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Political Aspect during the Pre-colonial Era

There were three castes: nobles, commoners, and slaves.

Pre-colonial Social Classes

People always had chiefs, called by them datos.

This document was written as an answer to the request of the monarchy in Spain which was to provide pieces of information about the government, administration of justice, inheritances, slaves, dowries, worship, burial and superstition of the "Indians" in the colony.

Author

The Customs of the Tagalogs is a narrative on the established culture of the Tagalogs in Luzon written by Juan de Plasencia, a Franciscan missionary in the Tagalog region since 1578 until 1590.

Fray Juan de Plasencia

CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOGS

Calderon Camat Carbonel Catbagan Collado

Good Morning!

Relevance of the Topic Today

06

Pre-colonial Social Classes

03

Religious Beliefsand Traditions

05

Political Aspect

02

Laws ofInheritance

04

Author

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Customs of the Tagalogs

His continuous interaction with the people he converted to Christianity enabled him to write a work titled Relacion de las Costumbres de los Tagalogs, where he vividly described the political, social, economic, and cultural practices of the Filipinos before they were Christianized.

He also helped in the foundation and organization of numerous towns in Quezon, Laguna, Rizal and Bulacan.

He and a fellow, Franciscan Fray Diego de Oropesa, were assigned to do mission work in the Southern Tagalog Area.

Father Plasencia spent most of his life in the Philippines as a missionary.

His works:

He was a Spanish Franciscan friar who lived in the Philippines during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Fray Juan de Plasencia

Juan de Plasencia, his real name is Joan de Portocarrero, was born in 1549 in Ciudad Rodrigo, Spain.

His biggest challenge at that time was how to make the articles of faith comprehensible to people who had never heard of Christ or the Catholic Church.

Plasencia did not limit himself to the task of administering the sacraments and baptizing new converts.

He wrote the Doctrina Christiana en Lengua Espanola y Tagala, which later became the first printed book in the Philippines in 1593.

About Plasencia

Father Plasencia is best known for his work "Custom of the Tagalogs," which he wrote in the late 16th century.

The book is a detailed description of Tagalog customs, beliefs, and practices, including marriage, death, religion, and governance.

While Father Plasencia's work is generally considered to be credible, there are some criticisms of his descriptions of Tagalog customs. Some scholars have argued that his descriptions are colored by his own biases and the biases of the Catholic Church, which was the dominant institution in the Philippines at the time.

As a Franciscan missionary, he lived among the Tagalogs and learned their language and culture firsthand.

Father Plasencia's credibility as a source for information on Tagalog customs is generally considered to be high.

How Credible is Plasencia to Write the Customs of the Tagalogs?

Political Aspect during the Pre-colonial Era

  • Barangay was the earliest form of government in the Philippines.
  • Barangay is a tribal gathering that is composed of few people, as many as 100 houses and even less than thirty houses.

Barangay

Barangay came from Malay, which means “sailboat.” The early settlers and traders used this as transport to reach the archipelago.

Why is it called barangay?

1. When there is a war, the dato is accompanied by his subordinates. 2. If the dato went upon the water, he will be rowed for. 3. If he built a house, his people will help him. 4. The whole barangay will clear his land for farming. 5. Some datos have fisheries.

Privileges of Being a Dato

The one who governs the barangay, from its minor to major activities. Datos lead in war, and are shown obedience and reverence.

Dato

Judge

Legislator

Chief Executive

Roles of the Dato

Barangay's Choice

Based on one’s wisdom, wealth, and physical strength, one could become the chief of a barangay.

If the dato dies, his first son will take over. If the first son dies and has no heir, the second son will take over. If the dato has no son, the eldest daughter will take over.

How is the position of dato obtained?

By Inheritance

Pre-colonial Social Classes

Aliping Saguiguilir

Aliping Namamahay

Nobles

Dato

SLAVES

COMMONERS

MAHARLICAS

CHIEF

Aliping Saguiguilir

Aliping Namamahay

Nobles

Dato

Responsible for governing the whole barangay and was a captain in wars.Supreme or highest class among the social classes.

SLAVES

COMMONERS

MAHARLICAS

CHIEF

Aliping Saguiguilir

Aliping Namamahay

Nobles

Dato

Free bornNot responsible to pay tax or tribute to the chief but obligated to accompany the chief to wars at his own expense. Assist the chief to his day-to-day activity.

Responsible for governing the whole barangay and was a captain in wars.Supreme or highest class among the social classes.

SLAVES

COMMONERS

MAHARLICAS

CHIEF

Aliping Saguiguilir

Aliping Namamahay

Nobles

Dato

Serve their master with half of their cultivated lands.

Free bornNot responsible to pay tax or tribute to the chief but obligated to accompany the chief to wars at his own expense. Assist the chief to his day-to-day activity.

Responsible for governing the whole barangay and was a captain in wars.Supreme or highest class among the social classes.

SLAVES

COMMONERS

MAHARLICAS

CHIEF

1. Children are the heirs of their father's property. 2. Enjoy the rank or privileges of their father. 3. Cannot be made slaves 4. Cannot be sold, together with the wife of the commoner.

1. Can choose who to marry2. Can acquire property and gold 3. Live in their own house

Privileges of Children

Privileges of Aliping Namamahay

Aliping Saguiguilir

Aliping Namamahay

Nobles

Dato

Serve their master in his house and his cultivated lands.

Serve their master with half of their cultivated lands.

Free bornNot responsible to pay tax or tribute to the chief but obligated to accompany the chief to wars at his own expense. Assist the chief to his day-to-day activity.

Responsible for governing the whole barangay and was a captain in wars.Supreme or highest class among the social classes.

SLAVES

COMMONERS

MAHARLICAS

CHIEF

  • Forgiveness
  • Paying of debt
  • By bravery
  • By condonation

Slaves can be emancipated by:

  • Captivity in war
  • Debt or unpaid debt
  • Inheritance
  • By purchase
  • By crime committed

People become slaves by:

Aliping Saguiguilir

Aliping Namamahay

VS.

If a free woman had children by a slave, they were all free even if they're not married.

If one of them has children by the slave of the other, she is obliged to give half of a gold tael to her master because of her risk of death and for the inability to labor during the pregnancy.

If the maharlicas had children among their slaves, the children and their mother became free.

Social Class Inherited by the Children

If two persons marry as maharlicas, the family remains maharlica.

  • If two persons marry as Nobles, children stays nobles.
  • If two persons marry of whom one was maharlica and the other is slave, it is divided based on the order of the children's birth.

Marriage ofDifferent Classes

The chiefs in some villages also had fisheries with established limits, and sections of the rivers for markets.

"The lands which they inhabited were divided among the whole barangay ,especially the irrigated portion, and thus each one knew his own. No one belonging to another barangay would cultivate them unless after purchase or inheritance.The lands on the tingues, or mountain-ridges are not divided, but owned in common by the barangay.

Economic System

There is also a case where one married a woman from another village, their children were afterwards divided by the two barangays in order to keep them obedient to their dato or chief.

When maharlicas are married, they cannot move from one village to another, or from one barangay to another without paying a certain fine in gold as arranged among them.

Social Practice and Culture

This was done in the following ways: 1. Half the cultivated lands and all their produce belonged to the master. 2. The father paid the fine charged for the crime. 3. If the relative or friend of the culprit paid the debt.

The punishment for the witches is death. All other offenses were punished by fines in gold.

They had laws by which they condemned to death a man of low-birth who insulted the daughter or wife of a chief.

Laws

If the controversy lay between two chiefs, when they wished to avoid war, they also summoned judges to act as arbiters. This is the same if the disputants belonged to two different barangays.

If the litigant felt aggrieved, an arbiter was unanimously named from another village or barangay.

Investigation made and sentences passed by the dato must take place in the presence of those of his barangay.

Investigation & Judgement

LAWS OF INHERITANCE

The legitimate children of a father and mother inherited equally, except in the case where the father and mother showed a slight partiality by such gifts as two or three gold taels, or perhaps a jewel.

The Legitimate One

DOWRY

It is a payment, such as property or money, paid by the bride's family to the groom or his family at the time of marriage. Dowry contrasts with the related concepts of bride price and dower. While bride price or bride service is a payment by the groom, or his family, to the bride, or her family, dowry is the wealth transferred from the bride, or her family, to the groom, or his family. Similarly, dower is the property settled on the bride herself, by the groom at the time of marriage, and which remains under her ownership and control.-any other thing that should have been given to any son, though it might be for some necessity, was taken into consideration at the time of the partition of the property,

WHEN THE PARENTS?

When the parents gave a dowry to any son, and, when, in order to marry him to a chief's daughter, - unless the parents should declare that such a bestowal was made outside of the inheritance.

- Such children did not inherit equally with the legitimate children, but only the third part.

WHOM WILL HAVE AND WHOM WILL NOT?

If besides his legitimate children, he had also some son by a free unmarried woman, to whom a dowry was given but who was not considered as a real wife, all these were classed as natural children, although the child by the unmarried woman should have been begotten after his marriage.

-If one had had children by two or more legitimate wives, each child received the inheritance and dowry of his mother, with its increase, and that share of his father's estate which fell to him out of the whole.-If a man had a child by one of his slaves, as well as legitimate children, the former had no share in the inheritance; but the legitimate children were bound to free the mother, and to give him something—a tael or a slave, if the father were a chief;

"INAASAVA Inaasava is a Tagalog term that refers to an unmarried woman who has children with a man but is not considered as his wife

When there were no children by a legitimate wife, but only children by an unmarried woman, or inaasava, the latter inherited all. If he had a child by a slave woman, that child received his share as above stated.

-But if the adulterer were not punished by the husband of the woman who had the child, the latter was not considered as his child, nor did he inherit anything. It should be noticed that the offender was not considered dishonored by the punishment inflicted, nor did the husband leave the woman. By the punishment of the father the child was fittingly made legitimate.

-In the case of a child by a free married woman, born while she was married, if the husband punished the adulterer this was considered a dowry; and the child entered with the others into partition in the inheritance. His share equaled the part left by the father, nothing more. If there were no other sons than he, the children and the nearest relatives inherited equally with him

-If there were no legitimate or natural child, or a child by an inaasava, whether there was a son of a slave woman or not, the inheritance went only to the father or grandparents, brothers, or nearest relatives of the deceased, who gave to the slave-child as above stated.

Adopted children, of whom there are many among them, inherit the double of what was paid for their adoption

DOWRY AGREEMENTS

If the wife, at the time of her marriage, has neither father, mother, nor grandparents, she enjoys her dowry—which, in such a case, belongs to no other relative or child. It should be noticed that unmarried women can own no property, in land or dowry, for the result of all their labors accrues to their parents

Dowries are given by the men to the women's parents. If the latter are living, they enjoy the use of it. At their death, provided the dowry has not been consumed, it is divided like the rest of the estate, equally among the children, except in case the father should care to bestow something additional upon the daughter.

DIVORCE

If she left him, and did not marry another, the dowry was returned. When the husband left his wife, he lost the half of the dowry, and the other half was returned to him.

If he possessed children at the time of his divorce, the whole dowry and the fine went to the children, and was held for them by their grandparents or other responsible relatives

In the case of a divorce before the birth of children, if the wife left the husband for the purpose of marrying another, all her dowry and an equal additional amount fell to the husband.

In one case, upon the death of the wife who in a year's time had borne no children, the parents returned one-half the dowry to the husband whose wife had died. In the other case, upon the death of the husband, one-half the dowry was returned to the relatives of the husband.

DEATHDEATHDEATHDEATH

In the matter of marriage dowries which fathers bestow upon their sons when they are about to be married, and half of which is given immediately, even when they are only children, there is a great deal more complexity.

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RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND PRACTICES

Simbahantemple or place of adoration attached to the house of the Chief of the Barangay (Dato). During the feast, the whole barangay united and joined in the worship which they call nagaanitos.

Religious Beliefs-

In all the villages, or in other parts of the Filipinas Islands, there are no temples consecrated to the performing of sacrifices, the adoration of their idols, or the general practice of idolatry.

•The Sun•The Moon •The Morning Star (Tala)

Badhala “all powerful,” or “maker of all things”

Animismthe attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.

Religious Beliefs

•Change of Seasons(Mapulon)•Lic-ha- sculpted idols by the people

•Seven Little Goats(The Pleiades) •Balatic/ Greater Bear(Ursa Major)

Religious beliefs

Patrons

•Tigmamanuguin- an omen bird that connects to auguries •Buaya- a water lizard( crocodile) that causes fear and harm to the people

•Buaya- a water lizard( crocodile) that causes fear and harm to the people

ANIMALS

Hocloban- by simply saluting or raising the hand, they killed whom they chose

Silagan- if they saw anyone clothed in white, to tear out his liver and eat it, thus causing his death

Mangagauay- witches,who deceived by pretending to heal the sick

Priests of the Devil

Priests of the Devil

•Catolonan- was either a man or a woman to whom the devil enters •Manyisalat- these priests had the power of applying such remedies to lovers that they would abandon and despise their own wives •Mancocolam- whose duty it was to emit fire from himself at night, once or oftener each month

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•Mangangayoma-they made charms for lovers out of herbs, stones, and wood, which would infuse the heart with love •Osuang- equivalent to sorcerer. It can fly, murder men, and ate their flesh •Sonat- it helps one to die, at which time he predicted the salvation or condemnation

Priests of the Devil

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•Pangatahojan- was a soothsayer, and predicted the future •Bayoguin- signifies a “cotquean” •Magtatangal- shows himself at night to many persons, without his head or entrails

*Maca- the paradise of moral people *Casanaan- a place of anguish *Sitan- the demon that lives in hell

•Vibit- ghost •Tigbalaang- phantoms •Patianac- vampiric creature in a toddler form

GHOST

Cultural Practices

•Their manner of determining the days -summer time— sun time -winter time— water time

Cultural Practices

Their manner of offering sacrifices - recovery of a sick person - prosperous voyage - a good harvest - victorious wars - childbirth - married life

Cultural Practices

Their manner of burying the dead

The deceased was buried beside his house; and, if he were a chief, he was placed beneath a little house or porch which they constructed for this purpose. Before interring him, they mourned him for four days; and afterward laid him on a boat which served as a coffin or bier, placing him beneath the porch, where guard was kept over him by a slave. If the deceased had been a warrior, a living slave was tied beneath his body until in this wretched way he died. In course of time, all suffered decay; and for many days the relatives of the dead man bewailed him, singing dirges, and praises of his good qualities, until finally they wearied of it. This grief was also accompanied by eating and drinking.

Cultural Practices

Leads us to appreciate more our culture today

Awareness of the Filipino cultural heritage

Relevance of the Topic Today