ADHD Stigma
Matias Lee
Created on March 23, 2023
More creations to inspire you
HOW TO CREATE THE PERFECT VIRTUAL WORKSPACE
Vertical infographics
BOOKFLIX
Vertical infographics
12 PRINCIPLES OF ANIMATION
Vertical infographics
WHY WE LIKE INFOGRAPHICS
Vertical infographics
Transcript
Stigma in adhd
Issues With ADHD forChildren & AdultsFrom External Stigma to Internalized
Children get diagnosed with ADHD, but they don't always get a warm welcome after.
7
1
2
3
8
4
5
6
Issues within the classroom with ADHD.
Accomodations with ADHD.
Medications for ADHD & Their Side Effects.
How being diagnosed with ADHD affects a person later in life.
Possible Options In The Future To Help Those With ADHD.
Currently what happens in the classroom
Issues with ADHD outside of the classroom
References
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet Consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.
After a child is diagnosed Typically, the school that they attend is informed. However, there is a stigma for children once they're diagnosed with ADHD. They're seen as "lazy", "unreliable", and "will get into trouble." Sometimes a teacher won't recognize ADHD as an actual discord or that it only affects boys and isn't as severe in girls. Stigma as a Child
- "Sterotypical boy"
- Daydreaming
- "You're just lazy"
- "You need to try harder"
- Teachers might not recognize an ADHD diagnosis ["CHADD"] [Denmon]
- Child might be denied educational support ["CHADD"]
- Too many children are diagnosed/Doctors over-diagnose [Denmon]
- Children might start to question/doubt their own diagnoses [Denmon]
- Others may believe that those with ADHD aren't legitimately afflicted but are instead either
- Lazy
- Stupid
- Crazy
- Causes a rift between those with ADHD and those who might offer support & acceptance. [Denmon]
Issues within school Surprise, there's issues within school when you have ADHD. Depending on the type of ADHD (inattentive OR hyperactive-impulsive) you have different problems. Inattentive
- Failing to pay close attention to details
- Difficulty sustaining attention
- Does not appear to listen
- Struggles to follow through with instruction
- Avoids or dislikes tasks requiring sustained mental effort
- Easily distracted
- Forgetful in daily activities
- Fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in chair
- Difficulty remaining seated
- Extreme restlessness
- Difficulty in engaging activities quietly
- Blurts out answers before questions have been completed
- Difficulty waiting or taking turns
- Interrupts or intrudes upon others
outside issues with adhd Not only does ADHD affect schooling & education, but there's an issue when not in school. Inattentive
- Loses things
- Difficulty with organization
- Makes careless mistakes
- Forgetful in daily activities
- Fails to finish (e.g., loses focus, side-tracked)
- Short attention span
- Constantly changing activites
- Troubles with sticking to a task that is too tedious or time consuming
- Talks excessively
- Always "on the go" as if "driven by a motor"
- Little or no sense of danger
- Acting without thinking
The stigma internalized When a child has lived with that stigma for so long, it can get internalized. So while adults no longer hold as much of a stigma to an adult with ADHD, the adult is still affected from the stigma. Not only that, but the symptoms of ADHD change with time as well or parts of the issue start to decrease. Symptoms (All Mayo)
- Impulsiveness
- Disorganization & problems prioritizing
- Poor time management skills
- Problems focusing on a task
- Trouble multitasking
- Excessive activity or restlessness
- Poor planning
- Low frustration tolerance
- Frequent mood swings
- Problems following through & completing tasks
- Hot temper
- Trouble coping with stress
- Hyperactivity decreases, but inattentiveness remains (NHS)
- Symptoms are more subtle compared to their childhood symptoms (NHS)
- "ADHD doesn't affect adults" or that it ends after childhood [2]
- Internalized stigma
- Anticipated discrimination
- Perceived public stigma
- 79% Not treated as a child experience symptoms of
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Physical Ailments
- Versus 51% of adults without ADHD
- 30% fail to complete high school (with Untreated ADHD) VS 10% without ADHD
- 38% unmedicated ADHD have/caused an unwanted pregnancy VS 4% without ADHD
- 58% of Unmedicated ADHD children failed a grade
- 46% of Untreated ADHD had been suspended from school
- 78% more likely to be addicted to tobacco (Untreated ADHD)
- 58% more likely to use illegal drugs than those without ADHD [5]
- ADHD is strongly linked with substance use disorder & delinquency
- ADHD is a risk factor for conditions such as:
- Major depressive disorder
- Anxiety
- Personality disorder
- Bipolar disorder [4]
Types of adhd medications There are two types of medications, stimulants and non-stimulants. Each have a multitude of medications because they all have their own chemical makeup and will affect everyone differently. Stimulants:
- Adderall (Smith, Editorial Staff)
- Side Effects:
- ‣ Hypertension ‣ Fast heartbeat ‣ Insomnia ‣ Appetite suppression ‣ Overdose (from addiction) ‣ Sudden cardiac death ‣ Stroke ‣ Depression ‣ Panic attacks ‣ Psychosis ‣ Kidney disease ‣ Seizures ‣ Muscle weakness ‣ Addictive: withdrawl symptoms (Federally regulated)
- Zenzedi (Smith, Miller)
- Side Effects:
- ‣ Blurred vision ‣ New or worsen symptoms of psychosis (angry or aggressive outbursts, hallucinations, and/or paranoia) ‣ Stroke ‣ Heart Attack ‣ Nausea ‣ Dizziness ‣ Trouble sleeping ‣ Headache ‣ Tremors ‣ Loss of appetite ‣ Weight loss ‣ Rapid heartbeat ‣ (Controlled substance)
- Ritalin (Smith, Mosel)
- Side Effects:
- ‣ Sudden death ‣ Stoke ‣ heart attack ‣ Addictive ‣ Palpitations ‣ Elevated blood pressure & heart rate ‣ Anxiety ‣ Insomnia ‣ Headache ‣ Hyperhidrosis ‣ Weight loss ‣ psychotic disorder ‣ Raynaud’s Phenomenon ‣ (Federally controlled substance)
- Concerta (Smith, Geoffrion)
- Side Effects:
- ‣ Decreased appetite resulting in weight loss ‣ Headache ‣ Nausea ‣ Sleep difficulties ‣ Anxiety or irritability ‣ Dizziness ‣ Withdrawal symptoms ‣ Psychosis (as a hallucinations or delusions) ‣ Anger or aggression ‣ Paranoia ‣ Slowing in their rate of growth ‣ (Controlled substance)
- Strattera (Smith, Eli Lilly and Company, "Atomoxetine Capsules.")
- Side Effects:
- ‣ Serious allergic reactions ‣ Severe liver damage ‣ heart problems ‣ suicidal thoughts & actions ‣ other mental problems ‣ slowing of growth (height & weight) in children ‣ problems passing urine including: • trouble starting or keeping a urine stream • cannot fully empty the bladder ‣ trouble sleeping ‣ loss of appetite ‣ nausea ‣ stomach pain ‣ vomiting ‣ dizziness ‣ (Not a controlled substance)
- Kapvay (Editorial Staff, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research)
- Side Effects:
- ‣ Drowsiness ‣ Dizzy spells ‣ Constipation ‣ Drying of the mouth ‣ Fever ‣ headaches ‣ fatigue ‣ general weakness ‣ heart palpitations ‣ congestive heart failure ‣ atrioventricular blockage ‣ Anxiety ‣ Hallucinations ‣ Depression ‣ sleep disorders ‣ low blood pressure & heart rate
- Intuniv (Smith, FDA)
- Side Effects:
- ‣ Low blood pressure & heart rate ‣ Fainting ‣ Sleepiness ‣ Tiredness ‣ Trouble sleeping ‣ low blood pressure ‣ nausea ‣ stomach pain ‣ dizziness ‣ (Not a controlled substance)
- Stimulants are federally regulated because they can be addictive if taken wrong
- Sometimes Antidepressants are prescribed
- Research in development is not conclusive, but theres a potential for ADHD medications to stunt or slow growth whether by the medication itself or by the side effects form it, such as the reduced appetite
classroom & school Help nowadays There are many things that are avalible now because of how much information has been learnt about ADHD and what can help students. Some school districts are trying to improve their accessibility in education/the classroom so then all students have an equal chance to learn. For Students
- Behavioral classroom management
- Organizational training
- Medications
- Intervention
- Accommodations
- Instructions/Information Delivery
- Giving instructions one at a time & repeat as necessary
- Work on the most difficult material early ion the day
- Use visuals
- Create outlines
- Student Work
- Shorter quizzes instead of long tests
- Accept late work & give partial credit for partial work
- Flexible seating*
- Written Instructions
- IEP or 504 Plan
- Extra time on tests
accommodations Many schools now have accommodations for those with ADHD. Such as UNM, which offers:
- Testing
- ARC's Testing Center - for a quiet place.
- Extended Time - get more time added to the end of your testing time
- Adaptive Equipment and Software - given software and equipment to help testing
- Online Exams - can get extended time
- Access to Class Notes
- Audio - Recording Lectures
- Class Notes Provided by the Instructor
- Electronic Text/Text-To-Speech
- Read & Write Software - software with multiple voice sounds, speed and pitch of the voices can be changed by the student + highlights text as it is being spoken
- Electronic Text - accessible book files to be able to use other softwares/accommodations to help
- Other Academic Accommodations
- Reduced Course Load & Scholarships - can reduce amount of credits required
- Technology
- Computer Access - ARC has their own computer lab & an IT department that can help
- Adaptive Software - all computers in the computer lab have adaptive software and can be requested to another computer lab/classroom
future choices Going forward, in order to best help those with ADHD, I believe we should start implementing (across the whole country) what some school have already started to do. Future Solutions
- Multimodal Presentations
- IEP/504 Plan
- Better communications from both the person with ADHD & the school’s professionals/staff/faculty
- Better education on learning disabilities for faculty
- Use previous experiences from different school districts to better learn what helps ADHD students
- Having the information of the lecture in different locations that are easily accessible for students to access when the lecture is over
Sources “About ADHD - Symptoms, Causes and Treatment.” CHADD, 13 June 2019, https://chadd.org/about-adhd/overview/. “Accessibility Resource Center.” Accessibility Resource Center | The University of New Mexico, https://arc.unm.edu/index.html. “ADHD in the Classroom.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 9 Aug. 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/school-success.html. “ADHD Medicines (for Teens) - Nemours Kidshealth.” Edited by Shirin Hasan, KidsHealth, The Nemours Foundation, Mar. 2018, https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/ritalin.html. “Atomoxetine Capsules.” Cleveland Clinic, 2023, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/drugs/20224-atomoxetine-capsules. Borenstein, Jeffrey. “Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination against People with Mental Illness.” Psychiatry.org - Stigma, Prejudice and Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness, Aug. 2020, https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/stigma-and-discrimination. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, and FDA. “DRUGS@FDA Data Files.” U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA, 2010, https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/drugsfda-data-files. Cleveland Clinic medical professional. “ADHD Medications: How They Work & Side Effects.” Cleveland Clinic, 6 Oct. 2022, https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/11766-adhd-medication. “Common ADHD Medications & Treatments for Children.” HealthyChildren.org, 20 Oct. 2022, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/adhd/Pages/Determining-ADHD-Medication-Treatments.aspx. Denmon, Aubrey Michelle. “Experiencing and Managing Stigma: Insights from College Students with ...” University of Georgia Libraries, The University of Georgia, Dec. 2013, https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/denmon_aubrey_m_201312_ma.pdf. Depoortere, Arno, et al. “Overcoming ADHD Stigma in the Classroom - a Study on the Effectiveness of an ADHD Awareness Training.” EERA European Educational Research Association, 6 Sept. 2021, https://eera-ecer.de/ecer-programmes/conference/26/contribution/50939/. “Don't Let Stigma Delay Proper ADHD Treatment for Your Child.” CHADD, 17 Mar. 2023, https://chadd.org/adhd-news/adhd-news-caregivers/dont-let-stigma-delay-proper-adhd-treatment-for-your-child/. Editorial Staff. “Adderall Side Effects, Risks & Dangers of Use.” American Addiction Centers, 13 Sept. 2022, https://americanaddictioncenters.org/adderall/side-effects. Editorial Staff. “Clonidine Addiction: Side Effects, Withdrawal & Signs of Overdose.” American Addiction Centers, 13 Sept. 2022, https://americanaddictioncenters.org/prescription-drugs/clonidine. Eli Lilly and Company. “Strattera - Food and Drug Administration.” FDA, 27 Mar. 2007, https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2007/021411s004s012s013s015s021lbl.pdf. FDA. “Reference ID: 3361918 - Food and Drug Administration.” FDA, Feb. 2013, https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/022037s009lbl.pdf. Ford, Anne, and John-Richard Thompson. “The Stigmatized Child - Smart Kids.” Smart Kids with Learning Disabilities, 21 June 2021, https://www.smartkidswithld.org/getting-help/emotions-behaviors/the-stigmatized-child/. Fuermaier, Anselm B. M., et al. “Measurement of Stigmatization towards Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.” PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, 19 Dec. 2012, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0051755. Fuermaier, Anselm B.M., et al. “Stigmatization in Teachers towards Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.” SpringerPlus, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 14 Jan. 2014, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3895438/. Geigel, Karla. “ADHD: Defying the Stigma - Cah.ucf.edu.” University of Central Florida, 1 Feb. 2017, https://cah.ucf.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2019/10/KWS17_Geigel.pdf. Geoffrion, Lauren. “Concerta Addiction: Signs, Effects, and Treatment.” Edited by Wendy Manwarren Generes and Kristen Fuller, American Addiction Centers, 8 Feb. 2023, https://americanaddictioncenters.org/concerta. Ginsberg, Ylva, et al. “Underdiagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adult Patients: A Review of the Literature.” Underdiagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adult Patients: A Review of the Literature, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 12 June 2014, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4195639/. “Guide to ADHD Medications.” Child Mind Institute, 23 Feb. 2023, https://childmind.org/guide/parents-guide-to-adhd-medications/. Hinshaw, Stephen. “Stigma, Girls, and ADHD.” Child Mind Institute, 23 July 2021, https://childmind.org/article/stigma-girls-and-adhd/. Kessler, Eve. “Untreated ADHD: Lifelong Risks - Smart Kids.” Smart Kids -, 21 June 2021, https://www.smartkidswithld.org/getting-help/adhd/untreated-adhd-lifelong-risks/. Lovering, Nancy. “ADHD STIGMA: How It Affects Children, Adults, and Caregivers.” Healthline, Healthline Media, 28 Apr. 2022, https://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/stigma#effects-of-stigma. Mayo Clinic Staff. “Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 25 Jan. 2023, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adult-adhd/symptoms-causes/syc-20350878. McReynolds, Sidney M. “Impact of Stigma on Students with Attention-Deficit ... - USD Red.” USD RED | University of South Dakota Research, 5 Mar. 2022, https://red.library.usd.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1075&context=ot-capstone. Miller, Leah. “Dexedrine Abuse: Signs of Addiction, Side Effects & Treatment Options.” Edited by Wendy Manwarren Generes and Ryan Kelley, American Addiction Centers, 8 Feb. 2023, https://americanaddictioncenters.org/dexedrine. Molina, Brooke S G, et al. “Prevalence and Characteristics of School Services for High School Students with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.” School Mental Health, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Dec. 2014, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4261048/. Morin, Amanda. “Accommodations to Help Students with Add and ADHD.” Understood, Understood, 8 Feb. 2023, https://www.understood.org/en/articles/classroom-accommodations-for-adhd. Mosel, Stacy. “Ritalin Addiction: Signs, Effects, and Treatment.” Edited by Linda Armstrong and Scot Thomas, American Addiction Centers, 24 Jan. 2023, https://americanaddictioncenters.org/ritalin. Naik, Nithesh, et al. “Legal and Ethical Consideration in Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Who Takes Responsibility?” Frontiers, Frontiers, 18 Feb. 2022, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsurg.2022.862322/full. NHS Choices, NHS, 24 Dec. 2021, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/. Ning, Ke, and Tingzhao Wang. “Multimodal Interventions Are More Effective in Improving Core Symptoms in Children with ADHD.” Frontiers in Psychiatry, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 16 Dec. 2021, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8716759/. “Non-Stimulant Medications Available for ADHD Treatment.” HealthyChildren.org, 23 Sept. 2021, https://www.healthychildren.org/English/health-issues/conditions/adhd/Pages/Non-Stimulant-Medications-Available-for-ADHD-Treatment.aspx. “One in Three Students with ADHD Not Receiving Accommodations.” CHADD, 1 Aug. 2019, https://chadd.org/adhd-weekly/one-in-three-students-with-adhd-not-receiving-accommodations/. “Practice of Informal Removal Limits Students' Education.” CHADD, 2 Mar. 2023, https://chadd.org/adhd-weekly/practice-of-informal-removal-limits-students-education/. Robinson, Kara Mayer. “Long-Term Effects and Risks of ADHD Drugs: Adderall, Ritalin, and More.” Edited by Smitha Bhandari, WebMD, WebMD, 8 Mar. 2021, https://www.webmd.com/add-adhd/long-term-risks-adhd-medications. Smith, Kathleen. “Concerta (Methyphenidate) for the Treatment of ADHD - Psycom.” Edited by Marketa Marvanova, PSYCOM, 12 Sept. 2022, https://www.psycom.net/concerta-methyphenidate-hcl. Smith, Kathleen. “Intuniv (Guanfacine) for ADHD: Facts, Side Effects, Cost, Dosing - Psycom.” PSYCOM, 13 Sept. 2022, https://www.psycom.net/adhd-medications-intuniv-guanfacine. Smith, Kathleen. “Ritalin (Methylphenidate): ADHD Stimulant Medication - Psycom.” Edited by Merihan Raouf, PSYCOM, 19 Mar. 2021, https://www.psycom.net/ritalin-methylphenidate. Smith, Kathleen. “Strattera (Atomoxetine) - Psycom.” Edited by Merihan Raouf, PSYCOM, 12 Sept. 2022, https://www.psycom.net/strattera-atomoxetine. Smith, Kathleen. “What You Need to Know about Adderall (Amphetamine) | Psycom.net.” Edited by Marketa Marvanova, PSYCOM, 31 Aug. 2022, https://www.psycom.net/adderall-amphetamine. Smith, Kathleen. “What You Need to Know about Dexedrine (Dextroamphetamine Sulfate) - Psycom.” Edited by Merihan Raouf, PSYCOM, 22 Oct. 2021, https://www.psycom.net/dexedrine-dextroamphetamine-sulfate. Smith, Melinda, and Jeanne Segal. “Teaching Students with ADHD.” HelpGuide.org, 28 Feb. 2023, https://www.helpguide.org/articles/add-adhd/teaching-students-with-adhd-attention-deficit-disorder.htm. “Symptoms and Diagnosis of ADHD.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 9 Aug. 2022, https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/diagnosis.html. “Symptoms Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).” NHS Choices, NHS, 24 Dec. 2021, https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/symptoms/. “Training & Technical Assistance Center - William & Mary School of Education.” School of Education Training & Technical Assistance Center, William & Mary School of Education, July 2017, https://education.wm.edu/centers/ttac/documents/packets/adhd.pdf. Villines, Zawn. “Long-Term Effects of ADHD Medication: What to Know.” Edited by Alexandra Perez, Medical News Today, MediLexicon International, 29 Nov. 2021, https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/long-term-effects-of-adhd-medication#side-effects. Wilens, Timothy. “Does Stimulant Medication Cause Drug Dependence?” ADDitude, ADDitude, 8 Feb. 2023, https://www.additudemag.com/adhd-stimulant-medication-addiction-side-effects/.