Psych Presentation

Ch. 12: Social and Emotional Development in Adolescence

By: Abbie Small PSYX 230 Developmental Psychology Lizzy Norwood

• Family Relationships

• Erikson's Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion

• Peer Relationships

• Changes in One-self

• Milestones in Development in Adolescence

• Four Identity Statuses

Slides

• References

• 4 Identity Status Chart

• Influences on Moral Reasoning

• Moral Developemnt

• Autonomy in Adolescence

Erikson's Theory: Identity vs. Role Confusion

• Identity v. role confusion is the 5th stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development
• Erikson believed during this stage of life people would go through an identity crisis and called this psychological conflict “identity vs. role confusion”
• During this stage those 12 -18 explore their independence, sense of self, and personal identity
• Identity: “involves defining who you are, what you value, and the direction you choose to pursue in life” (Berk, 2018)
• Children start becoming more independent and start wanting to belong in and with society and fit in
• Children start learning the roles he/she will have in adulthood
• Role Confusion (or Identity crisis): if there is a failure to find or establish one’s identify (“I don't know what I want to be when I grow up”)
• Identity crisis is caused by role confusion
• Individuals might start experiment with with other types of lifestyles in response to role confusion

Changes in One-Self

Changes in Self-Esteem

Changes In Self-Concept

• usually, self-esteem rises from mid-late adolescence
• With more independence and opportunities, adolescents can have more control of their life and participate in activities they excel in

• In early adolescence, teens put more focus on social characteristics such as being friendly and cooperative
• In late adolescence, more focus is put on personal values such as beliefs and plans and their identity

Four Identity Status Theory

• Identity development or identity status has 4 categories: Identity achievement, identity moratorium, identity foreclosure, identity diffusion

Identity Achievement: commitment to values and goals following a period of exploration Identity Moratorium: Exploration without having reached commitment Identity Foreclosure: commitment in the absence of exploration Identity Diffusion: the lack of both exploration and commitment

Identity Status and Psychological Well-Being

• Those in Identity achievement usually have higher self-esteem and tend to feel more in control of their lives
• Anxiety and depression are sometimes common in those who are in Identity moratorium due to the lack of commitment
• Since those in identity foreclosure have commitment there is a sense of security but are threatened by the fact that no evaluation of value and beliefs has been made
• the least mature in identity development are in identity diffusion. These individuals have an "I don't care" attitude and have a hard time dealing with personal problems and decisions

Moral Developement

The Conventional Level

Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order

Stage 3: Developing Good interpersonal Relationships

• Adolescents and adults use what moral standards they have learned from their role models and from society and apply them to their everyday life
• The two stages in the Conventional Level of Morality is
• Stage 3: Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships
• Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order

• One will start following the rules of society and its laws because it is the right thing to do and they believe it will keep the order

• An individual will uphold society’s rules and standards not because it is the right thing to do but because they will come off as a good person in the eyes of their peers

Influences on Moral Reasoning

The main 3 factors that influence the development of moral reasoning in adolescence are parenting practices, peer interaction, and schooling.

Schooling

Peer Interaction

Parenting Practices

• Children who have parents that have discussions about morallity tend to gain the most when it comes to moral understanding

• Individuals who interact with peers that have different opinions and viewpoints than their own tend to have better moral understanding

• Schools that promote, teach, and uphold nondiscrimnation and have anit-bullying policies better moral understanding about discrimantion in adolecnces.

Autonomy in Adolescence

• When going through adolescence, individuals usually look for autonomy
• Autonomy: “a sense of oneself as a separate, self-governing individual” (Berk, 2018)
• Autonomy in adolescence has an emotional component and a behavioral component

• "Autonomy predicts high self-reliance, academic achievement, positive work orientation, favorable self-esteem, and ease of separation in the transition to college" (Berk, 2018)
• Children will start wanting more privacy for themselves and will stop telling everything to their parents
• Adolescents will start trying new things by themselves and start traveling outside of their comfort zone
• Children will stop viewing their parents as authority figures but instead as "just another person" leading the individual to stop bending to their parents' authority

Emotional

Behavioral

individuals start "making decsions independently by carefully weighing one's own judgement and the suggestions of others to arrive at a personally satisfying, well-reasoned course of action" (Collins and Luarenson, 2004)

individuals start relying more on themselves rather than their parents when looking for guidance and support

Family Relationships

Parental Relationships

• Children stop seeing their parents as their authority figure and start seeing them as "just another person"

• Adolescents with Parents that use effective parenting and promote a balance between connection and separation and parents that demand maturity but at the same time allow their children to explore themselves and their identity, tend to exhibit "Autonomy that predicts high self-reliance, academic achievement, positive work orientation, favorable self-esteem, and ease of separation in the transition to college" (Berk, 2018)
• Parents that use a more controlling parenting style interrupt the development of autonomy in adolescence leading to low self-esteem, depression, and substance use in early adulthood.
• In early to mid-adolescence, less time is being spent with the parents and more time with peers and teenagers will find conflict with their parents often
• In mid to late adolescence, the parent-child relationship is more peaceful and there is less conflict between teens and their parents

Sibling Relationships

• younger siblings will stop looking up to their older siblings as much and taking direction from them and start putting more reliance on themselves
• less time is spent with older siblings and more with budding friendships and new romantic interests

Peer Relationships

Friendships

• Friend groups go from four to six in early adolescence
• Loyalty, intimacy, and mutual understanding become the three most important characteristics in friendship in adolescence
• Adolescents tend to be alike to their friends when it comes to identity status
• Same-sex friendships are more common in early adolescence
• In mid-late adolescence, different sex friendships are more common

Dating

• As hormones increase, sexual interest starts to increase
• At the age of 12-14, relationships are more casual than anything else
• Age 16: relationships last from one to two years
• Early adolescent relationships are for the social status
• Late adolescent relationships is for companionship, affection, and personal compatibility

Milestones in Development in Adolescence

Early Adolescence 11-14

Late Adolescence 16-18

Middle Adolescence 14-16

• Self-concept includes abstract descriptors unifying separate personality traits
• Moodiness, psychological distancing, and parent-child conflict tend to increase
• the individual will look for autonomy, so less time is spent with parents and siblings and more time with peers
• Friendships decline in number and are based on intimacy, mutual understanding, and loyalty
• Peer groups become organized into same-sex cliques
• In high schools with complex social structures, cliques with similar values to crowds

• Self-concept emphasizes personal and moral values
• Continues to construct an identity, typically moving to higher identity statuses
• Continues to advance in the maturity of moral reasoning; motivation to act morally increases
• Cliques and crowds decline in importance
• Seeks psychological intimacy in romantic ties, which last longer

• Combines features of the self into an organized self-concept
• Self-esteem differentiates further and tends to rise
• In many cases, begins to move from lower to higher identity statuses
• Increasingly emphasizes ideal reciprocity and societal laws as the basis for resolving moral dilemmas
• Engages in more subtle reasoning about conflicts between moral, social conventional, and personal-choice issues,
• Mid-sex cliques become common
• Has probably started dating

STEP II

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Berk, 2018

Berk, 2018

Berk, 2018

References

Berk, L. E. (2018). Exploring Lifespan Development. Pearson.

Cherry, K. (2022, November 7). Levels of developing morality in Kohlberg's theories. Verywell Mind. Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://www.verywellmind.com/kohlbergs-theory-of-moral-development-2795071#:~:text=Kohlberg's%20theory%20of%20moral%20development%20is%20a%20theory%20that%20focuses,on%20seeking%20and%20maintaining%20justice.

James Marcia and self-identity. MentalHelp.net. (2019, April 24). Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://www.mentalhelp.net/james-marcia/

Marsh, P., Allen, J. P., Ho, M., Porter, M., & McFarland, F. C. (2006). The Changing Nature of Adolescent Friendships Longitudinal Links With Early Adolescent Ego Development. The Journal of early adolescence, 26(4), 414–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431606291942

Mcleod, S. (2023, February 24). Erik Erikson's 8 stages of Psychosocial Development. Simply Psychology. Retrieved March 22, 2023, from https://simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html#identity

Thrive. (2023, February 16). Adolescents and autonomy. Thrive. Retrieved March 23, 2023, from https://allthrive.org/adolescents-and-autonomy/