IMPERIALISM - Gabriel Téllez Ruiz - 4ºA ESO

THE AGE OF IMPERIALISM

Gabriel Téllez Ruiz 4ºA ESO

Index

1.INTRODUCTION

2.CAUSES

3.CONQUEST, COLONISATION AND EXPLOITATION

4. THE GREAT COLONIAL EMPIRES

5. CONSEQUENCES

6. CONCLUSION

7. RESOURCES

BACK

1. INTRODUCTION

Imperialism is the state policy, practice, or advocacy of extending power and dominion, especially by direct territorial acquisition or by gaining political and economic control of other territories and peoples. This is called colonization.

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2. CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM

Demographic factors

Economic factors

· The desire to make money.· To expand and control foreign trade.· To create new markets for products. · To acquire raw materials and cheap labor --> more profits.· To compete for investments and resources.· To export industrial technology and transportation methods. · To invest the surplus capital.

· The growth of population in Europe during the 19th and 20th century.· Colonies were conceived as an extension of the metropolises so that the population moved there. · Migration reduced unemployment and social conflicts in the countries of origin.

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Political and Strategic interests

· Power and prestige of a country was measured by the number of colonies which they controlled. · Control of strategic points for commercial routes.· To develop trade and industry.· To create powerful armies · Major powers competed with each other to control areas. · Local conflicts and international tensions led to the WW1.

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Ideological Motivations

· White man had the duty of controlling the world and evangelising it (Darwinist ideas).· Western world had to civilise the rest of the planet. · European conservative nationalism: right of certain nations to rule over others. · Europeans culturally and technologically superior. Mission: civilise the population.· These thoughts formed a racist ideology.· Intellectuals, trade unionists and politicians denounced this.

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3. CONQUEST, COLONISATION AND EXPLOITATION

3.1. Conquest and exploration of Africa and Asia

In the mid to late 19th century, the European powers colonized much of Africa and Southeast Asia. During the decades of imperialism, the industrializing powers of Europe viewed the African and Asian continents as reservoirs of raw materials, labor, and territory for future settlement. In most cases, however, significant development and European settlement in these colonies was sporadic. However, the colonies were exploited, sometimes brutally, for natural and labor resources, and sometimes even for military conscripts. Europeans made scientific voyages and geographical explorations to expand their territories. The conquest of these territories was easy due to the military and technical superiority, and internal rivalries between the indigenous people also helped.

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British expeditions: Livingstone

David Livingstone borned in 1813 in Britain, was a physician, an explorer and missionary, one of the greatest figures in the history of exploration. Through astronomical observations, he established correct situations in African cartography and made reports on botany, geology and zoology. He also was distinguished for his fight against slavery. His subsequent exploration of the central African watershed was the culmination of the classical period of European geographic discovery and colonial penetration of Africa. He died in 1873 in actual Zambia.

David Livingstone (1813-1873)

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British expeditions: Stanley

Henry Morton Stanley borned in 1841 in Britain and was firstly named as John Rowlands. He was a British-born American explorer and journalist, famous for his expeditions to the then-mysterious Central Africa, on one of which he found David Livingstone who was missing for a long time. He was one of the main collaborators of King Leopold II of Belgium in the atrocities committed in the exploitation of the Congo Free State. He died in 1904 in London.

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Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904)

3.2. Colonial organisation:Exploitation colonies

The exploitation colonies, also known as extractive colonies, were created to simply extract resources from colonized territories for onward transmission to colonial master nations. All of the erstwhile European colonies of Africa, and especially those of Sub-Saharan Africa are all examples of this kind of colonies.

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Settlement colonies

Settlement colonies are a type of colonialism in which foreign settlers move to and permanently reside on land already inhabited by indigenous residents, with the goal of eliminating them, their cultures and replacing them with a settler society. Some examples of this type of colonies are Algeria and South Africa.

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Protectorates

A protectorate is a state that is under protection by another state for defence against aggression and other violations of law. It is a dependent territory that enjoys autonomy over most of its internal affairs, while still recognizing the suzerainty of a more powerful sovereign state without being a possession. Some examples of protectorates are Portugal-Gaza and India-Bhutan.

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4. THE GREAT COLONIAL EMPIRES

4.1 Conflicts between countries in Africa and Asia

These types of conflicts were primarily driven by competition for resources, territory, and power. European powers, such as Britain, France, and Germany, were seeking to expand their empires and increase their wealth through colonization and exploitation of these regions. They often clashed with each other and with local powers in their pursuit of dominance as a result. Two significant events that contributed to such conflicts were the Conference of Berlin in 1885 and the Boers War in 1899.

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Conference of Berlin (1855)

The Conference of Berlin was a meeting of European powers held in Berlin, Germany. The conference was convened by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck and was attended by representatives of 14 European countries, as well as the United States. The main goal of the conference was to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period. At the conference, the European powers established rules for the partition and colonization of Africa. The conference resulted in the division of Africa among European powers without regard for the pre-existing boundaries or cultures of the African people.

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Boers War (1899)

The Boer War was fought between the British Empire and two Boer states, the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. The conflict arose from tensions between the Boers, who were primarily of Dutch descent, and the British, who had colonized South Africa. The Boers resented British rule and wanted to maintain their independence and way of life. They were also motivated by the discovery of gold and diamonds in their territory, which attracted British mining interests. British people sought to expand their control over the region and its resources. The war is considered a major event in the history of South Africa and the British Empire, and is often seen as a turning point in the development of modern warfare.

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4.2 Empires of the World: BRITISH AND FRENCH EMPIRES

· United Kingdom: it was the largest colonial empire. It had a territory of 33 million km2 and more than 450 million inhabitants. They had the control of maritime trade routes. - Africa: It was a continuous empire that went from Egypt down to South Africa.- Asia: They had India and conflicts for Burma with France and with Russia for Tibet and with Afghanistan. · France: it was the second largest empire with 95 million of inhabitants. The territory was of 11 million km2.- Africa: It was from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean and stopped by the British in Sudan. They had colonies in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia, West and Equatorial Africa. - Asia: It was the South-east known as Indochina (Cambodia, Vietnam and Laos )

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OTHER EUROPEAN EMPIRES

· Belgium: They colonised region of the Congo; property of Leopold II · Germany: They had Tanganica, Cameroon and south-western Africa. · Italy: They had Libya and Somalia· Holland: They had Indonesia· Portugal: They had traditional colonies, including Angola and Mozambique. · Russia: They had from Turkistan to Manchuria.· Spain: They had the Gulf of Guinea, Sahara and North of Morocco.

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NON-EUROPEAN

· United States: In the Pacific they had Philippines and Hawaii, in the Caribbean they drove the Spanish out from Cuba and Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua and Panama. They also had intervention in political affairs.· Japan: They stopped Russia in the Chinese province of Manchuria, annexed Kuril Islands, Korea and Formosa. · China: They managed to directly control Xinjiang, Taiwan, Tibet, Central Asia and Mongolia.

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MAP OF AFRICA MAP OF ASIA

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5. CONSEQUENCES

impact of European civilization

· Imports: they imported goods that wiped out local craft industries· Changes in the landscape: they cut down forest, created agricultural areas, built infrastructure (ports, roads and railways) and created new cities. · No consideration for the indigenous people´s tribal, linguistic or religious differences. · Creation of hospitals, introduction of vaccinations and better hygiene led to a drop in the mortality rate so population increased. Consequence: destroyed the balance between population and resources. · Schools: reduction of illiteracy, imposition of the language, culture and customs of the metropole. · Missionaries: converted the indigenous people to Christianity.

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ECONOMIC CHANGES

· There was illegal trade in natural resources, mass poverty, and external migration of skilled workers necessary for national development.· There was exploitative resource extraction, proxy and resources that influenced wars in the way they were financed.· Local aristocracy and middle classes maintained their privileges but the living conditions of indigenous people got worse: - Colonisers became landowners so all traditional crops changed into large plantations. - Indigenous people were forced to use money so the economic system changed to the capitalist one in the plantations and in buying the food. - Local craftsmen ruined because of the industrial productst that were imported from the metropole.

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SOCIAL-DARWINISM

Social Darwinists believe in the survival of the fittest that is the idea that certain people become powerful in society because they are innately better. Social Darwinism has been used to justify imperialism, racism, eugenics and social inequality which are atrocities in human history at various times over the past century and a half. The people that believed in this theory thought that human progress was best achieved through competition, and that government intervention to help the less fortunate is contrary to the laws of nature.

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charles darwin

Charles Robert Darwin was born in 1809 in the British city of Shrewsbury. He was more known as Charles Darwin and he was one of the most influential naturalist that was widely remember for his contributions to evolutionary biology through natural selection. He died in 1882 at home in Britain.

Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882)

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6. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, imperialism significantly affected the levels of poverty in African and Asian nations. These areas' natural resources and labor have historically been exploited by imperial powers, which has resulted in underdevelopment and poverty. Indigenous cultures and traditions have been suppressed as a result of the adoption of Western cultural norms and ideals. Several academics face that the Third World and imperialism are inevitably linked. The dominance of colonial powers in politics and the economy has led to a worldwide system of inequality that disproportionately impacts developing nations. Several African and Asian nations' economic and political systems are still shaped by imperialism, which keeps them in poverty and underdevelopment.

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7. RESOURCES

https://www.britannica.com/topic/imperialism https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/imperialism https://www.thothios.com/c-1750-to-1900/unit-6-consequences-of-industrialization/6-5e-economic-imperialism-from-1750-to-1900 https://www.edu.xunta.gal/centros/espazoAbalar/aulavirtual/pluginfile.php/730/mod_imscp/content/4/causes_of_imperialism.html https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/asia-and-africa https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Livingstone https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0021909618762508 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settler_colonialism https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Conference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa#Boer_Wars https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_empire https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_expansionism https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/economic-impact-colonialism https://homework.study.com/explanation/what-were-three-effects-of-european-imperialism-on-africa.html https://www.history.com › topics › social-darwinism https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/imperialism-cultural

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