CEll review
jahaziel gutierrez
Created on April 21, 2023
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Transcript
Midterm
Review
RULES:
Roll the dice and move your organism to that number. If you get the answer right you can stay there. If not stay where you were before. Player at the finish line wins.
GOAL
50
52
55
56
51
42
41
53
37
45
47
59
29
61
36
9
60
Word Bank 1-36
sex chromosomes Somatic cell autosomes Gamete homologous chromosomes sexual reproduction meiosis haploid diploid heterozygous polar bodies homozygous law of segregation traits allele crossing over law of independent assortment 23 incomplete dominance Genotype/phenotype Codominance Recessive test cross Bacteriophages Central dogma Base-pairing rules Exon DNA polymerase Double helix
58
54
44
25
33
1
4
48
38
32
2
6
28
46
21
3
7
35
24
39
43
17
12
30
20
31
23
16
14
10
8
19
15
27
Teacher Hasi
Word Bank 37-61
MRNA Replication Intron RRNA Nucleotide RNA polymerase RNA S stage TRNA G1 stage Transcription Nucleus Lagging strand Helicase Leading Strand Ligase DNA polymerase Pedigree Primase Okazaki fragments The study of life
Keep Going!!
Move up 2 spaces
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Move back 2 spaces
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Nice!!
Move up 1 space
Oh no!!
Move back 1 space
Big niceee!
Move up 3 spaces
Sorry !!
Skip your next turn :(
yay!!1
Go up 2 spaces!
WOWWWW!!!
Move up 4 spaces!
YAYY!
Move up 2 spaces
homologous chromosomes
two chromosomes that have the same length and have copies of the same genes "having the same structure"
Atom
What is the smallest unit of matter?
somatic cells
body cells. For example cells that make up your heart or kidney
autosomes
chromosomes that contain genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of an organism
sex chromosomes
chromosomes that control the development of sexual characteristics
sexual reproduction
the fusion of two gametes resulting in offspring that are a mixture of the two parents
Double helix
Model that compares the structure of a DNA molecule in which two strands wind around one another to that of a twisted ladder
meiosis
a form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into a haploid cell
diploid
a cell with two copies of each chromosome- one from the mother and one from the father
polar bodies
cells with little more than DNA that are eventually broken down
traits
distinguishing characteristics that are inherited
law of segregation
Mendels first law which states organisms inherit two copies of a gene, one from each parent; organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes so the two copies separate during gamete formation
allele
any alternative form of a gene that may occur at a specific locus (location on a chromosome)
homozygous
two of the same alleles at a specific locus on a chromosome
heterozygous
two different alleles at a specific locus on a chromosome
law of independent assortment
Medel's second law states that allele pairs separate independently of each other during gamete formation
Genotype phenotype
1.the makeup of a specific set of genes 2. the physical characteristics or traits of an individual organism
haploid
a cell with only one copy of each chromosome
crossing over
the exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during prophase 1 of meiosis 1
23
meosis produces cells with how many chromosomes
Codominance
A condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed
incomplete dominance
a mixture of the alleles in the genotype is seen in the phenotype. White flower + red flower = pink
testcross
cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a recessive phenotype
Recessive
trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait
Bacteriophages
- Virus that infects bacteria
Base-pairing rules
- Rules that describe how nucleotides form bond in DNA; adenine (A) always bonds with thymine (T) and guanine (G) always bonds with cytosine (C)
Central dogma
- Theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA in proteins
RNA
Nucleic acid molecule that allows for the transmission of genetic information and protein synthesis
DNA polymerase
Enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication
Exon
Sequence of DNA that codes information for protein synthesis
Intron
Segment of a gene that does not code for an amino acid
MRNA
Form of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it serves as a template for protein synthesis
Nucleotide
Monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group a sugar and a nitrogen containing base
Replication
Process by which DNA is copied
S stage
Which stage of interphase does replication happen?
RNA polymerase
Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template
RRNA
RNA that is in the ribosome and guides the translation of mRNA into a protein. also helps to code for making a ribosome
Transcription
Process of copying a nucleotide sequence of DNA to form a complementary strand of mRNA
TRNA
Form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
The study of life
What is biology?
Helicase
What is number 5 called?
Primase
The enzyme that adds RNA primers to the DNA strand is called
Helicase
The enzyme that unzips the DNA double-strand is called
DNA polymerase
What is number 6 called?
Ligase
links fragments together (almost like glue)
Okazaki fragments
fragments on lagging strand
G1 stage
Which stage of interphase does Transcription happen?
Nucleus
Where does DNA replication happen in the cell?
Lagging strand
The ____________ strand forms Okazaki fragments that go in the opposite direction of helicase
Leading Strand
The ________________ strand will always add nucleotides continuously and follow the helicase
Pedigree
A chart that traces the phenotypes and genotypes within a family is called a