Landscape & geological phenomena

LANDSCAPE AND GEOLOGICAL PHENOMENA

FINAL GRADE PROPOSALAinhoa Baíllo Sogo 3ºESO E

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INDEX

Landscape elements

Geological phenomena

What is it?

Why is it important?

Human impact

Vulcanism

Landscape conservation

Measures

Earthquakes

1.

Landscape elements

1. Landscape definition
2. Landscape elements

Landscape

A section or area of natural scenery that can be seen from a single viewpoint. It's a part of the Earth's surface that consists of the geographic features of a particular area.

Mountains

Natural Earth elevations, which have one or several peaks at its top. Mountains are usually formed when two tectonic plates collide; creating a movement that elevates the Earth’s surface.

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Groups of mountains

A mountain range is a series of mountains arranged in a line and connected by high ground. A mountain system or mountain belt is a group of mountain ranges with similarity in form, structure, and alignment that have arisen from the same cause.

Hills

Pieces of land that rise higher than everything surrounding them, smaller than mountains.

• Their summits are more rounded than the ones in mountains.
• Less steep, easier to climb and not as high as mountains.
• "Bumps" usually smaller than 1000 feet.

Cliffs

Masses of rock that rise very high and are almost vertical. They can form near the ocean (sea cliffs), high in mountains, or as the walls of canyons and valleys.

• Formed through erosion and weathering processes.
• Two types: active and inactive cliffs

Some of the largest and steepest cliffs on Earth are actually found under water. These cliffs are sometimes called oceanic trenches.

Lakes

Bodies of water surrounded by land that can be found in every kind of environment. They vary in size and depth. Their water comes from rain, snow, melting ice, streams and groundwater seepage. Most lakes contain freshwater.

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Rivers

Natural stream of water flowing in a definite course that can be wide, deep, shallow or narrow. They all have a starting point where water begins its flow = headwater. The water that flows in rivers is fresh.

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Waterfalls

Also called cascades, are steep falls of water from a height. They can be classified based on their width, height, volume of water, etc.Types of waterfalls:

• Block waterfall
• Cataract
• Chute
• Horsetail waterfall
• Frozen waterfall

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2.

Environmental impact of human activities

Humans impact the physical environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil fuels, and deforestation. Changes like these have triggered climate change, soil erosion, poor air quality, and undrinkable water. These negative impacts can affect human behavior and can prompt mass migrations or battles over clean water.

POLLUTION

ACID RAIN

HABITAT LOSS

WILDFIRES

CLIMATE CHANGE

Occurs when pollutants react with the atmosphere and produce acid that falls back to Earth

Uncontrolled fires that burn in the wildland vegetation.

Long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns

Reduction in the amount of space where species can survive and reproduce

Introduction of harmful materials into the environment (pollutants)

3.

Landscape conservation

1. What is it?
2. Why is it important?
3. Examples of measures for landscape conservation

Why is it important?

What is it?

Landscape conservation is an approach that brings people together to collaborate on conserving our landscapes. Therefore, it entails actions to address the realities of a dramatically changing world.

Our natural landscapes are essential for clean water, healthy ecosystems, good communities and economies, climate resilience, cultural heritage, etc. We need to conserve them to ensure that future generations enjoy our natural world and try to achieve the best way of life.

Planting trees

Measures for landscape conservation

Using alternative energy resources

Establishing protected areas

We can conserve landscapes through maintenance, improvement, protection and redevelopment. Conservationists and local communities can all have a hand in conserving our natural world.

Hunting restrictions

Protecting biodiversity

4.

Geological phenomena

1. Vulcanism
2. Earthquakes

Origin of vulcanism

Vulcanism occurs because of the movement of tectonic plates, change in temperature and pressure beneath the Earth’s crust and the mantle.Solid rocks melt and form magma due to the movement of tectonic plates and an increase in the temperature. The magma level rises with the increasing pressure until it erupts out on the Earth’s surface.

Vulcanism consequences

1. Ash and volcanic gases don't let people breathe.
2. Ash covers the land, including agriculturally used fields, houses, roads, industrial plants.
3. Lava flows seal the area with a layer of rock.
4. Emission of volcanic gases modifies the composition of the atmosphere.
5. Many other bad consequences.

Origin of earthquakes

Earth's crust produces forces that deform and change rocks' shapes. If the forces are too intense, rocks fracture and create faults.Then, accumulated energy escapes violently and forms seismic waves which produce the natural phenomenon of earthquakes.

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Earthquake consequences

Earthquakes cause lots of damage:

1. Groud shaking and surface faulting
2. Groud failure
3. Tsunamis and avalanches
4. Fissures and landslides

The extent of destruction and harm caused by an earthquake depends on its magnitude. intensity and duration.

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