SPANISH MODERN AGE

UNIT 6. SPANISH MODERN AGE

1. THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS (*Los reyes católicos) (1479-1516)

The Catholic Monarchs joined all of them, (except Portugal). With them, Spain started its transition from Middle Ages to Modern Age. But let's start from the beginning…

How everything started? Enrique IV was the king of Castilla from 1454, he was the stepbrother of Isabel. Some historians call him «el Impotente» because it was said that he was infertile. His stepsister, Isabel, was known as “La católica”, because she was very religious. She would be his heiress (*heredera) on the condition that she would marry whomever he chose.

You can be Queen of Castilla, but I will choose your husband

Pfff… Ok…

Isabel “La católica”

Enrique IV

However, Enrique IV wanted to marry Isabel with the king of Portugal who was much older than her and lived far away from Castilla.

You want to send me away because you don’t want me to be Queen!

Dear sister, I’ve chosen an amazing husband for you in Portugal.

Therefore, Isabel chose another husband herself: Fernando de Aragón, who was her own age and the heir of the Crown of Aragón. They got married in 1469 in secret.

My brother is going to be very annoyed….

Wow! The future Queen of Castilla…

Fernando de Aragón

Picture from the TV show “Isabel”

Isabel de Castilla “la Católica”

Fernando de Aragón “el católico”

When Enrique IV heard about this, he broke the agreement with his sister and named his daughter Juana as heiress to the throne.

Whaaaat? Juana, now you will be my heiress.

Nice! I want to be Queen of Castilla!

Juana la Beltraneja

Everyone knew that Juana was not the king's daughter. She was known as Juana “la Beltraneja”, because it is said that she was in reality the daughter of Enrique IV´s wife and Don Beltrán de la Cueva, the favourite of the King.

I´m your father.

Who are you?

Don Beltrán de la Cueva

When Juana “la Beltraneja” was 13 years old, she was married to the king of Portugal, much older than her.

I don´t like this

Picture from the TV show “Isabel”

Enrique IV died in 1474 and Isabel did not accept Juana as Queen of Castilla. In fact, she proclaimed herself Queen of Castilla 2 days later after her brother´s death.

I am the true Queen of Castilla! Join me and I will reward you.

Juana did not accept this, and a dynastic war started between:

• Juana “La Beltraneja” - supported by Portugal -.
• Isabel “La católica” - supported by Aragón -.

This was called the War of Succession (la guerra de sucesión castellana).

They were aunt and niece!

Isabel won the war in 1479 in “the Battle of Toro” and became officially Queen of Castilla. Juana went into seclusion in a convent the rest of her life.

why have I been so unlucky?

Finally!

This same year (1479) Fernando was proclaimed king of Aragón. Therefore, both Crowns (Castilla and Aragón) were joined in one.

Main things that they do: They imposed religious unity (that is why they were called Catholic Monarchs)

Inquisition court

The Catholic monarchs acquired new territories:

Isabel and Fernando

Boabdil, king of Granada, giving them the keys of Granada (as a symbol of surrender)

DEATH OF ISABEL LA CATÓLICA AND SUCCESSION PROBLEMS

When Isabel died in 1504, the heiress of Castilla was her daughter Juana. She had received a humanist education by her mother, Isabel. Juana is known as Juana “la loca”, however, most historians agreed that she was not mad, she was a victim of his father, husband and even his son´s ambitions.

Juana I de Castilla (r. 1504-1506), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Viena.

In 1496, when she was 17 years old, she was married to Felipe of Habsburgo, known as Felipe «el Hermoso», the son of the Holy Roman Emperor. Felipe cheated on Juana several times and she was very lonely and jealous.

They have 6 children.

Felipe´s infidelities provoked Juana into fits of rage, and soon his husband took the opportunity to start the rumour that she was "mad" and could not reign, therefore, Felipe was in charge of the government of Castilla while Fernando continued to be king of Aragón.

Felipe “el hermoso” died in 1506 in strange circumstances (it is sad that Fernando “el católico” killed him to obtain the throne of Castilla) Juana began an long procession during the night throughout the kingdom with her husband's coffin to buried him in Granada, which aroused astonishment and even fear among the population.

Doña Juana la Loca (1877), de Francisco Pradilla. Museo del Prado

This outburst of madness caused her father (and later her son Carlos) to imprison her in Tordesillas (Valladolid) for 46 years until her death.

Francisco Pradilla, La reina doña Juana la Loca, recluida en Tordesillas con su hija, la infanta doña Catalina, 1906.

After the enclosure, his son Carlos became king of Castile and legally reigned alongside his mother, Juana I (only nominally) until Juana´s death in 1555.

Retrato del joven Carlos I de España, por Bernard van Orley.

Juana la Loca (Rap Histórico)

Queen Juana the Mad of Castile

2. The empire of the Habsburgs (Los Austrias mayores)

The House of Habsburg occupied the throne of the Holy Roman Empire from 1438 till 1740. They occupied different European thrones such as Spain, Portugal, Bohemia, England, Hungary….

In Spain, the Habsburg reigned during 16th and 17th centuries.

Austrias Mayores (Carlos I de España y V de Alemania, y Felipe II)

Austrias Menores (Felipe III, Felipe IV y Carlos II)

CARLOS I DE ESPAÑA Y V DE ALEMANIA (1516-1556)

Carlos was born in Flanders (Flandes) in 1500. His parents were Juana I de Castilla “la loca” and Felipe de Habsburgo “el hermoso”.

His grandparents were the Catholic Monarchs (Parents of Juana la Loca) and the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire (parents of Felipe el Hermoso)

His childhood was not easy. He has 1 brothers and 4 sisters, however, his family was never together and his parents were always fighting. And if that wasn't enough, when he was six years old, in 1506, his father Felipe el Hermoso died and his mother Juana la loca was detained in Tordesillas. Therefore, Carlos was a very shy and lonely boy.

Carlos was educated outside of Spain, in Flanders, by teachers and governesses who trained him to be a “good King”.

In 1516, Fernando “el católico” died and Carlos become his heir. Next year, in 1517, when Carlos was 17 years old, he must come to Spain to reign as Carlos I, He could hardly speak Spanish. Also, he was accompanied by foreign advisors and his aspect was “strange” which the Castilians did not like at all.

In 1519, his other grandfather, Maximiliano de Austria died, and Carlos wanted to be his heir and become the Holy Roman emperor. In in 1520, he left for Germany, where he was crowned emperor under the name of Carlos V. Therefore, as king of Spain he was known as Carlos I and as emperor, he was known ad Carlos V: Carlos I de España y V de Alemania.

A los 19 años Carlos tenía los títulos de:

• Rey de Aragón
• Rey de Castilla
• Rey de las dos Sicilia
• Archiduque de Austria
• Duque de Borgoña
• Duque de Bramante
• Conde de Flandes
• Conde del Tirol
• Conde de Barcelona
• Además de Rey de los territorios conquistados en America.

When Carlos was 26 years old, he married Isabel de Portugal (Sevilla 1526). She was a magnificent collaborator of the king, and even participated in the government of Castile and Aragon.

They had three children: Felipe (later known as Felipe II), María and Juana. Isabel died at the age of 34 (1539), leaving Charles very sad. He never remarried.

Carlos V travelled a lot and he was constantly outside Spain. He had many enemies.

Inside Spain The Castillian nobility and bourgeoisie claimed that Castilian money should be invested in Castile and called for greater participation in government. They think that the legitimate queen is Juana I and they enter the palace of Tordesillas where Doña Juana was imprisoned in order to obtain her support. But she did not support them.

Outside Spain Carlos V had coflicts with France, The Turks and the protestants.

To fight, Carlos V created the “tercios”.

*Coronela

*Coronel

*Compañía

*Capitán

* Arcabucero

* Mosquetero

* Arcabuz

* Mosquete

Carlos I de España y V de Alemania, ill and tired, decided in 1555 (55 years old) to leave the kingdom and retire to rest. He went to the Monastery of Yuste (Extremadura) and left his heir to his son Felipe II (who was 29 years old). He died in Yuste three years later, on 21 September 1558. He divided his inheritance between his brother Fernando (Holy Roman Empire) and his son Felipe II (the rest).

VIDEO: CHARLES V

FELIPE II (1556-1598)

Felipe II was born in Valladolid (May 21st, 1527), son of Carlos V and Isabel de Portugal.

He had been groomed for becoming a king from an early age. In fact, during his father's reign he had on several occasions assumed the functions of government.

Finally, in 1556, when Felipe was 29 years old, he assumed the Spanish throne after his father's abdication (the throne of the German Empire remained with his uncle). Under Felipe II, the Spanish monarchy became the leading power in Europe and the Spanish Empire reached its peak. He was called the “el rey prudente” because he was a deeply religious man, and also a king of office, not of action.

There is, however, a "black legend" about him that was fostered by his own actions, as he refused to have biographies of himself published during his lifetime and ordered the destruction of his correspondence.

Did he kill his son Carlos?

Felipe II II inherited an enormous empire.

Unlike his father, Felipe II ruled from Spain and considered it the centre of his empire. In 1561 he established the capital of the kingdom in Madrid, and in the surrounding area he had the monastery of El Escorial built.

Felipe II married four times and had seven children in total. Of all of them, only one survived: the infant Felipe, her last son, who was to become Felipe III.

de Inglaterra

de Francia

¡Su sobrina!

Felipe II tenía 43 años

Like his father, Felipe II had many problems within his empire: Political problems: Philip II's centralising policy cost him several enemies and intense opposition from the kingdoms that made up the Monarchy.

Felipe II had to face many problems:

- Economic problems: Maintaining such a large empire was a huge expense. They got the money from the gold and silver they brought from America and taxes. However, these revenues were not enough and Philip II was forced to declare several bankruptcies during his reign. - Religious problems: Philip II was, even more than his father, a great defender of Catholicism against its enemies: Islam (Turkish Empire, moriscos in Granada) and the Protestants (Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans). He had many conflicts.

- Political problems: Felipe II continued his father's unfinished battles. He defeated the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571), one of the most famous naval battles in history.plus two new ones:

I´m Miguel de Cervantes, I fought in this battle and lost an arm

Hetried to stop Protestantism and intervened in the European wars of religion in support of the Catholics. However, he was unsuccessful.

His great enemy was Elizabeth I of England. As queen, Elizabeth continued her father's policies and, unlike her half-sister Mary, established that the Anglican Church was at her service. She was excommunicated by the Pope and started an open confrontation with her brother-in-law Felipe II, one of the many suitors she rejected.

Elisabeth I of England

Felipe II sent an attack against England aimed at dethroning Elizabeth I and invading England, which has gone down in history as the “Spanish Armada” (La Armada invencible”).

What the British History do not say…. England attempted a counter-attack a year later - the so-called Counter Armada, larger than Invincible - and ended in utter failure: more than 20,000 casualties. After the death of Elizabeth I in 1603, her successor James I of England signed the Treaty of London with Felipe III in 1604, by which both countries agreed to end the war between Spain and England.

For most of his life, Felipe II was in poor health. He suffered from numerous illnesses and during the last years of his life he was afflicted by various ailments: gout, arthrosis, fevers, abscesses and dropsy, among others. He even lost the mobility of his right hand and was unable to sign documents. At five o'clock in the morning on Sunday 13 September 1598 he died in the monastery of El Escorial, where he was buried at the age of seventy-one.

VER VÍDEO: EL IMPERIO ESPAÑOL | De Carlos I a Felipe II

3. The empire of the Habsburgs (Los Austrias menores)

Austrias Mayores (Carlos I de España y V de Alemania, y Felipe II)

Austrias Menores (Felipe III, Felipe IV y Carlos II)

Felipe III “el Piadoso”

Felipe IV “el Grande”

Carlos II “el hechizado”

La estatua ecuestre de Felipe III es una estatua monumental que se encuentra en el centro de la plaza Mayor de Madrid (España).

El monumento a Felipe IV, o fuente de Felipe IV, es un conjunto escultórico ubicado en el centro de la plaza de Oriente.

Estatua de Carlos II en el Parque del Retiro de Madrid

FELIPE III (1598-1621)

Felipe III began to reign at the age of 20, without much interest. He was very religious like his father (Felipe II) and became known as "the Pious” (“el Piadoso”). Due to the consanguinity of his ancestors (many were first cousins), Felipe III began to show intelligence problems.

He married his cousin Margarita in 1599. They had two girls and a boy (the future Felipe IV).

Felipe III's lack of interest in reigning meant that he delegated a valido: a trusted person to govern on his behalf. Felipe IV and Carlos II followed the custom and also used them.

Felipe III's valido was the Duke of Lerma. He had been educated at the court of Felipe II where he had befriended Felipe III. He was a very ambitious and greedy man who unscrupulously abused his position and accumulated enormous wealth and positions, both for himself and for his relatives. The king would eventually realise the manipulation and denied him confidence in 1618.

Felipe III had to face: - Economic problems: he had a financial crisis inherited from his father (Felipe II) and caused by the enormous military expenses and debts. To avoid this, the Duke of Lerma proposed to try to reach peace agreements in the wars that the Hispanic Monarchy was waging in order to avoid military expenditure. - Religious problems: It was thought that he moriscos (baptised Muslims) were still praying to their God in secret and had not truly converted. He ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from the Hispanic Monarchy, which was carried out in stages between 1609 and 1613. In total, some 300,000 people were expelled.

Felipe III's foreign policy was pacifist, aiming to put an end to wars in order to improve the economy.

• Peace with England in 1604: after the death of Queen Elizabeth I.

• Peace with France: They agreed to marry their children with Felipe III´s children (Felipe IV with Isabel de Borbón and Ana with Luis XIII of France).

However, this period of peace ended in 1618 with the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) in which Spain took part during the reigns of Felipe III and Felipe IV.

FELIPE IV (1621-1665)

Felipe IV came to the throne at the age of 16. His reign, from 1621 until his death in 1665, was the longest of the House of Austria and the third longest in Spanish history. He will be known as "the Great" and "the Planet King" because of the extent of his dominions, although he never left the peninsula. He will also be known as "the Passed King” (“el Rey Pasmado”) because he was not very intelligent, like his father.

Felipe IV had 2 wives and approximately 50 children!!!! (both legitimate and illegitimate).

Felipe IV´s first wife, Isabel de Borbón, gave him 7 children, but only 2 were adults. She died in 1644 and two years later (1646) his first heir.

Therefore, Felipe IV married a second time with his cousin!!! (Mariana de Austria) who gave him a new heir (Carlos II).

Felipe IV was to rule with a new valido: the Count-Duke of Olivares. Unlike the Duke of Lerma, his aim was Spanish glory, and he did not hesitate to provoke numerous wars to defend his territories. The end result was the ruin of the Spanish Empire.

Felipe IV still have the same economic problems as his father.

Felipe IV´s foreign policy was much more aggressive than his father’s. Spain resumed the war against the united provinces in 1621 and intervened in the thirty years' war in which Spain lost many territories. These conflicts meant the end of Spanish hegemony in Europe.

Carlos II (1665-1700)

Carlos II came to the throne when he was only 4 years old. His mother Mariana of Austria ruled as regent until he was 14. She left the government in the hands of the validos, as was the custom at court, such as the Duke of Medinaceli.

It has always been said that the king was mentally and physically ill and incapable of ruling. For this reason, he is known as Carlos II “El Hechizado” ("the bewitched”) Although recent studies are showing that he was not so incapable, his reign is one of the longest in Spain (35 years) and his fame was the result of inheriting an empire in decline, of being the last of his dynasty and of bad propaganda about him.

Carlos II married twice but had no children. Who will inherit the Spanish throne? All the European royal houses intrigued to take over the Spanish empire.

There were two strong candidates for the Spanish throne:

The grandson of Leopold I of Austria: Charles of Austria (House of Austria)

The grandson of Louis XIV of France: Phillip of France (House of Bourbon) *Borbón

Both candidates were related with Felipe IV. Their grandmothers were Felipe IV´s daughters who were married to Louis XIV and Leopoldo I,

He was also a candidate, but he died

In 1700 Carlos II died aged 39. In his will, surprisingly, Carlos II left Philip of France as his heir, as he had learned that the Habsburgs (*Austrias) intended to split with the Spanish Empire without his consent.

Carlos II

This led to the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) (*guerra de sucesión española)

Phillip of France (House of Bourbon)

Charles of Austria (House of Austria)

The War of the Spanish Succession was at the same time an European war and a civil war:

The European powers were afraid that Spain and France, the main power of the time, would unite and form an "all powerful" kingdom. So they formed an alliance to prevent this, and what started as a Spanish succession conflict became a European conflict.

Phillip of France (House of Bourbon)

Charles of Austria (House of Austria)

• He was supported by France and Spain

• He was supported by Austria and other European powers (Great Britain, Portugal…)

At the same time, within Spain, two sides would also be created, as Castilla supported the Bourbon candidate, but the Crown of Aragon supported the Austrian candidate. Thus, the conflict would also turn into a civil war.

Phillip of France (House of Bourbon)

Charles of Austria (House of Austria)

• He was supported by the Crown of Castilla

• He was supported by the Crown of Aragon

After a few years of war, an event occurred that changed the course of the war: In 1711 the Emperor of Austria died and Charles was appointed the new Germanic Emperor as Charles VI. This was decisive because the European powers (Britain and Holland) withdrew their support for him, fearing that he would become a new Carlos V and create a Spanish-Austrian alliance.

Charles of Austria became Charles VI

In return, Spain had to cede several territories to the European powers. For example, it ceded Menorca and Gibraltar to Britain. As a consequence, Spain loses its status as a European power.

Imperio español en el siglo XVIII

The European war ended in 1713, when the Treaty of Utrecht was signed. In this treaty, all the European powers recognised Philip of France as King of Spain, and he was crowned Felipe V de Borbón.

Felipe V

La Guerra de Sucesión española (1701-1714)

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