become routine (Western Governors University, 2020).
Additional Resources
Magnify Learning. (n.d.). What is project based learning [Infographic]. https://www.magnifylearningin.org/what-is-project-based-learning Mcleod, S. (2023, June 15). Constructivism learning theory philosophy of education. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/constructivism.html SOF Olympiad Trainer. (2017, March 31). The importance of logical reasoning [Photo]. https://www.sofolympiadtrainer.com/blog/the-importance-of-logical-reasoning/ The Peak Performance Center. (2023). Types of behavioral learning. https://thepeakperformancecenter.com/educational-learning/learning/theories/types-behavioral-learning/#:~:text=Behaviorists%20believe%20that%20learning%20actually,to%20a%20change%20in%20behavior.&text=As%20indicted%20above%2C%20observational%20learning,between%20behaviorism%20and%20cognitive%20learning. Western Governors University. (2020, May 29). What is the behavioral learning theory? https://www.wgu.edu/blog/what-behavioral-learning-theory2005.html#close Western Governors University. (2020, May 27). What is constructivism? https://www.wgu.edu/blog/what-constructivism2005.html#:~:text=Constructivist%20classrooms%20focus%20on%20student,students%20work%20primarily%20in%20groups.
The Role of Memory
In cognitivism, memory is actively worked on (Feder, 2022). In day to day life there is an abundance of information that is presented to process (Feder, 2022). As information is processed by the individual it is moved to short term memory or long term memory (Feder, 2022). Information in long term memory is something that can constantly be strengthened as new information is presented and connected to previous memories.
Types of Learning Explained by Behaviorism
To get a behavior to occur a reward is given and to get a behavior to stop a consequence is given (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Skinner’s box where if a mouse stepped on a lever, they would receive a reward of food. This was conditioning through the use of a reward. Classroom example: Receiving a good grade on a test and receiving classroom economy money. Observational learning This learning is caused by an individual watching a behavior another individual does and repeating this same behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Bandura’s experiment where children observed adults hitting the doll and then repeated the action when receiving a doll (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: A student who was new to the class would mimic the peers behavior of lining up in the classroom.
Classical conditioning Before introducing the stimulus to get a response, the stimulus is neutral and does not have an action or reaction with it (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Once the stimulus is paired with a response, over time the response comes naturally after the neutral stimulus is used (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment often associated with this is Pavlov’s dog reacting to a neutral stimulus that was a bell and having the reaction of salvation for food (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: Bell ringing in the classroom indicates that students need to be quiet in their seats. Operant conditioning This conditioning is controlled by rewards and consequences for an individual to get a desired behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). To
Major Characteristics
Revision With this learning being heavily reliant on discovery, revision is inevitable (Mcleod, 2023). As students begin to discover new information, they may find their previous understandings to be inaccurate. With the revision process students are able to change their understanding until they have come to a more accurate conclusion (Mcleod, 2023).
Knowledge discovery In constructivism, students begin to gather information on a topic on their own (Mcleod, 2023). Using the knowledge that they had on a topic, they are able to move forward and discover more about their topic. This knowledge is not directly given to individuals, but may be collaboratively done to learn new information (Mcleod, 2023).
Major Characteristics
Behaviors learned from environment Behaviorism is based on an individual's response to their environment (Western Governors University, 2020). While many of these behaviors are learned without a goal, behaviors can also be achieved through conditioning (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement delivers a reward for desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement is motivation for an individual to do a behavior, without the reward this behavior may not occur as frequently (Western Governors University, 2020).
Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement takes away something unpleasant from an individual after they demonstrate a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Similar to positive reinforcement, this is used as motivation to have a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020).
Major Characteristics
Behaviors learned from environment Behaviorism is based on an individual's response to their environment (Western Governors University, 2020). While many of these behaviors are learned without a goal, behaviors can also be achieved through conditioning (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement delivers a reward for desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement is motivation for an individual to do a behavior, without the reward this behavior may not occur as frequently (Western Governors University, 2020).
Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement takes away something unpleasant from an individual after they demonstrate a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Similar to positive reinforcement, this is used as motivation to have a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020).
How Learning Occurs
In behaviorism, learning occurs through an individual's environment (Western Governors University, 2020). The individual is influenced by stimuli when displaying their behaviors (Western Governors University, 2020). Through behaviorism, positive or negative behaviors can be learned by an individual when a stimulus is presented. Often this learning is subconscious and once developed not thought of by the individual as it becomes routine for them (Western Governors University, 2020).
Types of Learning Explained by Behaviorism
To get a behavior to occur a reward is given and to get a behavior to stop a consequence is given (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Skinner’s box where if a mouse stepped on a lever, they would receive a reward of food. This was conditioning through the use of a reward. Classroom example: Receiving a good grade on a test and receiving classroom economy money. Observational learning This learning is caused by an individual watching a behavior another individual does and repeating this same behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment associated with this is Bandura’s experiment where children observed adults hitting the doll and then repeated the action when receiving a doll (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: A student who was new to the class would mimic the peers behavior of lining up in the classroom.
Classical conditioning Before introducing the stimulus to get a response, the stimulus is neutral and does not have an action or reaction with it (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Once the stimulus is paired with a response, over time the response comes naturally after the neutral stimulus is used (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). An experiment often associated with this is Pavlov’s dog reacting to a neutral stimulus that was a bell and having the reaction of salvation for food (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). Classroom example: Bell ringing in the classroom indicates that students need to be quiet in their seats. Operant conditioning This conditioning is controlled by rewards and consequences for an individual to get a desired behavior (The Peak Performance Center, 2023). To
Types of Learning Explained by Constructivism
Classroom example: The usage of project based learning builds upon students background knowledge of a topic to find solutions to a problem.
Interactive learning In interactive learning students work with groups on projects to discover new information about a topic (Western Governors University, 2020). Students are working on a project hands on using the background knowledge they have as well as their group has (Western Governors University, 2020). The teacher is a facilitator where the students are doing the discovery of knowledge (Western Governors University, 2020).
The Role of Memory
In behaviorism, subconscious learning is occurring as behaviors are learned from an environment (Western Governors University, 2020). As responses are linked over time to a neutral stimulus, this behavior is naturally occurring for an individual as these responses have become routine (Western Governors University, 2020).
Major Characteristics
Behaviors learned from environment Behaviorism is based on an individual's response to their environment (Western Governors University, 2020). While many of these behaviors are learned without a goal, behaviors can also be achieved through conditioning (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement delivers a reward for desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Positive reinforcement is motivation for an individual to do a behavior, without the reward this behavior may not occur as frequently (Western Governors University, 2020).
Negative reinforcement Negative reinforcement takes away something unpleasant from an individual after they demonstrate a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020). Similar to positive reinforcement, this is used as motivation to have a desired behavior (Western Governors University, 2020).