BIODIVERSITY PPT

GROUP 3

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Index

Objectives

Biodiversity

Measuring Biodiversity

Biogeographic Factors

Importance of Biodiversity

Philippines Biodiversity

Biodiversity Loss

Index

Conservation and Management

Philippine Organization

Laws and Policies

What can I do?

Objectives

The following are the objectives of this discussion:

Conservation

Identification

Assessment

Knowledge

The students must be able to identify ways we could help conserve the Philippine Biodiversity.

The students must be able to identify what makes an area diverse.

The students must be able to assess the current situation of the Philippine Biodiversity.

The students must be able to learn what biodiversity is and differentiate its varying levels.

Etymology of Biodiversity

Diversity = Variety

BIO = Life

From Latin word diversitas which means variety or difference. Pertains to the difference between two or more things or kinds.

From Greek bios which means life. Bio means "life" or "biological" which pertains to living organisms or their constituents.

Biodiversity

Coined by biologists in the 1980s as a contraction of biological diversity.

Biodiversity

Biological Diversity

Includes variety of animals, plants, fungi, and even microorganisms.

Biodiverstiy is the variety of life in our natural environment – from the smallest microorganism to the largest mammals, including the ecosystems where they live – forests and mountains, rivers and seas.

The UN has proclaimed 22nd of May the International Day for Biological Diversity

The time we now live is sometimes refer as the “anthropocene.”

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Levels of Biodiversity

Genetic Diversity

The genes are responsible for the uniqueness of every living organism

Species Diversity

usually measured in terms of the total number of species.

Levels of Biodiversity

Biodiversity can be broken down into three different levels of diversity: Genetic, Species, and Ecological Diversity.

Ecosystem Diversity

self sustaining collection of organisms and habitat

Levels of Biodiversity

Biodiversity includes the genes that every individual inherits from its parents. Genetic variation determines the extent to which individuals can adapt to their environments, is extremely important to their survival.

A genome is the complete set of genetic material (i.e., DNA) of an organism.

Genetic Diversity

Levels of Biodiversity

Species diversity is defined as the number of different species present in an ecosystem and relative abundance of each of those species.”

In a healthy ecosystem, diverse and balanced number of species exist to maintain the balance of an ecosystem.

Species Diversity

Types of Species Diversity

Interspecies Diversity

Intraspecies Diversity

Interspecific biodiversity is variation that occurs when comparing individuals of differing species.

Intraspecific diversity refers to the genetic variation of individuals and populations of the same species.

Levels of Biodiversity

An ecosystem is a collection of living and non-living organisms and their interaction with each other.

Ecological biodiversity refers to the variations in the plant and animal species living together and connected by food chains and food webs.

Ecological Diversity

FACT OR BLUFF

How to play:

• In round one called Fact or Bluff, the players will be given an question to answer
• The players have to decide whether the statement given is a fact or a bluff

Are you ready?

Fact or Bluff

The planet's highest levels of biodiversity can be found in the tropics

Fact

There are three different reasons which explain why there is species richness in the tropics.

Tropical latitudes receive more solar energy than temperate regions, which leads to high productivity and high species diversity.

Tropical regions have less seasonal variations and have a more or less constant environment. This promotes the niche specialization and thus, high species richness.

Temperate regions were subjected to glaciations during the ice age, while tropical regions remained undisturbed which led to an increase in the species diversity in this region.

Fact or Bluff

Many common drugs we take are from plants and other living things

Fact

Fact or Bluff

Agriculture never has any negative effects on biodiversity.

MeasuringBiodiversity

Measuring Biodiversity

Alleles are a different form of a gene. Varies slightly from another.

Measuring Genetic Diversity

Genes are code for proteins found on chromosomes.

The greater the variety of alleles that exit for a particular gene, then the greater the genetic diversity. This means that there will be greater variation of the feature controlled by the gene.

Locus is the gene's position on a chromosome (like a gene address)

FORMULA

Measuring Genetic Diversity

Analyze Problem

Analyze the number of genes and alleles

Analyze Formula

Analyze the formula to be used

Substitute Values

Substitute the values to the formula

Calculate

Perform the calculation

Measuring Biodiversity

Community A

Community B

A barn with 12 animals living in it. Comprised of 4 goats, 4 cows, and 4 sheeps.

A barn with 10 animals living in it. Comprised of 2 pigs, 2 goats, 4 cows, and 2 sheep.

Measuring Diversity

Species Evenness

Species Evenness refers to the measure of the relative abundance of the different species making up the richness of an area.

Edward H. Simpson

Species Richness

The number of species per sample is a measure of richness. The more species present in a sample, the 'richer' the sample. Species richness as a measure on its own takes no account of the number of individuals of each species present.

Edward H. Simpson

Edward H. Simpson

Born on December 10, 1922 and died on February 5, 2019. Edward H. Simpson CB was a British codebreaker, statistician and civil servant. He was best known for describing Simpson's paradox along with Udny Yule.

Edward H. Simpson

Simpson Diversity Index

Edward H. Simpson

Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species. As species richness and evenness increase, so diversity increases.

Developed by Edward H. Simpson in 1949

It involves the calculation of species richness

It involves the calculation of species evenness

There are three varieties of Simpson's Index

Measuring Diversity

Simpson's Diversity Index is a measure of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species. As species richness and evenness increase, so diversity increases.

Edward H. Simpson

Simpson Diversity Index

Developed by Edward H. Simpson in 1949

Simpson Diversity Index

Edward H. Simpson

It involves the calculation of species richness

Simpson's Index (D) measures the probability that two individuals randomly selected from a sample will belong to the same species. There are two versions of the formula for calculating D.

It involves the calculation of species evenness

There are three varieties of Simpson's Index

Simpson's Reciprocal Index

Analyze

Analyze the community or sample given

Get Population

Count the number of population per species

Subtract 1

Subtract 1 to each species' population

Multiply Population

Multiply the population number to n-1

Simpson's Reciprocal Index

Analyze Formula

Analyze the formula for the reciprocal index

Substitute N

Substitute N with the total number of organisms.

Substitute Σn(n-1)

Substitute Σn(n-1) with its value from the table

Calculate

Perform the calculation

Measuring Biodiversity

Community A

Community B

A barn with 10 animals living in it. Comprised of 2 pigs, 2 goats, 4 cows, and 2 sheep.

A barn with 12 animals living in it. Comprised of 4 goats, 4 cows, and 4 sheeps.

Community B

Community a

BiogeographicFactors

Biogeographic Factors

Biogeography is the study of the geographic distribution of living things and the abiotic (non-living) factors that affect their distribution.

It is concerned not only with habitation patterns but also with the factors responsible for variations in distribution.

Biogeographic Factors

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Species distribution patterns are based on biotic and abiotic factors

As you go north, you would notice gradual changes in plants.

No species exists everywhere

Philippines Nature's Superpower

The following are possible Biogeographic Factors that may affect biodiversity:

Habitat Corridor

Edge Effect

Habitat Size

Ecology at the edges of ecosystems is different from central areas

Habitat corridors between parts of a fragmented habitat can connect disparate regions to improve genetic diversity

Larger habitats tend to promote biodiversity better than smaller habitats

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Importance ofBiodiversity

Importance of Biodiversity

• About 80 % of the world's biodiversity resources with medicinal values are in forests. (The world loses around 13 million hectares of forest cover every year.)
• Cone snail, living in corals, is source of medicine for cancer pain. (Around 88% of ASEAN’s corals are at risk.)

Biodiversity heals

• Fiber
• Timber
• Bamboo
• Cogon
• Anahaw
• Rattan

Biodiversity provides materials for clothing and shelter

• Forests generate oxygen that we breathe.
• Forests and mountains provide aquifers - sources of water we drink.

Biodiversity provides air and water.

• In the olden days, humans had over 10,000 species for food.
• Today – About 30 crops provide our body’s energy requirements; 40 species of mammals and birds domesticated for food; 14 species account for 90% of livestock production.

Biodiversity feeds the world

Biodiversity feeds the world

Biodiversity provides air and water.

Biodiversity provides materials for clothing and shelter

Biodiversity heals

• Every species has a specific role in an ecosystem. They capture and store energy and also produce and decompose organic matter. The ecosystem supports the services without which humans cannot survive. A diverse ecosystem is more productive and can withstand environmental stress.

Ecological Stability

• Livelihood (selling fish, fruits and vegetables; furniture making and wood carving; pearl farming; livestock raising and selling); Biotechnology, Pharmaceuticals and Ecotourism

• Around 80 % of ASEAN’s rural poor’s income is derived from biodiversity.

Biodiversity brings income

• Nature tripping
• Mountain climbing
• Bird watching
• Enjoying the beach or verdant forests
• Comfort in nature by simply looking at the green grass

Biodiversity soothes

Biodiversity brings income

Biodiversity soothes

Ecological Stability

Ecosystem Services

“Biodiversity is life. Biodiversity is our life”

Cutural

Regulating

Supporting

Provisioning

Social, spiritual and recreational benefits)

Stabilization of climate, control of diseases, detoxification and decomposition of wastes, creation of drainage systems, etc.

Nutrient cycling, crop pollination, soil fertilization, prevention of soil erosion, etc.

Production of food, air water, including purification of air and water, etc.)

PhilippinesBiodiversity

Philippines Biodiversity

16

11

14

17

10

12

13

15

Megadiverse Countries

Philippines Nature's Superpower

Although relatively small among the 18 megadiverse countries, the Philippines has the greatest concentration of unique species per unit area in the world.

Although one of the mega – diversity country, the Philippines is also considered as one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots

Philippines Biodiversity

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228 Key Biodiversity Areas

Philippines has more than 52,177 described species, half are endemic.

Top 10 in terms of Endemism

Philippines Nature's Superpower

There are 171 species of amphibians in the Philippines, 78% of these are endemics.

Amphibian Species

The Philippines is SECOND in the world in terms of butterfly species endemicity. Of its 895 species, 352 are endemic.

Butterfly Species

Mount Makiling or Maquiling is an active stratovolcano located in the provinces of Laguna and Batangas on the island of Luzon, Philippines. It contains more tree species than the whole continental United States, which land area is 32 times bigger than the Philippines.

Mt. Makiling

Philippines is the EIGHTH in the world in reptilian species endemicity. Of its 258 species, 170 or 66% are endemic.

Reptilian Species

Mt. Makiling

Butterfly Species

Reptilian Species

Amphibian Species

Pithecophaga jefferyi Also also known as the monkey-eating eagle, is the world’s largest eagle that is is a critically endangered species of eagle which is endemic to forests in the Philippines.

Philippine Eagle

There 54 species of mangroves in the world and 40 species of these are found in the Philippines.

MangroveSpecies

500 of the 800+ known coral species in the world is found in our country.

Coral Species

Philippines is FIFTH in the world in mammalian endemicity. Of its 183 species, 120 or 66% are endemic.

Mamalian Species

Mangrove Species

Coral Species

Mamalian Species

Philippine Eagle

Philippines Nature's Superpower

Drivers of Biodiversity Loss

Levels of Biodiversity

Originally 1997 National Biodiversity Strategic Action Plan (NBSAP)

Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (PBSAP) is a strategic instrument, whose vision is that by 2028, biodiversity is restored and rehabilitated, valued, effectively managed

PBSAP 2015-2018

Biodiversity Loss

Climate Change

Global warming is the long-term increase in Earth’s average air temperature over the past one to two centuries. It can refer specifically to such warming that is due to the influence of rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Overexploitation

Overexploitation (overhunting and overfishing) is the process of harvesting too many aquatic or terrestrial animals, which depletes the stocks of some species while driving others to extinction.

Habitat Loss

Habitat loss is the thinning, fragmenting, or outright destruction of an ecosystem’s plant, soil, hydrologic, and nutrient resources.

Invasive Species

An invasive species is any non-native species that significantly modifies or disrupts the ecosystems it colonizes. It can drive native inhabitants to extinction, in the event that the former are able to successfully adapt within the new habitat.

Pollution

Pollution is the addition of unneeded or harmful nutrients or substances to an ecosystem. In a polluted area the quality of food, water, or other habitat resources declines, sometimes to the point where some species must move away or perish if the pressure is too great.

Habitat Loss

Overexploitation

Invasive Species

Pollution

Climate Change

Conservation and Management

Conservation and Management

Biodiversity conservation is the protection and management of biodiversity to obtain resources for sustainable development.

It can be conserved in the following ways:

• In-situ Conservation
• Ex-situ Conservation

To maintain life-supporting systems and essential ecological processes.

To preserve the diversity of species.

Sustainable utilization of species and ecosystem.

In-situ conservation of biodiversity is the conservation of species within their natural habitat. In this method, the natural ecosystem is maintained and protected.

Certain protected areas where in-situ conservation takes place include national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.

In-situ Conservation

Organisms can evolve better and can easily adjust to different environmental conditions.

It is a cost-effective and convenient method of conserving biodiversity.

A large number of living organisms can be conserved simultaneously.

Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity involves the breeding and maintenance of endangered species in artificial ecosystems such as zoos, nurseries, botanical gardens, gene banks, etc.

There is less competition for food, water and space among the organisms.

Ex-situ Conservation

Genetic techniques can be used for the preservation of endangered species.

The animals are provided with a longer time and breeding activity.

The species bred in captivity can be reintroduced in the wild.

PhilippinesOrganizations

Philippines Environmental Organizations

Under the Department of Environment and Natural Resources responsible for the conservation and sustainable management of the country's biodiversity thru Strengthened implementation of NIPAS

Biodiversity Management Bureau

Aquatic-influenced environments surround the Philippines, and the Society for the Conservation of Philippine Wetlands, Inc. thrives on protecting and conserving clean water and the environment. It is among the environmental organizations in the Philippines.

Society for the Conservation of Philippine Wetlands, Inc.

Centre for Sustainability PH Inc. is among the most prominent in the Philippines. Youth and the women-led group established in Puerto Princesa, Palawan, a city in the country that is rich in natural resources and scenic natural beauty, was founded in 2009

Centre for Sustainability PH Inc.

The Foundation for the Philippine Environment, sometimes known as the FPE, is part of the environmental organizations in the Philippines that strives to promote change and action for the common good of both nature and people in the Philippines.

Foundation for the Philippine Environment

The Department of Environment and Natural Resources is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for governing and supervising the exploration, development, utilization, and conservation of the country's natural resources.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources

Their projects don't only focus on food, water, and climate, but on wildlife as well. In fact, they exert effort to ensure the survival of the rarest and most endangered species in the country. Also part of their aim is to transform lives by providing livelihood programs.

World Wide Fund

DENR

World Wide Fund

Society for the Conservation of Philippine Wetlands, Inc.

Foundation for the Philippine Environment

Centre for Sustainability PH Inc.

Biodiversity Management Bureau

Greenpeace uses non-violent creative action to pave the way towards a greener, more peaceful world, and to confront the systems that threaten our environment. In 1971, our founders set sail to an island in the Arctic to stop a nuclear bomb. It was a journey that would spark a movement and make history.

Greenpeace Foundation

The foundation was created in 2002 under the United States Tropical Forest Conservation Act (TFCA) as a partnership between the United States of America and the Philippines to conserve forest areas.

Forest Foundation Philippines

The Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources, Inc., is an environmental group in the Philippines that works to protect the country’s natural resources. It was founded in 1972, and the name “Haribon” is a reference to the Philippine eagle.

Haribon Foundation

Dedicated to bringing nature and people together in harmony for a more sustainable future. It is a non-profit organization founded in 1994 by a group of divers who are amazed by the beauty of the island known as Danjugan and decided to make it their home.

The Philippine Reef & Rainforest Conservation Foundation, Inc.

Haribon Foundation

Forest Foundation Philippines

The Philippine Reef & Rainforest Conservation Foundation, Inc.

Greenpeace Foundation

PhilippinesLaws and Policies

Laws and Policies

DENR RA 7942

RA 7611

The Philippine Mining Act of 1995

Strategic Environmental Plan for Palawan Act

RA 7586

RA 9147

National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992

Wildlife Protection Act of the Philippines

Act No. 2590

RA 8485

Protection of game and fish

Promote Animal Welfare in the Philippines

Laws and Policies

PD 1433

Proc. No. 926

Plant Quarantine Decree of 1978

Establishing Subic Watershed Forest Reserve

E.0. No. 247, s.1995

RA 3983

Guidelines and regulation for exploring resources

Protection of wild flowers and plants.

PBSAP

Philippine Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

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Biodiversity Conservation

How can you conserve the biodiversity in your own way?

Conserving on our own Ways

Recycling lessens pollution by decreasing energy, electricity, and water consumption and the need for landfills. Not only can you recycle bottles and cans, but your local recycling center will usually allow you to recycle clothes, electrical goods and batteries.

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Fresh bodies of water are essential to biodiversity. Reducing the amount of water you use, by having a 5-minute shower or not running the water when washing up the dishes, can help protect vital wetlands. Plant scientists are also working to help conserve by developing crop varieties that use less water.

Conserve Water Use

Human impact on the earth can have a devastating impact on biodiversity. Small steps like keeping to walking paths, and not stepping through flowers or crops, can help protect what is growing there.

Protect Natural Habitats

Research the plants and vegetables that are local to your area and grow a variety. Each plant and vegetable helps to protect biodiversity and supports the wider ecosystem of your local area.

Plant local plants, trees, and vegetables

Research the plants and vegetables that are local to your area and grow a variety. Each plant and vegetable helps to protect biodiversity and supports the wider ecosystem of your local area.

Plant local plants, trees, and vegetables

Plant local plants, trees, and vegetables

Protect Natural Habitats

Conserve water Use

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

Check the products you buy and the companies you support to ensure that your buying habits are not contributing to destruction of habitat elsewhere.

Know the Source

We can participate in the following activities or programs:

• Plant Trees
• Host a Cleanup
• Grow a Community Garden
• Help Out Wildlife

Participate in Environmental Programs

We need to understand that natural resources are not only essential for us but are also vital for the survival of other species. We must thus utilize only as much as we require them so that these remain available in abundance in nature for future use.

Avoid Wastage

Educating people about the importance of biodiversity conservation increases public awareness of the issue. As public awareness increases, people become more involved in caring about their environment.

Educate yourself and those around you

Avoid Wastage

Participate in Environmental Programs

Know the Source

Educate yourself and those around you

Thank you!

Group 3

Aguilar, Ashera Ilao, Jhon Kyle Mauleon, Arabella Sanz, Aleckxander Valencia, Dexter James

Philippine Biodiversity

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