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cell division e-module

form 4 biology

MANUAL

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CREATED BY: THIVYA DASSSUPERVISOR: DR. NURHAIDA BINTI KAMARUDDIN

USER MANUAL OF CELL DIVISION E-MODULE

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6.0 INTRODUCTION

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6.1 CELL DIVISION

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6.2 CELL CYCLE AND MITOSIS

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6.3 MEIOSIS

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6.4 ISSUES OF CELL DIVISION ON HUMAN HEALTH

NOTES

6.5 QUIZ

LEARNING STANDARDS

6.6 CONCLUSION

EXERCISE

HOMEPAGE

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6.3 Meiosis

Glossary

6.4 Issues of Cell Division on Human Health

6.0 Introduction

6.1 Cell Division

6.5 Quiz

6.2 Cell Cycle and Mitosis

6.6 Conclusion

GLOSSARY

A 1.Allele - An alternative form of a gene that is located at a specific location on a specific chromosome. C 2.Cell cycle - The life cycle of a dividing cell. 3.Centriole - Helps to organize the microtubules to form spindle fibers that pull the chromosomes to the opposite ends for cytokinesis to occur. 4.Centromere - Helps to link a pair of sister chromatids together during cell division. 5.Chiasma - Point where chromatids cross over.

C 6.Chromatin - Chromosome that looks like a long thread. 7.Chromosome - Thread-like structure made up of DNA found in the nucleus of animal and plant cells. 8.Crossing over - Exchange of genetic material between non-identical chromatids takes place. 9.Cytokinesis - Division of the cytoplasm D 10.Diploid (2n) - Two copies of each chromosome F 11.Female gamete - Egg cells / Ovum

CONTINUE

GLOSSARY

G 12.Gametes - Reproductive cells 13.Gametogenesis - Process where gametes are formed in an organism. 14.Gene - The basic unit of heredity passed from parent to child. H 15.Haploid (n) - One copy of each chromosome. 16.Homologous chromosomes - A pair of chromosomes consisting of one paternal chromosome and one maternal chromosome with same shape and size.

I 17.Independent assortment - Process where the chromosomes move randomly to separate poles during meiosis which leads to different combinations of chromosomes in gametes. K 18.Karyokinesis - Division of the nucleus. L 19.Law of segregation - Parental genes must separate randomly and equally into gametes during meiosis so there is an equal chance of the offspring inheriting either allele.

CONTINUE

GLOSSARY

M 20.Male gamete - Sperm cells 21.Maternal chromosome - Chromosome from the female parent. 22.Meiosis - The cell nucleus division that produces four haploid daughter cells. 23.Mitosis - The cellular division that produces two daughter cells that contain a similar number and type of chromosome as the parent cell. 24.Meristematic tissue - Consists of small, densely packed cells that keeps dividing to form new cells. P 25.Paternal chromosome - Chromosome from the male parent.

S 26.Sister chromatids - Pairs of identical copies of DNA joined at a point called the centromere. 27.Somatic cells - Any cell that makes up an organism apart from gametes. 28.Spindle fibres - Responsible in moving and segregating the chromosomes eually during the mitosis and meiosis processes. 29.Synapsis - Pairing of two homologous chromosomes to form a tetrad during the prophase I of meiosis I process. T 30.Tetrad - Also known as bivalent; Two pairs of homologous chromosomes next to each other.

6.0 INTRODUCTION

Welcome to Cell Division E-Module. The aim of this e-module is to help Form Four and Form Five students learn Cell Division topic in an interesting and interactive way to improve their understanding of this topic. It is also designed to help teachers to educate their students in a fun manner. This e-module consists of glossary, notes, videos, exercise, and quiz.

6.1 CELL DIVISION

LEARNING STANDARDS

NOTES

EXERCISE

LEARNING STANDARDS

Students should be able to: 6.1.1 Describe karyokinesis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (Cytoplasmic division). 6.1.2 Describe the terms haploid, diploid, chromatin, homologous chromosomes, paternal chromosome, and maternal chromosome.

NOTES

Stages of Cell Division

Cell Division

CONTINUE

NOTES

Types ofBody Cells

Chromatin

Gamete

Somatic cells

Female gamete: Ovum/Egg cells

Male gamete: Sperm

CONTINUE

NOTES

Chromosomes

Homologous Chromosomes

Paternal chromosome

Maternal chromosome

Maternal chromosome

Paternal chromosome

EXERCISE 1

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EXERCISE 1

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EXERCISE 1

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EXERCISE 1

There are 4 questions in this section. Choose the correct answer and click "SEND" to reveal the correct answer.

6.2 CELL CYclE AND MITOSIS

LEARNING STANDARDS

NOTES

VIDEO

EXERCISE

LEARNING STANDARDS

Students should be able to: 6.2.1 Describe the phases in a cell cycle:

• Interphase
• G1 phase
• S phase
• G2 phase
• M phase
• Mitosis
• Cytokinesis

6.2.2 Arrange the stages of mitosis in the correct order.

CONTINUE

LEARNING STANDARDS

Students should be able to: 6.2.3 Communicate about the cell structure of each stage of mitosis and cytokinesis by using labelled diagrams. 6.2.4 Compare and contrast mitosis and cytokinesis in animal and plant cells. 6.2.5 Discuss the necessity of mitosis in:

• Development of embryo
• Growth of organisms
• Healing of wounds on the skin
• Regeneration
• Asexual reproduction

CELL CYCLE

2. INTERPHASE

1. DEFINITION

3.

G1 PHASE

S PHASE

G2 PHASE

M PHASE

CONTINUE

MITOSIS

PHASES

WHAT IS MITOSIS?

IMPORTANCE?

1.Meat production

Prophase

2.Stem cell therapy

Metaphase

3.Agriculture

Production of 2 daughter cells via mitosis

4.Regeneration

Anaphase

5.Healing of wounds

Telophase

6.Asexual reproduction

CONTINUE

7. Embryo development

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL CELLS AND PLANT CELLS

CYTOKINESIS

Cytokinesis in plant cells

Cytokinesis in animal cells

CONTINUE

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS IN ANIMAL CELLS AND PLANT CELLS

EXERCISE 2

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EXERCISE 2

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EXERCISE 2

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EXERCISE 2

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EXERCISE 2

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EXERCISE 2

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6.3 MEIOSIS

LEARNING STANDARDS

VIDEO

NOTES

EXERCISE

LEARNING STANDARDS

Students should be able to: 6.3.1 State the meaning of meiosis. 6.3.2 Identify types of cells that undergo meiosis. 6.3.3 State the necessity of meiosis in:

• The formation of gametes (Gametogenesis)
• Produce genetic variation
• Maintaining diploid chromosomal numbers from one generation to another.

CONTINUE

LEARNING STANDARDS

Students should be able to: 6.3.4 Explain the stages of meiosis in the correct order:

• Meiosis I
• Meiosis II

6.3.5 Draw and label the cell structure in each stage of meiosis I, meiosis II, and cytokinesis. 6.3.6 Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis.

MEIOSIS

DEFINITION

TYPES

LOCATION

MEIOSIS I

MEIOSIS II

CONTINUE

IMPORTANCE OF MEIOSIS

Maintain the diploid chromosomal number of organisms from one generation to the next.

Formation of gametes via gametogenesis

Produce genetic variation in the same species

CONTINUE

MEIOSIS I

Metaphase I

Prophase I

CONTINUE

MEIOSIS I

Telophase I & Cytokinesis

Anaphase I

CONTINUE

MEIOSIS II

Metaphase II

Prophase II

CONTINUE

MEIOSIS II

TELOPHASE II & CYTOKINESIS

ANAPHASE II

CONTINUE

COMPARISON BETWEEN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

CONTINUE

COMPARISON BETWEEN MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS

CONTINUE

MEIOSIS I VS MEIOSIS II

CONTINUE

MEIOSIS I VS MEIOSIS II

EXERCISE 3

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EXERCISE 3

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EXERCISE 3

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EXERCISE 3

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EXERCISE 3

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EXERCISE 3

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6.4 ISSUES OF CELL DIVISION ON HUMAN HEALTH

LEARNING STANDARDS

NOTES

VIDEO

EXERCISE

LEARNING STANDARDS

Students should be able to:6.4.1 Explain the effects of abnormal mitosis on human health:

• Tumour
• Cancer

6.4.2 Evaluate the effects of abnormal meiosis on Down syndrome individuals.

ISSUES OF CELL DIVISION ON HUMAN HEALTH

TUMOUR

CAUSES OF CANCER

CONTINUE

ISSUES OF CELL DIVISION ON HUMAN HEALTH

BREAST CANCER

CONTINUE

ISSUES OF CELL DIVISION ON HUMAN HEALTH

DOWN SYNDROME

EXERCISE 4

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EXERCISE 4

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EXERCISE 4

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EXERCISE 4

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6.5 QUIZ

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6.6 CONCLUSION

Dear students, I hope you had a fun time learning with the Cell Division E-Module and improve your comprehension of the Cell Division topic witht the help of the various activities found in this e-module. Thank you for your time and participation.