Proyect biology

Project of evolution

By Marcos C.

Index

1.Theory of spontaneous generation 2.Redi´s experiment 3.Pasteur´s experiment​ 4.Oparin´s theory 5.Miller´s experiment 6.Panspermia theory 7.Concepts: Fixisms vs evolution 8.Evidence of evolution 9.Theories of evolution​ 9.1. Lamarckism 9.2. Darwinism ​

Theory of spontaneous generation

The theory of spontaneous generation states that life arose from nonliving matter. It was a long-held belief dating back to Aristotle and the ancient Greeks.

Redi's experiment

Redi wanted to demonstrate that dead maggots or flies would not generate new flies when placed on rotting meat in a sealed jar, but live maggots or flies would. This disproved both the existence of some essential component in once-living organisms, and the necessity of fresh air to generate life.

If the flask is covered with gauze, the flies will go there because they can smell the smell of the meat, but they will not be able to enter there.

If the flask is sealed the flies are not going to went there.

If the flask is unsealed the flies would go to place their kids in there.

Pasteur's experiment

Redi wanted to demonstrate that dead maggots or flies would not generate new flies when placed on rotting meat in a sealed jar, but live maggots or flies would. This disproved both the existence of some essential component in once-living organisms, and the necessity of fresh air to generate life.

As broth cools, condensing water collects, sealing mouth or flask (no growth will occur)

If neck is broken, outside air can carry micro-organisms into broth (contamination)

Broth in flask is boiled to kill pre-existing micro-organisms (to create a sterile environment)

Pasteur's experiment (Better explained)

Pasteur’s test of spontaneous generation: By sterilizing a food source and keeping it isolated from the outside, Pasteur observed no putrefaction of the food source (top panel). Upon exposure to the outside environment, Pasteur observed the putrefaction of the food source (bottom panel). This strongly suggested that the components needed to create life do not spontaneously arise. Louis Pasteur’s pasteurization experiment illustrates the fact that the spoilage of liquid was caused by particles in the air rather than the air itself.

Oparin's theory

Oparin believed that life developed from spontaneously formed microscopic spherical lipid molecules (consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) held together by electrostatic forces, probably the earliest form of cells. These molecules probably functioned as enzymes, (organic molecules that act as catalysts for chemical reactions, speed up the reaction rate) essential for the evolution of life.

Miller's experiment

The Miller and Urey experiment represents the first evidence that organic molecules can be formed from inorganic substances under simple suitable environmental conditions.

Panspermia theory

Panspermia is the hypothesis that life exists throughout the Universe, distributed by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids...

Fixism vs evolution

Evolution, theory in biology postulating that the various types of plants, animals, and other living things on Earth have their origin in other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations.

Fixism or fixist theory is a theory that holds that species have remained basically unchanged since Creation. The species would therefore be immutable, just as they were created. Fossils would be remains of animals that perished in the biblical floods or whims of nature.

Evidence of evolution

1.fossils, 2.similarities among organisms alive today, 3.similarities in DNA.

1.Fossils provide solid evidence that organisms from the past are not the same as those found today

2.Molecular similarities provide evidence for the shared ancestry of life

Theories of evolution

Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection: A theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution: describes the evolution in terms of genetic variations in a population that leads to the formation of a new species

Mutation theory of evolution:evolution is a jerky process where new varieties and species are formed by mutations (discontinuous variations) that function as raw material of evolution.

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Lamarckism

Lamarckism: Lamarckism, a theory of evolution based on the principle that physical changes in organisms during their lifetime—such as greater development of an organ or a part through increased use—could be transmitted to their offspring. For example: the giraffes, they have a long neck. This theory says that if u ''extend'' your neck all the time, your kids are going to borm with the neck a little big longer, and after generations, they are going to have a very long neck comparated with a normal human neck

Darwinism

Darwinism: all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.