REPORTED SPEECH (2nd BACH)

REPORTED SPEECH

What's reported speech?

Reported (or indirect) speech is basically repeating what a person said to another one. James: “I am tired” = James said that he was tired

THIS IMPLIES...

USING A REPORTING VERB (usually SAY or TELL)

STEP 1

Making CHANGES TO PRONOUNS, VERBS, TIME EXPRESSIONS, etc.

STEP 2

say VS. TELL 1. say (to a person) (that) + sUBJECT + VERB Susan said (to me) (that) she didn't know him2. TELL + A PERSON + (that) + sUBJECT + VERB Susan TOLD me (that) she didn't know him

VERB CHANGES (present)

Verbs in the present change to their equivalent in the past:

• Present simple to past simple:

I like bananas = She said she liked bananas

• Present perfect to past perfect:

I have been to NY = She said she had been to NY

• Present continuous to past continuous:

I am studying Maths = She said she was studying Maths

• Etc.

VERB CHANGES (past)

• The past simple changes to the past perfect:

I wrote a book = She said she had written a book

• The past perfect does NOT change:

I had been to NY = She said she had been to NY

VERB CHANGES (modals)

• Some modal verbs change (will = would, must = had to, can = could, may = might, shall = should):

I can speak English = She said she could speak English I may go to the party = She said she might go to the party

• Others (should, would, might) do NOT change:

I should go to bed = She said she should go to bed

VERB CHANGES (if clauses)

• The 1st conditional changes to the second (present = past, will = would)

If I am tired, I will take a nap = She said that if she were tired, she would take a nap

• The 2nd and 3rd conditional do NOT change:

If I were tired, I would take a nap = She said that if she were tired, she would take a nap

pronouns, possessives, ETC.

The rules are the following ...

• The 1st person changes to the 3rd:

I need to rest = Susan said she needed to rest

• The 2nd person changes to the 1st:

I love you = He said he loved me

• The 3rd person does NOT change:

I don’t like her = He said he didn’t like her But you should use common sense and do the same as in Spanish or Galician

other changes: demonstratives

• This changes to that • These changes to those That and those do NOT change

other changes: time & place adverbs

• Now changes to then • Today changes to that day • Yesterday changes to the previous day/ the day before • Tomorrow changes to the next day/ the following day • Last ... changes to the previous ... • Next ... changes to the following ... • Here changes to there THERE does NOT change

REPORTING QUESTIONS

a. You use ASK (or equivalents: wanted to know, wondered, etc.) , not say/ tell: How are you? = He asked me how I was. b. YES/NO questions need IF or WHETHER (more formal): Do you have enough money? = He asked me if/ whether I had enough money. c. OPEN QUESTIONS need an interrogative word (what, how, how many, etc): What is your name? = He asked me what my name was Where do you come from? = They asked me where I came from d. THEY ARE REPORTED AS STATEMENTS (= no auxiliary verbs & the same word order as an affirmative sentence) • Do you like potatoes? = He asked me if I liked potatoes • Are you happy? = He wanted to know if I was happy

REPORTING commands

a. You use TELL/ ASK not say b. You must use the structure: Subject + TELL/ ASK + object (person) + TO + VERB: Make your bed = Dad asked/ told me to make my bed. c. Negative commands: Subject + TELL/ ASK + object (person) + NOT TO + VERB: Don't make noise = Dad asked/ told me not to make noise

REPORTING VERBS

REPORTING VERBS

a. When you use SAY or TELL to report a sentence, you must change it word by word b. When you use a reporting verb, this does not happen c. The structure that you have to use will depend on the verb Ex. "I want to go to the cinema," she said. She said that she wanted to go to the cinema She suggested going to the cinema

possible structures (1)

VERB + CLAUSE: ADMIT/ COMPLAIN / EXPLAIN/ INSIST/ RECOMMEND/ SUGGEST + (THAT) + SUBJECT + VERB “I am tired,” she said a) She said (that) she was tired b) She admitted (that) she was tired

possible structures (2)

VERB + INFINITIVE: AGREE/ OFFER/ PROMISE + (NOT) + TO + VERB “I’ll clean the bathroom,” he said a) He said (that) he would clean the bathroom b) He offered to clean the bathroom

possible structures (3)

VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE: ADVISE (aconsellar) /BEG (suplicar) /INVITE /ORDER (mandar) /REMIND (recordar) /WARN (advertir) + OBJECT + (NOT) + TO + VERB “Bring your book,” she said a) She told us to bring our book b) She reminded us to bring our book

possible structures (4)

VERB + -ING: APOLOGIZE FOR (desculparse por)/ INSIST ON /RECOMMEND /SUGGEST + (NOT) + ING “I’m sorry I arrived late,” she said She said (that) she was sorry she had arrived late She apologized for arriving late

QUESTIONS?DOUBTS?