The role of metapragmatics in conflict mediation:
Rhetorical-pragmatic strategies used in the breakfast show ‘Good Morning, Britain’
Esther Linares Bernabéu Universitat de València - IULMA
outline
introduction
rhetorical-pragmatic strategies
Conflict in talk shows
conclusions
metapragmacs in conflict mediation
references
methodology
introduction
Conflict talk is a significant aspect of interpersonal communication across various cultural and situational contexts (Grimshaw, 1990).
01.
Arundale (2021: 272) notes, “relationships are born, grown, thrive, survive and die as persons engage in talk with other persons”
02.
Consequently, conflictive illocutions, as well as conflict management strategies are prevalent and unavoidable in human social interactions (Drew, 1998).
03.
why?
There has recently been an upsurge in the interest shown by linguists in conflict resolution practices and mediation
Limited knowledge exists regarding the strategies employed by these third parties in mediating interpersonal conflicts.
There is a lack of research examining the involvement of third parties in mediating disputes within TV shows
Jacobs, 2002; Fraser, 2007; Haugh, 2013; Ran and Zhao 2018; Linares, 2023
OBJECTIVES
fIRST OBJECTIVE
to shed light on how presenters acting as third parties in tv talk shows navigate conflicts by consciously manipulating the language used.
second objective
to reflect on the presenter's metapragmatic competence and strategic communicative abilities in conflict management and resolution.
HYPOTHESES
H1
Particular rhetorical-pragmatic strategies are involved in sustaining both intersubjectivity and solidarity, especially when they encounter pressure during intense debates and conflicts in morning TV shows.
H2
The use of these strategies can serve as a sign of the speaker's competence in managing and judging the appropriateness of language use.
Our focus lies specifically on the strategies employed during heated debates on Good Morning Britain
Conflict in talk shows
Conflict is understood as a situation that arises due to a divergence of values, a conflict of interests, or disappointed expectations, which produce a polarisation in the position of the parties in conflict; this in turn damages the relationship between them, and results in a climate of emotional discomfort (Bousfield, 2013).
Genres offer a localized context for analysis (Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, et al., 2010). By examining this specific television genre, we can gain insights into the dynamics and strategies employed in managing conflicts and mediating discussions within this particular context.
Conflict in talk shows
This genre could be considered what Simmel (1955: 34) called an antagonistic game, which is carried out under mutually recognized control of the norms and rules.
Since voicing of conflict in this case takes place in mediated public sphere, it necessarily embodies a tension between genuine conflict and the performance of conflict (Migdadi et al., 2013) to capture the audience attention.
Indeed, Lauerbach (2007) argues that it is surprisingly common for resolution to be achieved between opponents in talk shows, as well as between interviewers and interviewees.
Complaining and venting during TV debates
01.
Conflict in tv debates originates because of indirect complaints (Boxer, 1993).
02.
Complaints are understood by Heinemann and Traverso (2009) as explicit or implicit expressions of a negative affective stance toward a person’s behavior or a situation.
Situation-oriented complaints often involve venting, which is a way of expressing dissatisfaction or frustration. Importantly, venting is viewed as a cooperative act where both the person venting and the listener work together to address the issue at hand (Padilla Cruz, 2019)
03.
metapragmatic IN conflict mediation
Mediation: a voluntary process, one where a third party collaborates with the parties in conflict in the negotiation of their disagreement in order to reach a possible understanding (Linares Bernabéu, 2023).
It is valuable to investigate how mediators or external third parties utilize specific rhetorical-pragmatic strategies to reframe the dispute and facilitate its resolution.
These practices fall within the field of metapragmatics. Metapragmatics will play a crucial role in investigating how individuals strategically employ language devices to effectively manage and resolve conflicts (Kádár & Haugh, 2013).
success depends on...
Displaying empathy during the conversation is also essential. The third-party takes into account the feelings and emotions voiced by the parties.
The mediator should address any power imbalances that may hinder the resolution of the dispute.
Third parties involved must establish their authority and influence within the mediation process, while fostering trust.
MODEL
RHETORICAL-PRAGMATIC STRATEGIES
Methodology
Interpersonal and interactional sociopragmatic approaches
9049 words, 35 minutes and 37 seconds of audiovisual recording.
58 sequences
6 interviews
Transcriptions using the Val.Es.Co. system
1. All of them had to focus on the same topic, in this case, gender identity.2. Each interview had to involve a confrontation between Piers Morgan and one or more of the interviewees. 3. The interviews needed to be accessible on the program's website or YouTube in order to transcribe them. 4. All the interviews had received over one million views online.
Ut porta ante non ante laoreet, nec luctus eros pharetra. Aliquam pellentesque, orci eget scelerisque congue, justo urna.
+INFO
+INFO
Interesting quantitative data
Interesting quantitative data
Rephrasing & questioning
Joking (Humour)
Summarizing
Mitigation
Selective affiliation
Concluding remarks
The mediator must act as an observer, who sees the conflict from the outside ,in order to use his or her metapragmatic skills and employ different strategies to positively modify the conflict.
Certain rhetorical-pragmatic strategies are implicated in the maintenance of both intersubjectivity and solidarity, when these come under strain
The agency of the third-party mediator becomes instrumental in shaping and reshaping the understanding and perception of the offense.
REFERENCES
Arundale, R. (2021). Relationships and Relating. In M. Haugh, D. Kádár, & M. Terkourafi (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Sociopragmatics (Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics, pp. 272-292). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108954105.016 Bousfield, D. (2013). Face in conflict. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 1(1), 37-57. Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P., Lorenzo-Dus, N., & Bou-Franch, P. (2010). A genre approach to impoliteness1 in a Spanish television talk show: Evidence from corpus-based analysis, questionnaires and focus groups. Greco-Morasso, S. (2011). Argumentation In Dispute Mediation: A Reasonable Way to handle Conflict. John Benjamins Publishing Company
Hale, C. Jacobs, S. (2002). Maintaining neutrality in dispute mediation: Managing disagreement while managing not to disagree. Journal of Pragmatics, 34(10-11), 1403-1426. Linares-Bernabéu, E. (2023). Mediating through question-asking: A sociopragmatic analysis of epistemic stance negotiation in everyday conversation. Journal of Pragmatics, 213, 49-66. Simmel, G. (1950). The sociology of georg simmel (Vol. 92892). Simon and Schuster.
THANK YOU !
Esther.linares@uv.es @EstherLinaresb
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Transcript
The role of metapragmatics in conflict mediation:
Rhetorical-pragmatic strategies used in the breakfast show ‘Good Morning, Britain’
Esther Linares Bernabéu Universitat de València - IULMA
outline
introduction
rhetorical-pragmatic strategies
Conflict in talk shows
conclusions
metapragmacs in conflict mediation
references
methodology
introduction
Conflict talk is a significant aspect of interpersonal communication across various cultural and situational contexts (Grimshaw, 1990).
01.
Arundale (2021: 272) notes, “relationships are born, grown, thrive, survive and die as persons engage in talk with other persons”
02.
Consequently, conflictive illocutions, as well as conflict management strategies are prevalent and unavoidable in human social interactions (Drew, 1998).
03.
why?
There has recently been an upsurge in the interest shown by linguists in conflict resolution practices and mediation
Limited knowledge exists regarding the strategies employed by these third parties in mediating interpersonal conflicts.
There is a lack of research examining the involvement of third parties in mediating disputes within TV shows
Jacobs, 2002; Fraser, 2007; Haugh, 2013; Ran and Zhao 2018; Linares, 2023
OBJECTIVES
fIRST OBJECTIVE
to shed light on how presenters acting as third parties in tv talk shows navigate conflicts by consciously manipulating the language used.
second objective
to reflect on the presenter's metapragmatic competence and strategic communicative abilities in conflict management and resolution.
HYPOTHESES
H1
Particular rhetorical-pragmatic strategies are involved in sustaining both intersubjectivity and solidarity, especially when they encounter pressure during intense debates and conflicts in morning TV shows.
H2
The use of these strategies can serve as a sign of the speaker's competence in managing and judging the appropriateness of language use.
Our focus lies specifically on the strategies employed during heated debates on Good Morning Britain
Conflict in talk shows
Conflict is understood as a situation that arises due to a divergence of values, a conflict of interests, or disappointed expectations, which produce a polarisation in the position of the parties in conflict; this in turn damages the relationship between them, and results in a climate of emotional discomfort (Bousfield, 2013).
Genres offer a localized context for analysis (Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, et al., 2010). By examining this specific television genre, we can gain insights into the dynamics and strategies employed in managing conflicts and mediating discussions within this particular context.
Conflict in talk shows
This genre could be considered what Simmel (1955: 34) called an antagonistic game, which is carried out under mutually recognized control of the norms and rules.
Since voicing of conflict in this case takes place in mediated public sphere, it necessarily embodies a tension between genuine conflict and the performance of conflict (Migdadi et al., 2013) to capture the audience attention.
Indeed, Lauerbach (2007) argues that it is surprisingly common for resolution to be achieved between opponents in talk shows, as well as between interviewers and interviewees.
Complaining and venting during TV debates
01.
Conflict in tv debates originates because of indirect complaints (Boxer, 1993).
02.
Complaints are understood by Heinemann and Traverso (2009) as explicit or implicit expressions of a negative affective stance toward a person’s behavior or a situation.
Situation-oriented complaints often involve venting, which is a way of expressing dissatisfaction or frustration. Importantly, venting is viewed as a cooperative act where both the person venting and the listener work together to address the issue at hand (Padilla Cruz, 2019)
03.
metapragmatic IN conflict mediation
Mediation: a voluntary process, one where a third party collaborates with the parties in conflict in the negotiation of their disagreement in order to reach a possible understanding (Linares Bernabéu, 2023).
It is valuable to investigate how mediators or external third parties utilize specific rhetorical-pragmatic strategies to reframe the dispute and facilitate its resolution.
These practices fall within the field of metapragmatics. Metapragmatics will play a crucial role in investigating how individuals strategically employ language devices to effectively manage and resolve conflicts (Kádár & Haugh, 2013).
success depends on...
Displaying empathy during the conversation is also essential. The third-party takes into account the feelings and emotions voiced by the parties.
The mediator should address any power imbalances that may hinder the resolution of the dispute.
Third parties involved must establish their authority and influence within the mediation process, while fostering trust.
MODEL
RHETORICAL-PRAGMATIC STRATEGIES
Methodology
Interpersonal and interactional sociopragmatic approaches
9049 words, 35 minutes and 37 seconds of audiovisual recording.
58 sequences
6 interviews
Transcriptions using the Val.Es.Co. system
1. All of them had to focus on the same topic, in this case, gender identity.2. Each interview had to involve a confrontation between Piers Morgan and one or more of the interviewees. 3. The interviews needed to be accessible on the program's website or YouTube in order to transcribe them. 4. All the interviews had received over one million views online.
Ut porta ante non ante laoreet, nec luctus eros pharetra. Aliquam pellentesque, orci eget scelerisque congue, justo urna.
+INFO
+INFO
Interesting quantitative data
Interesting quantitative data
Rephrasing & questioning
Joking (Humour)
Summarizing
Mitigation
Selective affiliation
Concluding remarks
The mediator must act as an observer, who sees the conflict from the outside ,in order to use his or her metapragmatic skills and employ different strategies to positively modify the conflict.
Certain rhetorical-pragmatic strategies are implicated in the maintenance of both intersubjectivity and solidarity, when these come under strain
The agency of the third-party mediator becomes instrumental in shaping and reshaping the understanding and perception of the offense.
REFERENCES
Arundale, R. (2021). Relationships and Relating. In M. Haugh, D. Kádár, & M. Terkourafi (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Sociopragmatics (Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics, pp. 272-292). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108954105.016 Bousfield, D. (2013). Face in conflict. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 1(1), 37-57. Garcés-Conejos Blitvich, P., Lorenzo-Dus, N., & Bou-Franch, P. (2010). A genre approach to impoliteness1 in a Spanish television talk show: Evidence from corpus-based analysis, questionnaires and focus groups. Greco-Morasso, S. (2011). Argumentation In Dispute Mediation: A Reasonable Way to handle Conflict. John Benjamins Publishing Company Hale, C. Jacobs, S. (2002). Maintaining neutrality in dispute mediation: Managing disagreement while managing not to disagree. Journal of Pragmatics, 34(10-11), 1403-1426. Linares-Bernabéu, E. (2023). Mediating through question-asking: A sociopragmatic analysis of epistemic stance negotiation in everyday conversation. Journal of Pragmatics, 213, 49-66. Simmel, G. (1950). The sociology of georg simmel (Vol. 92892). Simon and Schuster.
THANK YOU !
Esther.linares@uv.es @EstherLinaresb