ENGLISH ii

ENGLISH I

GRAMMAR

lesson 1: sentence

what is a sentence?

A sentence refers to a clause, word, phrase, or a group of phrases, words, or clauses that give a complete idea/thought. A sentence can give a statement, ask a question, give a command, indicate an exclamation, express a wish or an assertion, and could also show action performance.

Characteristics of A Sentence

• a sentence must have a capital letter at the start and a period, exclamation mark, or question mark in the end.

• a sentence should express a complete thought or idea; otherwise, it is not a sentence.

• it must have a verb and a subject.

for example:

The happy father.

(This is a phrase and isn’t a sentence since it doesn’t have a verb. It does not state anything about the happy father; hence the phrase does not give a complete thought. Remember, a phrase must give a complete thought or idea for it to be a sentence.)

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Works 202X

Examples of Sentences

• The girl is cooking some stew. (This sentence shows a statement.)
• Is it raining? (The sentence asks a question. It has a capital letter at the beginning but ends with a period (question mark.))
• What an incredible miracle! (The sentence ends with an exclamation mark as the period.)
• You must do it. (The sentence expresses a command.)

A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb that have a relationship. This relationship is crucial; a clause conveys information about what that subject is or is doing, rather than simply being a random grouping of words. Because a clause expresses an action or a state of being, a clause can often—but not always—function as an independent sentence. A sentence can have just one clause or it can have multiple clauses. The only defining characteristic of a clause is that it must contain a related subject and verb. Clauses play a variety of roles in English and because of this, there are numerous ways to structure and combine them.

A clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a predicate. Every complete sentence is made up of at least one clause.

• Michael bought a new computer. (One sentence, one clause)

• Michael bought a new computer, but he still has the old one. (One sentence, two clauses)

• Although he still has his old one, Michael now has a new computer. (One sentence, two clauses)

When it comes to expressing a complete thought, a clause falls between a phrase and a sentence. In many cases, a clause can function as its own sentence. A phrase, in contrast, can’t. Here’s a quick look at the difference between a phrase and a clause:

• Phrase: Meows so loudly
• Clause: That cat meows so loudly

In this example, the clause can be an independent sentence. It can also be part of a complex sentence. For example:

• That cat meows so loudly when she wants to eat.

THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CLAUSES

INDEPENDENT CLAUSES AND DEPENDENT CLAUSES

INDEPENDENT CLAUSES

INDEPENDENT CLAUSES: AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSES ARE ALSO CALLED MAIN CLAUSES. AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE INCLUDE A SUBJECT AND A VERB AND DOES NOT REQUIRE THE SUPPORT OF OTHER CLAUSES AS IT CAN STAND ON ITS OWN as a distinct sentence. An independent clause makes sense by itself. It expresses a complete thought.

EXAMPLES: ERICKA READS. THEY PLAY. WE SIT.

Michael bought a new computer. (One independent clause)Michael bought a new computer, but he still has the old one. [Two independent clauses (Coordinating conjunctions don't count as part of the clause.)]Although he still has his old one, Michael now has a new computer. (Only the second clause is independent.)

DEPENDENT CLAUSES

DEPENDENT CLAUSES: a dependent clause is not a complete sentence. Dependent clauses are sometimes known as subordinate clauses. As their name implies, these clauses depend on independent clauses to clearly express ideas. A DEPENDENT CLAUSE IS TYPICALLY INTRODUCED WITH A CONJUCTION.

CONJUNCTION + SUBJECT + VERB

EXAMPLES: BEFORE SHE GOES TO SLEEP. AND WE ATE. BUT IT FELT.

DEPENDENT CLAUSES DEPEND ON THE USE OF AN INDEPENDENT CLAUSE.

EXAMPLE: ERICKA READS BEFORE SHE GOES TO SLEEP. ERICKA READS IS THE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE BEFORE SHE GOES TO SLEEP IS THE DEPENDENT CLAUSE.

A dependent clause does not make sense by itself. It does not express a complete thought. Although he still has his old one. (Without the independent clause, a dependent clause is a sentence fragment.) A dependent clause usually begins with a subordinating conjunction, a relative pronoun, or some other word that causes it to become dependent. A dependent clause will make sense only when attached to an independent clause. Although he still has his old one. (Although is a subordinating conjunction.) He still has his old one. (Without the conjunction, the clause becomes independent.) Michael now has a new computer although he still has his old one. (Combined with an independent clause, the dependent clause makes sense.)

Dependent clauses can come after, before, or in the middle of the independent clause. EXAMPLES: Michael now has a new computer although he still has his old one. (Dependent clause after an independent clause) Although he still has his old one, Michael now has a new computer. (Dependent clause before the independent clause) Michael, although he still has his old one, now has a new computer. (Dependent clause inside the independent clause)

TYPES OF DEPENDENT CLAUSES

• NOUN CLAUSE

• ADVERB CLAUSE

• ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

NOUN CLAUSE

A GROUP OF WORDS THAT CONTAINS A SUBJECT AND VERB, BUT THE ENTIRE CLAUSE ACTS AS A SINGLE NOUN.MANY NOUN CLAUSES START WITH THAT, HOW, WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN OR WHY. EXAMPLE: SHE KNEW HOW IT BROKE. WE SAW WHERE THEY WENT. YOU WOULD KNOW ITS A NOUN CLAUSE IF YOU CAN EASILY REPLACE THE CLAUSE WITH A PRONOUN. SHE KNEW HIM.

ADVERB CLAUSE

AN ADVERB CLAUSE IS A DEPENDENT CLAUSE THAT ACTS AS AN ADVERB IN A SENTENCE.THEY HELP TO QUALIFY THE MEANING OF VERBS, ADJECTIVES, CLAUSES AND OTHER ADVERBS. ADVERB CLAUSES HELP TO ANSWER WHEN, WHERE, WHY, HOW AND BY HOW MUCH. ADVERB CLAUSES OFTEN START WITH ONE OF THE SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS. AFTER, AS, THOUGH, SINCE, BECAUSE ECT.

• We will not have school today because it snowed last night.
• Until it stops raining, we will stay inside.
• When your father gets here, we will go.

EXAMPLE: IF YOU PAY FOR THE SNACKS.BECAUSE SHE WAS EARLY.

IF YOU PAY FOR THE SNACKS, ILL GET THE PIZZA. ILL GET THE PIZZA IF YOU PAY FOR THE SNACKS.

PAULA HAD TO HELP SET UP BECAUSE SHE WAS EARLY. BECAUSE SHE WAS EARLY PAULA HAD TO HELP SET UP.

- Commas with adverb clauses - When an adverb clause is at the beginning of the sentence, it is an introductory clause and needs a comma separating it from the independent clause. If the adverb clause comes after the independent clause, the conjunction is enough to hold the two clauses together. We will not have school today because it snowed last night. Because it snowed last night, we will not have school today.

- Locating adverb clauses - Adverb clauses modifying verbs can move around the sentence. I missed the bus because my alarm didn't go off. Because my alarm didn't go off, I missed the bus. The dependent clause because my alarm didn't go off modifies the verb missed. The dependent clause is adverbial because it tells why you missed the bus. Whenever it rains, my little sister loves to jump in the puddles. My little sister loves to jump in the puddles whenever it rains. The dependent clause whenever it rains modifies the verb loves. The dependent clause is adverbial because it tells when your little sister jumps in the puddles.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

AN ADJECTIVE CLAUSE IS A GROUP OF WORDS THAT ACTS AS AN ADJECTIVE IN A SENTENCE. THEY ARE DEPENDENT CLAUSES THAT GIVE MORE INFORMATION ABOUT A NOUN OR A PRONOUN. THEY TYPICALLY COME DIRECTLY AFTER THE NOUN THEY MODIFY. WE OFTEN USE WORDS LIKE THAT, WHICH, WHOM AND WHO WITH ADJECTIVE CLAUSES. EXAMPLE: WHOSE BIRTHDAY IS TOMORROW WHICH WE ARE GOING TO VISIT IN SPRING CONSTANTINE, WHOSE BIRTHDAY IS TOMORROW, IS GOING TO BE LATE. MUMS HOMETOWN, WHICH WE ARE GOING TO VISIT IN SPRING, IS VERY FAR AWAY. IF YOU TAKE AWAY THESE CLAUSES THE SENTENCES WOULD STILL MAKE SINCE. CONSTANTINE IS GOING TO BE LATE. MUMS HOMETOWN IS VERY FAR AWAY.

An adjective clause (also called relative clause) is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun.

• There is the mountain that we are going to climb.
• My blue tennis shoes, which used to be my mom's, were under the bed.
• Daniel, who was late again today, sits next to me in English.

Using dependent clauses is a way of combining sentences. Daniel was late again today + Daniel sits next to me in English = Daniel, who was late again today, sits next to me in English.

A phrase is a small group of words that communicates a concept but isn’t a full sentence. You use phrases in your writing and your speech every day. There are lots of different kinds of phrases, some of which play a technical role in your writing and others that play a more illustrative role. No matter which role a phrase is playing, it’s achieving one simple goal: making your sentences richer by giving your words context, detail, and clarity. Phrases and clauses aren’t the same thing. A clause contains a subject and a predicate and in many—but not all—cases, can be a sentence on its own. In contrast, a phrase can’t be its own sentence because a phrase does not contain a subject and predicate. Here’s a quick example of a phrase vs. a clause:

• Phrase: Meows so loudly
• Clause: That cat meows so loudly

Clauses contain phrases, and sentences contain clauses. So an easy way to visualize the three are: phrases < clauses < sentences The term “phrase” is understood to mean two different things: a sentence component and a common expression. These two types of phrases are known respectively as grammatical phrases and common phrases.

PHRASE VS CLAUSE

What Exactly Is a Phrase?

A phrase is considered as a collection of words that may comprise sentence-building elements, such as the noun or the verbs, but do not include a subject (the one performing an activity in a sentence) and a predicate (which informs the reader about what the subject is doing). A phrase adds meaning to a statement by supplying more details about the subjects, objects, verbs, or situation. A statement is made up of phrases, yet isolating a phrase inside a sentence would not function as a full sentence.

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What Exactly Is a Clause?

A clause is a sentence component that works independently or as a full thought. Clauses have a subject (the performer) and a verb (which is the action the subject performs). Sentences are composed of standalone and dependent statements that define a subject's location, emotion, and activity, etc.

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What Is the Difference Between Phrase and Clause?

Every sentence is made up of clauses and/or phrases, but distinguishing between the two can be difficult and challenging at times.Both phrases and clauses are collections of two or more words that help us form sentences, but they have different purposes. To assist us in comprehending the distinction, we need to define them both separately first. A clause is a collection of words that includes the subjects and the verbs. A phrase is a set of words that lacks the subject and the verb. A sentence can appear as a single clause, but a sentence cannot be made up of a single phrase. Phrases contribute value to sentences but cannot produce them on their own.

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Clauses, on the contrary, are absolutely necessary. The removal of a clause from a sentence may influence the meaning and the comprehension of the sentence.Here's an instance of a sentence that incorporates both a phrase and a clause: Everywhere I go, she follows me. The phrase in the above sentence is 'Everywhere I go,' and the clause is 'she follows me.' 'Everywhere I go' does not make logical sense on its own; it is not a finished idea. She follows me,' on the other hand, comprises both a subject and a verb - 'she' and 'follows,' respectively. It's a full thought, and we don't need any additional words to comprehend the sentence's message.

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Clause ExampleThe kid is dancing. Since the kid is the subject and dancing is the verb in the above simple phrase, the section kid is dancing is a clause since it contains both subject and verb. A clause may also have an object in addition to the subject, allowing it to exist alone as a coherent sentence. One of the simplest ways to tell the difference between a clause and a phrase is that a clause is a collection of words that makes perfect sense without the need for any more words to finish it.

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Sanya grinned. Consider the preceding example; you will note that this two-word short sentence makes perfect sense and is easily understood. It is a sentence since it has a subject and a verb, so it is a clause. As stated above, a single sentence may feature one clause, but a sentence may include more than one clause. Examples: I searched everywhere, but the kitty was nowhere. The preceding sentence comprises two clauses. I searched everywhere, but the kitty was nowhere. Similarly, lengthier and more complex sentences may contain more than two clauses.

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Phrase Examples A phrase is a set of words in a sentence that lacks the subject and the verb. In another sense, one part of a sentence having the subject and verb refers to the clause, whereas the remaining sentence without those two elements of speech is a phrase. Example: On the rock, in the lake, and beyond the distance. All of the instances above are fragments of sentences that lack a subject and verb. Hence, they are categorized as phrases. In a sentence, a clause and a phrase can coexist. As an example, John is enjoying in the playground. John is enjoying a clause (subject+verb) and in the playground is a phrase.

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Another simple distinction between phrases and clauses is that the phrases do not make perfect sense on their own and need the assistance of other words to form a complete sentence.Take the preceding example: if you discover it written anywhere in the field by itself, you will be quite perplexed about its meaning and will be unable to interpret it. Thus, a phrase is a group of words that do not constitute a complete and comprehensible sentence on their own.

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Relationship Between Phrase, Clause, and Sentence Together with phrases and clauses, the interpretation of a "sentence" can be misunderstood. They all contribute to the creation of meaning, but defining the individual pieces is challenging. Remembering the building elements of a sentence is an easy method of recalling the distinction between a phrase and a clause. A clause is made up of phrases, and a sentence is made up of clauses. So, in order to construct a sentence, the building pieces would be as follows: phrase → clause → sentence. The gigantic clock → The gigantic clock struck → The gigantic clock struck at twelve o'clock. A phrase is a combination of words that cannot be used as a sentence on its own. It's an important aspect of the clause and the sentence as a whole. (It is the topic of it), yet it can't make sense the way it is.

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Relationship Between Phrase, Clause, and Sentence Together with phrases and clauses, the interpretation of a "sentence" can be misunderstood. They all contribute to the creation of meaning, but defining the individual pieces is challenging. Remembering the building elements of a sentence is an easy method of recalling the distinction between a phrase and a clause. A clause is made up of phrases, and a sentence is made up of clauses. So, in order to construct a sentence, the building pieces would be as follows: phrase → clause → sentence. The gigantic clock → The gigantic clock struck → The gigantic clock struck at twelve o'clock. A phrase is a combination of words that cannot be used as a sentence on its own. It's an important aspect of the clause and the sentence as a whole. (It is the topic of it), yet it can't make sense the way it is.

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Things become a little more complicated with a main (or independent) clause. For instance, 'The gigantic clock struck' is both a clause and a sentence in its own right. It includes a subject and a verb. The final sentence is made up of phrases and clauses. This is what distinguishes it as a sentence. Simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex sentences are the four primary categories of sentences, each with a different amount of clauses and phrases. Remember that a phrase (whether basic or compound-complex) is a comprehensive notion that has been punctuated completely. It should begin with a capital letter and end with some form of punctuation, whether it's a full stop or a question mark or so on.

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How To Recognize A Phrase Or A Clause?

Search for both a subject and a verb to determine whether the ensemble of words is a phrase or a clause. If you discover both, you have a clause. If you can only spot one of them, it's a phrase. Here's an easy example to consider: Dark and lychee dessert is scrumptious. The entire sentence is a clause (specifically, the main clause), yet a portion of the clause is a phrase. 'Dark and lychee dessert' does not have a verb; it is only the subject. That is, it is a sentence. However, there are numerous sorts of phrases and sentences, making differentiation difficult.

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It takes practice to figure out whether anything is a phrase or a clause. The easiest method to learn is to practice looking at the string of words and analyzing the various pieces to see whether they are phrases or clauses.

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Conversion of Phrases Into Clauses

Transforming phrases into clauses is the first step toward creating a complete sentence. To make a phrase into a clause, you must first consider adding a subject and a verb to the phrase. Let's begin with a phrase, which is a collection of words that lacks a subject and a verb. There is no subject or verb in the phrase "in the village." This indicates that it is a sentence. We now require a subject to serve as the major emphasis of the clause. A statement's subject will be something like a person, location, animal, or item. Assume the subject of this clause is 'a herd of goats.' Finally, we must include a verb - an action that the 'herd of goats' will perform. We'll use the verb ''live" for this phrase. Let's combine them all: 'The herd of goats live in the village. ' This has resulted in the formation of a primary (or independent) clause.

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Once you've generated your clause, you must decide whether it's a primary clause or a subordinate clause - do you really need to add a second clause to have it make perfect sense? Remember this easy procedure for converting phrases to clauses: Phrase → add subject → add a verb. Now let us have a look at the various kinds of Clauses and Phrases

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Types of Clauses and Phrases

Clauses can be classified into four types. In English grammatical constructs, four kinds of clauses are used. The four major types of clauses in English grammar are as follows. 1. Main or the primary clause: The main clause of a sentence consists of the subject and the verb. It can be used as an independent sentence or in conjunction with a subordinate clause to provide further information. The simple statement "Droplets dripped" is an instance of an exceedingly short, basic main clause in a famous book on War and Peace. The main clause is formed by combining the word "droplets" with the verb "dripped." A compound sentence may consist of two major clauses connected by a comma and coordinating conjunction that can stand alone. "My kitty was agitated, so we headed for a walk," for instance, is a compound phrase. 2. Subordinate clause: A subordinate clause is a subsidiary sentence that is linked to the main clause by subordinate conjunction such as "because," "as," or "while." Coordination conjunctions such as "or," "but," or "but" can also be used to link a subordinate phrase to the main sentence. A subordinate clause might be the primary clause without the conjunction, but the fusion makes it an incomplete notion. In the statement "She slipped because she was pushed," for example, the subordinate clause is "because she was pushed. "

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3. Adjective clause: An adjective clause, also referred to as an adverbial clause, is a dependent phrase that connects to the main clause with the use of a relative pronoun. These include "who," "whom," "whose," "which," or "that," or by employing a relative adverb such as "when," "where," or "why." For example, in the statement "She sobbed when Ryan ditched her," the adjective clause is "when Ryan ditched her." 4. A noun clause: It is a clause that substitutes a single noun. "The diamond trophy goes to the victor," for example, can be changed to "The diamond trophy goes to whoever wins the marathon." "Whoever wins the race," as it substituted the noun "the victor," is the noun clause. Now let us have a look at different types of phrases.

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In English grammar, there are many different sorts of sentences that fulfill various functions. Here are some examples of popular phrases. 1. Noun phrase: It is made up of a noun and its adjective modifiers. The noun phrase in the statement "The youthful smart scholar will graduate" is "the youthful smart scholar. " 2. Verb phrase: A verb phrase made up of the verb and its modifiers. The verb phrase in the statement "My grandmother was walking energetically" is "was walking energetically. " 3. Gerund phrase: A phrase that starts with a gerund (a verb that ends in -ing and behaves as a noun) and includes its modifiers. For instance, in the statement "Listening music is enjoyable," the gerund phrase in this statement is " listening music". 4. Infinitive phrase: The infinitive phrases that start with the infinitive verb "to." The infinitive phrase in the statement "Germy's goal is to study the antiquities" is "to study the antiques. " 5. Appositive phrase: A comma-separated appositive phrase reinterprets a word with vital or non-essential content. The appositive term in the sentence "Marie, my sister, is a doctor" is "my sister. "

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6. Participial phrase: A participial phrase starts with a past or present participle and modifies the verbs to be used as adjectives or nouns. For instance, the participle phrase in the statement "Having taken the chance to perform, the band performed magnificently" is "Having taken the chance to perform " 7. Prepositional phrase: A phrase that starts with a preposition and describes the placement or state of the statement's subject. The prepositional phrase in the statement "The chef piped frosting on the cakes" is "on the cakes. " 8. Absolute phrase: These phrases are used to change an entire statement and have a subject but no action verb. The absolute term in the statement "He left the glass, his hands shaking" is "his hands shaking. " These are some of the most common phrases. However, there are also an adjective and adverb phrases. Conclusion Exploring and learning the difference between clauses and phrases is the initial move to grasp the diverse ways of writing the sentence and adopting the various styles. Once you get hold of this, you can move on and try different sentence styles!

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REVIEW AND PRACTICE

A phrase is a group of words that may include nouns or verbals but may not include a subject performing a verb. The following are some phrases: 1. leaving behind the cat 2. slamming into a wall 3. before the initial exam 4. after the destruction 5. Because of her brilliant smile These examples contain nouns (cat, wall, exam, destruction). You have a few verbs (leaving, slamming), but the noun is never used as a subject doing a predicate verb. All of them are phrases.

A clause is a group of words containing a subject actively performing a verb. The following are some clause examples: 1. since she laughs at hesitant men . 2. I dislike people with bad character . 3. When the sages go rallying in . She, I, Sages is the subject in the above; examples, whereas the terms laughs, dislikes, and go rallying are the predicate verb.

An independent clause is one that can exist by itself and form a comprehensive sentence with punctuation. The following are separate clauses: 1. I dislike people of bad character . 2. Scott Simps is scarier than a Tiger ! We may easily convert isolated clauses into entire sentences by adding proper punctuation marks. "I dislike people of bad character," we could say. "Scott Simps is scarier than a Tiger!" we could say. We call them independent clauses because they can stand on their own, without any additional words, and form whole sentences.

Dependent sentences usually have a subject performing the verb, but they are preceded by a subordinate conjunction. That subordinate conjunction implies that the clause cannot stand exist as a complete sentence. Rather, the dependent clause is dependent on another phrase; it cannot form a complete sentence on its own, despite having a subject performing a verb. Subordinating Conjunctions and Dependent Words include since, until, because, until, when, if, and so on. These clauses do not, by themselves, form full thoughts or sentences. The subordinate conjunctions since, when, and because lead the audience to expect the speaker to offer some additional information. The thought is incomplete.

Identify whether the underlined groups of words are phrases or clauses.

She studied under the street light .

CLAUSE

PHRASE

Identify whether the underlined groups of words are phrases or clauses.

Put the cups on the desk .

CLAUSE

PHRASE

Identify whether the underlined groups of words are phrases or clauses.

I know a woman who works in Delhi Police .

PHRASE

CLAUSE

Identify whether the underlined groups of words are phrases or clauses.

Planets revolve around the sun .

CLAUSE

PHRASE

Identify whether the underlined groups of words are phrases or clauses.

She wears a bracelet which is made of silver .

PHRASE

CLAUSE

In the following sentences, Identify whether the highlighted portion is a Phrase or Clause .

Faced with numerous challenges, I decided to take assistance from a Psychologist .

CLAUSE

PHRASE

In the following sentences, Identify whether the highlighted portion is a Phrase or Clause .

He came to work on time in spite of missing the bus .

PHRASE

CLAUSE

In the following sentences, Identify whether the highlighted portion is a Phrase or Clause .

Before eating any supplement, I always talk to my nutritionist .

PHRASE

CLAUSE

In the following sentences, Identify whether the highlighted portion is a Phrase or Clause .

They were offended by the little kid yelling loudly .

CLAUSE

PHRASE

WHICH AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION guarantees and protects a person’s right to freedom of expression?

5TH AMENDMENT

2ND AMENDMENT

1ST AMENDMENT

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE SYSTEM OF "CHECKS AND BALANCES" ?

TO SPLIT THE POWERS OF THE GOVERNMENT EQUALLY.

TO DIVIDE THE GOVERNMENT INTO 3 BRANCHES.

TO MAKE SURE THAT NO BRANCH BECOMES TOO POWERFUL

the sharing of power between federal government and individual state governments is called....

THE CONSTITUTION

SEPARATION OF POWERS

FEDERALISM

Sentence Structures

There are four structures:

• compound-complex sentences
• simple sentences
• complex sentences
• compound sentences

Simple sentences

These sentences have one clause (the independent clause.) The clauses usually express just one idea/ thought. Additionally, these sentences only carry a single verb. Examples:

• The maid is cooking.
• Sam is sleeping.
• Her mother is sweeping the house.

Compound Sentences

Compound sentences refer to sentences whose independent clauses are more than one. Meaning, their minimum independent clauses are two, and they do not have dependent clauses. These independent clauses are joined together using conjunctions, or punctuation. The punctuation mark used is the semi-colon and conjunctions include: and, but, yet, for, so, nor, and or. Examples:

• Michael studied at the US and Elizabeth studies in China. (The independent clauses are “Michael studied at the US” and “Elizabeth studied in China” and are joined by the conjunction “and”) They are independent clauses since they express a complete idea.

• Mary is cooking, but Moses is washing the dishes. (The sentence has two verbs “cooking” and “washing,” hence two clauses. The clauses are joined together by the conjunction “but”)

• My vehicle broke down; I arrived late. (The semi-colon joins the clauses in this sentence)

Complex Sentences

These sentences have a main clause and a dependent clause (at least one). Additionally, complex sentences have to subordinate conjunctions which indicate a dependent clause, such include, like because, after, as, although, how, before, since, if, once, then, where, until, whether, that, till, and while. Examples:

• I missed my exam because I was late. (The independent clause is “I missed my exam,” whereas the dependent clause is “because I was late” and the subordinating conjunction is “because”)

• I cooked hurriedly after his arrival. (“I cooked hurriedly” is the independent clause whereas the dependent clause is “after his arrival” and “after” is the subordinating conjunction)

Complex-compound Sentences

These sentences have multiple clauses, that is, a minimum of two independent/main clauses and a minimum of one dependent clause. Examples:

• Mary didn’t sit the exam because she came late, so the teacher was angry. (The independent clauses in this sentence are “Mary didn’t sit the exam” and “The teacher was angry.” On the other hand, the dependent clause is “because she came late” )

• The teacher, who is on duty, is incompetent, but the principal is competent. (The independent clauses are, “The teacher is incompetent” and “the principal is competent.” “Who is on duty” is the dependent clause.”) In addition to subordinate conjunctions, dependent clauses can also begin with relative pronouns like whose, whom, who, which, and that.

types of sentences

There are four types of sentences

Declaritive Sentences

Interrogative Sentences

Imperative Sentences

Exclamatory Sentences

Declarative Sentences

These sentences are the most common. They refer to sentences that make statements, describe things/ people, and also express feelings /opinions. They must end with a full-stop. Examples:

• Mary loves eating cookies. (Statement)
• I am excited because of the upcoming sports day. (Feeling)
• His wife is smartly dressed. (Describes a person)

Interrogative Sentences

These refer to sentences that help people ask questions. They must have a question mark at the end. They can begin with words like do, why, what, how, when, did, where. Examples:

• What is an interrogative sentence?
• Did you complete your assignment?
• Do you know the answers to the mathematics assignment?

Imperative Sentences

These are sentences that express a command, instruction, or request. They have a full-stop at the end but could also have an exclamation mark in case of forceful demands. Examples:

• Please give me some tea. (a request)
• Stop it! (Command)
• Close the door immediately after cleaning the house. (instruction)

Exclamatory Sentences

These are sentences that express emotions. They thus must have an exclamation mark at the end.

• Wow, he got a law degree!
• What a great day!
• How well she dances!
• I can’t believe she is finally getting married!

A sentence refers to a clause, word, or a group of clauses or words that express a complete thought. A sentence must begin with a capital letter and end with an exclamation mark, full-stop or question mark) There are different types of sentence structures and types and help in writing correct and complete sentences.

Exclamatory Sentences

These are sentences that express emotions. They thus must have an exclamation mark at the end.

• Wow, he got a law degree!
• What a great day!
• How well she dances!
• I can’t believe she is finally getting married!

A sentence refers to a clause, word, or a group of clauses or words that express a complete thought. A sentence must begin with a capital letter and end with an exclamation mark, full-stop or question mark) There are different types of sentence structures and types and help in writing correct and complete sentences.

Lesson Completed

Exit

LESSON 2:

PARAGRAPH WRITTING

How to Structure a Paragraph

Writing a coherent paragraph can sometimes be challenging. One must hone the skill to form a good piece of writing. These are just like building blocks for a passage, making it easier for a reader to divide the central concept of the piece of writing. The layout of your thoughts determines how comprehendible it is for the reader. Here is a basic pattern to which you can add things and customize them according to your need.

Parts of a paragraph

The basic paragraph consists of three parts:

• a topic sentence
• supporting details
• and a concluding sentence.

topic sentence

A topic sentence introduces the reader to the concepts that are found within the content. It can appear anywhere in a body of work, but it is usually structured as the first sentence. If you plan to write an informative passage, it is better to list the topic sentence for each information point you intend to provide. Often, the Topic sentence is the first sentence of a paragraph. Also, we can call an introduction sentence of a paragraph. It states the main idea of each paragraph and displays how the idea connects to the thesis or overall focus of the paper. All consequent points presented in the paragraphs must support the topic sentence.

Elaborate on the Topic These are some sentences that follow the topic sentence. They are not necessarily required in case the topic sentence is self-explanatory. Otherwise, if the topic sentence includes many ideas, each needs an explanation, so use separate sentences.

supporting sentences (supporting details)

The supporting sentences explain more about the topic sentence by showing some facts, stats, or examples regarding the topic. It also includes the writer’s experience & own analysis and used to develop the topic sentence. Support the Claim with supporting sentences in a paragraph that give information about the idea which author claims. for example, arguments, examples, analysis, facts, etc.

Concluding sentences

it is the end of the paragraph which is also known as final statement about the topic. It ties all ideas given in the paragraph and emphasizes the main idea one last time. In the concluding sentence, the writer usually restates their topic sentence or summarizes the main points of the paragraph. It can be one sentence or more, to sum up all the points explained over the course of the work to give a compact look. It must be written so that if a reader doesn't read the whole paragraph and just reads this part, he must get the main idea.

Links Between Sections Sometimes, if another paragraph contains something similar to the theme of the introduction, then it must be linked to the next paragraph. It makes reading more smoother. Transition words like, however, therefore, moreover, in order to, etc., are used in these sentences to give rise to another point swiftly. Paragraph Structure Types.

The structure of a paragraph keeps changing with the tone of the work, so a writer must know which tone he wants to set. According to the tone used and the information provided, there are four types of paragraphs. Persuasive: the writer emphasizes a single point and supports it with his opinions. The focus of this work revolves in proving that point to be true. This tone is common in argumentative essays, speeches, and persuasive essays. Expository: Just like persuasive writing, expository also explains only a single idea. However, this is supported using facts, and you can find them in all kinds of essays. Narrative: Such paragraphs are part of a story plot. They explain an event or an action. More context is provided with details in other sentences as support. Descriptive: All points made in a descriptive paragraph are angled in such a way that they point in one direction. Such as describing a building in a paragraph, all details like its color, texture, and height would add in supporting sentences.

how to write a paragraph

1. Topic Sentence

• What is the topic sentence? The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph.
• What does it do? It introduces the main idea of the paragraph.
• How do I write one? Summarize the main idea of your paragraph. Make clear what your Paragraph will be about.

2. Supporting Details

• What are the supporting sentences? They come after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph.
• What do they do? They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph.
• How do I write them? You should give supporting facts, details, and examples

3. Closing Sentence

• What is the closing sentence? The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph.
• What does it do? It restates the main idea of your paragraph.
• How do I write one? Restate the main idea of the paragraph using different words.

a paragraph should be as long or as short as necessary to develop a main idea. There is no absolute rule for how many sentences a paragraph must have. A paragraph can have two to three sentences, but the typical maximum number is five to seven sentences to be considered a good paragraph.

LESSON 3 summarIZING

What is a summary?

A summary of a text is a brief restatement of the important details. You don’t repeat all of the information and details because, just like a story with too much detail, this would make a summary pretty boring. You have to select and organize the information so it’s easy for someone else to understand and follow. A summary can be written about anything, including both nonfiction and fiction texts. That means novels, newspaper articles, and even movies can be summarized. Fortunately, the process of writing a good summary is more or less the same no matter what it is that you’re summarizing.

How to Write A Summary

You’ve just finished writing an in-depth article on a topic you’re passionate about, giving the readers what they came for along with the way, but now you’re stuck with how you should end things. “How do you write a summary WITHOUT dragging things out, or missing the point?” you ask yourself.

Revisit the main idea: It might have taken you 2000 words to fully cover a topic, but that doesn’t mean you have to go this in-depth in your summary. Figure out what the main points of the topic are and reiterate them back to the reader as best as possible, but keep things to a couple of sentences. Keep it concise: A summary isn’t a place for you to completely rewrite the article in as few words as possible, it’s a place to simply sum up what has been discussed, which will help to not only end the article in a structured manner but will help to remind the reader what they’ve just read.

State the facts When you’re writing the summary, make sure you’re stating all the facts necessary so that the audience can make their own judgment on the piece, do not list your own opinions here unless you are some sort of personal brand. Since being a personal brand, they’ve probably come to your page because they actually want YOUR opinion, so in this case, it’s the absolute best opportunity to let them know how you feel. Keep it flowing You would have had a momentum all throughout the original article, and you’ll want to carry this same momentum when you get to your summary.

1. pick the important details

Before you even start writing a summary, you have to decide what the important details of the text are. This will vary depending on what you are writing about. However, there are some basic questions you can ask your self about the text to help you find the important information:

• Who are the most important people in the text?
• What happened?
• How did things happen?
• Why did these things happen?
• When did the action take place?
• Where did events occur?

For example: if we were writing a summary of Hatchet by Gary Paulsen, we would answer these questions like so:

• Who is the most important person? Brian Robeson, a 13-year-old boy.

• What happened? His plane crashes in the wilderness, and Brian has to learn how to survive. He learns to build shelter, hunt for food, and keep himself safe for 54 days.

• How did things happen? Brian was scared and frustrated at first, but then he discovers he is stronger than he realized.

• Why did these things happen? Brian was visiting his dad in Canada because his parents got a divorce. The pilot of the plane had a heart attack and so the plane crashed.

• When did the action take place? In the summer, sometime in the recent past

• Where did the events occur? The Canadian wilderness

These six questions should just be a starting point. Depending on what you are summarizing, some of these questions may be more important than others. For example, if you are writing a summary of a biography, don’t recount every single event that happens in the person’s life (what happened). In that case, pick out just a few life events that are particularly important to include in the summary. However, it might be good to spend more time describing the person’s characteristics (who they are).

In general, a summary should have an outline similar to this one: Topic: Describe the main idea or the premise of the text Important fact/event 1: What, why, and how? Important fact/event 2: What, why, and how? Important fact/event 3: What, why, and how? Conclusion: Restate the main idea or describe overall theme of the passage

Here’s how we would use this outline for our example of Hatchet: Topic: Brian Robeson, a 13-year-old boy, survives for 54 days alone in the Canadian wilderness. Important fact/event 1: His parents recently divorced, and he is going to visit his dad in Canada. On the flight, the pilot has a heart attack, and the plane crashes. Important fact/event 2: Brian is frustrated and scared in the wilderness. Important fact/event 3: Brian learns to survive by building shelter and hunting for food. Conclusion: Brian learns that he is stronger than he realized.

2. Write the summary

Once you have all of their facts and details identified and organized, it’s time to write the summary. And remember, don’t just restate the answers to the questions from Step 1. You will need to make sure it’s easy for their audience, the reader, to follow along That’s where transitions are handy. They act as markers for the reader. Some transitions to incorporate into a good summary are

• Introduction: initially, at first, once, before
• Facts/Events: then, after, next, for example, in fact, also
• Conclusion: finally, in the end, therefore.

To keep things interesting for the reader, try to vary the sentence length and structure. However, avoid recounting dialogue word-for-word and asking too many questions. There is no “right” length for a summary. It will depend on the assignment requirements and the length of the text being written about.

Using the outline of our Hatchet summary from Step 1, here’s an example of the summary I wrote:

Hatchet tells the story of Brian Robeson, a 13-year-old boy who survives for 54 days alone in the wilderness. Brian is on a plane headed to Canada to visit his father who lives there after his parent’s divorce. Suddenly, the pilot has a heart attack, and the plane crashes. Initially, Brian is frustrated and scared in the Canadian wilderness. Then, he learns to survive by building shelter and hunting for food. In the end, Brian learns that he is stronger than he realized.

3. Edit the summary

The secret to good writing is good editing. When you are done writing a draft of the summary, you should take some time to edit it. First, review the questions asked in Step 1. Did you answer all of the relevant ones in the draft? If not, go back and add that information. Did you use transitions? Did you mix up sentence types? Did you avoid repeating dialogue or copying the text? Finally, read the draft one more time to make sure everything is spelled correctly and you didn’t miss any punctuation. Final tips: It helps to plan ahead. keep an eye out for important information as you read a text and take notes on the details. And don’t forget that a good summary is concise. This is one assignment where less is truly more!

check

Example of A Summary

Summaries are a key part of finishing up your writing, especially if it’s a long-form piece of content you’ve written for your blog or school paper.Though the next time you write a summary, remember these key points to help you produce something sufficient: Revisit the main idea: Make sure you read over your writing and figure out what needs to be mentioned to help drill the idea into the reader’s mind. Keep it short and sweet: You’ll want to keep things as short as possible whilst still offering essential information to the reader. State the facts: Revisit the facts and make sure they are clear to the reader; add your opinion if that’s what they’ve come for. Smooth writing: Make sure the summary flows as well as the rest of your text. These 4 things will help you to take your conclusion to the next level, so you can finally finish off an awesome piece of writing the right way.

SUMMARY

a SUMMARY IS A SHORTENED VERSION OF THE STORY. iT RETELLS ALL THE IMPORTANT PARTS OF THE STORY. a SUMMARY:

• IS TOLD IN SEQUENCE
• CAN INCLUDE THE MAIN IDEA, SUPPORTING DETAILS AND THEME OF THE STORY.
• CAN BE WRITTEN IN 3-5 SENTENCES.

tO HELP WRITE A SUMMARY THINK: (B) BEGINNING: WHO ARE THE CHARACTERS?, WHAT IS THE SETTING?, WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? (m) MIDDLE: WHAT EVENTS HAPPEN TO THE CHARACTERS?, WHAT IS THE CLIMAX OF THE STORY? (E) END: HOW IS THE PROBLEM RESOLVED?, HOW HAVE THE CHARACTERS CHANGED?

LESSON 4WRITING

WRITTING AN INTRODUCTION

What is an introduction?

Introductions generally follow the writing style of the author and the format for the type of paper—for example, opening with a joke is appropriate for some essays, but not research papers. However, no matter what your writing style is or what kind of paper you’re writing, a good introduction includes at least three parts:

• A hook to capture the reader’s attention
• Background for context
• A clearly defined thesis statement or main point of your paper

What is an introduction?

Introductions generally follow the writing style of the author and the format for the type of paper—for example, opening with a joke is appropriate for some essays, but not research papers. However, no matter what your writing style is or what kind of paper you’re writing, a good introduction includes at least three parts:

• A hook to capture the reader’s attention
• Background for context
• A clearly defined thesis statement or main point of your paper

NARRATIVE WRITING

What is Narrative Writing? A narrative is a type of story. However, it is written and told from the writer's point of view or the protagonist's. The essay is also combined with the basics of descriptive writing to give more depth to the work. In the most basic sense, narrative writing tells a story. While some people may only relate telling stories to their childhood or to fiction, people tell stories virtually every day. When a person is asked, “What happened at work today?” “What did you do this weekend?” “How did you meet?” a story generally follows. In fact, people basically form relationships through the stories they exchange. The narrative has three forms: first person, second person, and third person. How To Differentiate Between the Three: First-person narratives will always use I, me, and we. At the same time, the second-person narrative will use you, your, etc. On the other hand, a third-person narrative will use he, she, and they.

The Basics of Narrative Writing Characters: List down the characters that will appear. The list should be in order according to the major and minor roles. Setting: Where and in what time of life your story takes place. The first two paragraphs usually identify the setting. Plot: This is a sequence of events that occurs in the story. Students must write down the plots in short pointers and form a paragraph. Even fiction writers who use narrative techniques build up a plot. Themes: Think of the themes you would use, such as family-oriented, identity-crisis, love, friendship, self-actualization, etc. Conflict: Write down the conflict that you or the protagonists faced. It can be a character against society, nature, another character, or a battle against self. Resolution: The solution to the conflict is the resolution.

Although telling a story may sound like a simple goal, several intricacies are involved in good storytelling such as vivid, sensory details; clear imagery; setting specific scenes; and effective use of dialogue. As in descriptive writing, which provides the foundation for good narratives, the goal of “show, don’t tell” is extremely important. Like informative writing, a narrative does not have to have a thesis, but, once again, having a main point—a clear theme—is vital because the details included will help express and support it. Remembering this can help the writer do more than make general statements or listing unneeded details in their stories. Good storytelling does more than that; it sets specific scenes in detailed settings— ones that the reader can easily picture and ties details together. It also typically relays information in either chronological order or flashback (starting near the end and then “flashing back” to the beginning to tell the story). Some narrative writers might also choose to tell their story in episodes to help contrast points of view or make connections. The organization of the narrative can also help in creatingtension or conflict, another essential element of a good story.

Examples of Narratives from Literature

Examples of Narratives from Literature

the Catcher In The Rye Where I want to start telling is the day I left Pencey Prep. Pencey Prep is a school that's in Agerstown, Pennsylvania. You probably heard of it. You've probably seen the ads, anyway. They advertise in about a thousand magazines, always showing some hotshot guy on a horse jumping over a fence. This is the first-person narrative example written by J.D. Salinger.

Us It happened because I took my class on an outing to the National Gallery… It's essential for kids to be exposed to art and culture, if only so that they'll see that media conmen like Jake Hitchins aren't the only artists our civilization has ever produced. Not, by the way, that I'm bitter about Jake's success. If I could persuade people to spend thousands of pounds on my melted garden furniture, I'm sure I would. Another example of first-person narrative by Richard Mason. The Night Circus

The Night Circus What kind of circus is only open at night?" people ask. No one has a proper answer, yet as dusk approaches, there is a substantial crowd of spectators gathering outside the gates. You are amongst them, of course. Your curiosity got the better of you, as curiosity is wont to do. You stand in the fading light, the scarf around your neck pulled up against the chilly evening breeze, waiting to see for yourself exactly what kind of circus only opens once the sun sets. This is the second-person narrative example by Erin Morgenstern.

Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth allowed that he had given a very rational account of it, and they continued talking together with mutual satisfaction till supper put an end to cards and gave the rest of the ladies their share of Mr. Wickham's level of attention. There could be no conversation in the noise of Mrs. Phillips's supper party, but his manners recommended him to everybody. Whatever he said was said well, and whatever he did, done gracefully. This is the third-person narrative example by Jane Austen..

Narrative: Biographical

In this type of narrative, the main goal is to give an overall impression of a person through details of his or her life. Research is crucial, and, if possible, interviewing the person will be extremely helpful. The person’s history should be studied, selecting information that conveys a sense of who the person is. The writer might consider elements such as appearance, personality, accomplishments, influences, background, and contributions (tohistory, society, community, family, etc.). After this, the writer then decides how to tell the person’s story in an interesting and meaningful manner.

DESCRIPTIVE WRITING

What Is Descriptive Writing? In simple words, descriptive writing is a style of written language that focuses on describing a scene, place, person, or thing. Through this form of language, authors can paint an image of whatever they are explaining in the reader's brain It is used for the purpose of describing a person, place, or thing. This form of writing has a bold appeal to readers when it is used to activate their human senses. When we frame language in this way it will often help set an atmosphere that far exceeds the words on the page and almost force the intended audience to form an emotional connection with the piece. The use of sensory language can transform the details of a story from mundane and vague into a vivid heart-pumping vision by the readers. Teachers will often help students become better descriptive writers through modeling and sharing literature of this form. Experience we find is one of the best exercises towards mastering this skill.

Painting a picture with words is a perfect way to define descriptive writing. You can use similes and metaphors to describe hard-to-express feelings. The more vivid the description, the more connected your reader will feel with the story. Where Is It Used? Descriptive writing explains the scenes and settings in creative works and ideas and concepts in a formal setting. Here’s where you can use the descriptive style: stories, novels, poems, product or destination descriptions, and memoirs. descriptive writing is written keeping all five senses in mind. For example, you are reading a descriptive essay about Niagara Falls. In that essay, the writer will focus on the following details: Hearing: The sound of the waterfall and birds chirping Touch: The feeling of wet grass Smell: The smell of fresh rainwater Taste: Taste of rainwater Vision: The beauty of nature

pERSUASIVE wRITING

Persuasive You need to adopt a persuasive writing style to get your point across, share a personal opinion, or convince your reader or listener to sympathize, support, or agree with you. You cannot achieve that by simply sharing your viewpoint. You will need to add statistical data, testimonial, textual, or anecdotal evidence to back up your viewpoint. It is best to remove the element of emotion from persuasive writing. Where Is It Used? Essays, speeches, presentations, letters of recommendation, job applications, editorial pieces, reviews, and sales and business writeups display this form by attempting to convince people of their point of view. Example of Persuasive Writing - Why are smartphones bad for kids? - Top 5 reasons to buy an immersion blender - Is legalizing marijuana a good idea?

expository wRITING

Expository Expository writing aims to declare facts or teach or inform the reader about a particular subject or topic. An piece of expository piece should answer as many what, why, who, and when questions a reader can think of about that subject. It should have easy-to-understand language with minimal technical jargon. Keeping one’s opinions and emotions at bay while writing an expository document is vital. Where is It Used? Previously considered strictly academic, expository writing is now found all over the web in explanatory and step-by-step articles. You should adopt this style for teaching or training through written language. FAQ pages, DIY articles, training materials, textbooks, self-help articles, and technical pieces are all written in the expository style. Examples of Expository Writing - This article – the one you're reading right now - All 'how to' articles on the internet - The History of Chess

LESSON 5

what is an essay?

In the most simple terms, an essay is a short piece of writing which is set around a specific topic or subject. The piece of writing will give information surrounding the topic but will also display the opinions and thoughts of the author.

TYPES OF ESSAYS

Topic

When it comes to writing an essay, there is not simply one type, there are in fact, quite a few types of essay and each of them have their own purpose and function.

IN THIS LESSON WE WILL FOCUS MOSTLY ON THE 4 MAIN TYPES OF ESSAYS.

• Narrative Essays
• Descriptive Essay
• EXPOSITORY ESSAYS
• ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAYS

narrative essays

A narrative essay is written in the form of a story and clearly gives a point of view on the subject-most often that of the author. The idea of this type of essay is to engage the reader in a sensory and emotional way which will allow them to connect with what is being written about. A narrative essay is one which details a story, oftentimes from a particular point of view. A narrative essay will use characters, plots, and themes and may even include a dialogue. Each aspect of the narrative essay will revolve around the main point of essay-it's topic. You will use the plot as a way of detailing events within the story and whilst these are commonly in time order, you may feel free to time hop and include flashes from history or the future.

It is vital that when writing this type of essay you use fine details to allow the reader to feel the emotion and use their senses but also give the story the chance to make a point. The point of the essay should be mentioned early on, preferably in the opening line, but if not certainly within the introduction paragraph. You should also write this type of essay in either the third or first person and unlike a creative writing story, should always be based around the fact.

HOW TO WRITE A NARRATIVE ESSAY

he most important point to consider before writing your narrative essay is the topic. What will it be about and how can you include some truth in the story? It needs to be something that the reader can connect with and that will matter to them. Sharing personal experience is one of the best ways to write a narrative essay.

In order to create a great narrative essay, it is vital that you plan it out in great detail. The best way to do this is to write a detailed essay outline which will allow you to plan your essay and structure it. You should also consider the various elements of the story such as the characters, the plot, the motif and the theme. Think about the point of view that you want to put across within the essay and what you want the reader to take away from it. When planning your essay it is important to make sure that you only include details that are going to provide relevance to the story. By adding in too many words and phrases that don't contribute, you may end up confusing the audience. Whilst writing something like a novel is a great excuse to show off your knowledge of the English language, a narrative essay is not the place to do this. You should use language that is clear and concise and can be easily understood by anyone who is reading.

Descriptive Essay

A descriptive essay will describe something in great detail. The subject can be anything from people and places to objects and events but the main point is to go into depth. You might describe the item’s colour, where it came from, what it looks like, smells like, tastes like or how it feels. It is very important to allow the reader to sense what you are writing about and allow them to feel some sort of emotion whilst reading. That being said, the information should be concise and easy to understand, the use of imagery is widely used in this style of essay. We will now take a look at a passage from a descriptive essay, this one is from The Orchestra Played On written by Joanna Lipman. The hinge creaks as I open the decrepit case. I am greeted by flowing cascades of horsehair-the bow is a victim of the mites. It is agony when I twist my fingers to the position, but to my surprise and the surprise of my children-who were yet to hear me play- I was still able to make a sound.

expository essay

An expository essay is one which is used to explain something, in the most simple terms. the word expositor comes from the word expose and this means to uncover something so that other people are able to understand it for what it is. This type of essay is therefore used as a way of explaining or clarifying the subject for the reader. It might function as an evaluation or an investigation, but it could also Function as an argument surrounding the IdeA for clarification. it is easy to confuse this type of essay with the argumentative essay but the key difference is that the expository essay wiLL remaIn neutrAL whereAs the argumentative essay tends to take a side.

A good expository essay will allow the reader to gain a certain level of knowledge on the subject THAT is being exPLAINED and wiLL cleAr UP ANY misunderstandings tHAt thereader may have had. The essay serves as a way of looking neutrally at anY given topic and does not give the writer's personal views. Your expository essay should be simple and easy to understand as well as give a variety of viewpoints on the subject that is being discussed. Often times this type of essay is used as a way to detail a subject which is usually more difficult for people to understand, in a clear and concise manner.

Argumentative essay

When writing an argumentative essay, you will be attempting to convince your reader about an opinion or point of view. The idea is to show the reader whether the topic is true or false along with giving your own opinion. It is very important that you use facts and data to back up any claims that made within the essay.

Other Types Of Essays

Whilst there are four main types of essay, there are some more, less common types. Despite not being within the main four, these types of essay are still important and each serve their own purpose.

Definition Essays This is a type of essay which is used to define an idea, thing or concept. Simple Essays This is, as its name would suggest, a simple essay which is made up from five paragraphs and can be written on any subject. Persuasive Essays The persuasive essay is one which can be used as a way of convincing the readers of an idea. It might also be used in order to convince the reader not to do a particular thing, or indeed to do it..

Rhetorical Analysis Essays This type of essay is used as a way of analysing a piece of rhetoric or a speech and looks at any rhetorical devices which have been used. Analytical Essays As the name of this type of essay might suggest, it is an essay which is used to analyse something. This could be a piece of writing, a movie or anything else. The idea is that the analytical essay will look at what it is analysing from various viewpoints allowing the reader to form their own opinion. Compare And Contrast Essays When writing a compare and contrast essay, the author will be using it as a way of creating a comparison between two things or finding a contrast between them. But it is not limited to one or the other, you can also write a compare and contrast essay to do both of these things in one. Cause And Effect Essays This is a type of essay which allows the author to explain the cause of a certain thing as well as being able to explain the effects of it.

Critical Essays When writing a critical essay, the author will be writing about a piece of literature and evaluating it. They will use the good and bad points of the piece in order to do this. Process Essays The process essay is a way of outlining or detailing a process. This is done by breaking down the process so that the readers are able to understand it and even perform the process themselves once they have read the essay. Synthesis Essays This is a type of essay which is used as a way to synthesis various concepts in order to create a judgement on their good and bad points. Review Essays The review essay is one which looks at a piece of literature and gives a review on it based around the good and bad points within it.

Research Essays The research essay is one which is written based on a research question and aims to give a specific answer to it. The author will research the subject as a way of providing an answer to the question that was posed. Explanatory Essays This type of essay is used as way to explain any given piece of written work or literature. They can be written on a variety of types of literature such as poetry, novels or a short story.

HOW TO WRITE AN ESSAY

The writing process for an essay consists of three main stages:

preparation

writing

revision

the preparation stage

• Understand the assignment
• Choose a topic or question
• Read relevant sources
• Come up with a thesis statement
• Outline your structure

writing an introduction

Quiz 2/4

writting an introduction

Once you’ve completed your preparations, you can start writing your essay. Let’s look at the first part of an essay, the introduction. Audience question: What do you think are the main goals of an introduction?

hook your reader

goals of an introduction

provide background & contect

formulate your thesis statement

provide an overview of the essay

the body of the essay

Quiz 2/4

the body of the essay

The main body is where you present specific arguments in support of your thesis statement.

length of the body

A five-paragraph essay is standard in high school: The introduction, three body paragraphs, and the conclusion. At the university level, this is generally too simplistic. Essays become longer and less simply structured. A three-part body can still be a useful structure to organize your arguments. You might split your body into three multi-paragraph sections with headings, for example. You might also organize your essay differently; as long as your paragraphs are not excessively long or short, and you have a clear idea of what each paragraph is doing, it’s OK. As a rule, the body should make up the majority of your essay—typically about 70–80% of the text.Use a structure appropriate to the scope of your assignment and the shape of your arguments.

each paragraph in the main body...

• Every paragraph should contribute to the overall argument of your essay.

• There should be a clear central idea to each paragraph. Don’t just start a new one after a certain number of lines.

• Instead, build each paragraph around a specific idea, and use a topic sentence to introduce this idea.

• Present information in a logical order, and use transition words and phrases to show the connection between paragraphs.

• In each paragraph, present and interpret evidence to support your argument.

topic sentences

• A topic sentence introduces a paragraph by indicating its topic.
• A topic sentence comes at the start of the paragraph.
• It gives the reader a clear indication of what you’re going to discuss in the paragraph as a whole.

writing a conclusion

your conclusion ...

• Returns to your overall argument
• Ties together your main points
• Shows why it matters

Use the conclusion to sum up your argument and emphasize why it’s important. Briefly review the points you made in each paragraph or section, indicating how they fit together. Show why your argument matters by mentioning any broader implications it may have for academia, policy, or the wider world. Finish with a strong sentence that emphasizes your point clearly and powerfully. Be careful not to include important new ideas or evidence here: everything essential to understanding your argument should already have appeared in the main body.

Return to your thesis

Indicate that the essay is coming to an end by returning to your overall argument. Don’t just repeat your thesis statement—instead, try to rephrase your argument in a way that shows how it has been developed since the introduction.

show why it matters

Wrap up your conclusion by taking a broader view of the topic beyond the context you’ve focused on. Consider whether there are any important implications: have you contributed a new understanding or raised new questions? Can you apply your ideas to other contexts or debates?

The revision stage

• Once you’ve completed a draft of your text, it’s time to evaluate and revise it as necessary.
• First look for any big changes you might need to make—reformulating your arguments, adding or removing paragraphs, reordering information.
• Next, check for more local concerns—check that your sentences are clear, concise, and grammatically correct, and try to fix them where they aren’t.
• Finally, get down to the real nitpicking: Read through your essay for any typos, confused words, and stylistic inconsistencies.

five paragraaph essay

Topic

FIVE- PARAGRAPH ESSAY

The five-paragraph essay is primarily used in academic writing, and it’s one of the first styles of essay most students are taught. Within the framework of the five-paragraph essay, students can practice persuasive writing, compare and contrast two ideas, or even write researched informative pieces. writing a five-paragraph essay is that it has an easy-to-follow format. It’s clear from the title alone that the process will involve writing five separate sections, each with its own guidelines and specifications. From there, the trick is infusing creativity and your own unique writing style into the essay format.

A five-paragraph essay outline Now that you know the parts of a five-paragraph essay, it might help to see them in action. Here’s an outline format you can use to plan your own essays, filled in with examples of a thesis statement, topic sentences for your body paragraphs, and the main parts of a strong conclusion. Introduction

• Thesis statement: There’s a lot of debate about which food category hot dogs fit into, but it’s clear from the evidence that a hot dog is a type of sandwich.

Body paragraph #1

• Topic sentence: To begin, hot dogs fit the dictionary definition of the word sandwich.
• Supporting detail: Sandwich is defined as “two or more slices of bread with a layer of meat, fish, cheese, and whatever other filling you’d like between them.”
• Supporting detail: A hot dog is a grilled or steamed sausage, usually made of pork or beef, which qualifies as a layer of meat.
• Supporting detail: Hot dog buns are split rolls, similar to the ones used for deli sandwiches.

Body paragraph #2

• Topic sentence: Secondly, hot dogs meet the legal definition of sandwiches in many places.
• Supporting detail: Mark Wheeler, a food safety specialist with the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), says the organization defines a sandwich as “a meat or poultry filling between two slices of bread, a bun, or a biscuit.”
• Supporting detail: In New York state, tax law lists “hot dogs and sausages on buns” as types of sandwiches.
• Supporting detail: Additionally, tax law in California clearly includes “hot dog and hamburger sandwiches” served from “sandwich stands or booths.”

Body paragraph #3

• Topic sentence: Finally, most Americans agree that hot dogs are sandwiches.
• Supporting detail: In a poll of 1,000 people conducted by RTA Outdoor Living, 56.8% of respondents agreed a hot dog is a sandwich.
• Supporting detail: Many fast food chains that serve primarily burgers and sandwiches, like Five Guys burgers and Shake Shack, also sell hot dogs.
• Supporting detail: Lexicographers at Dictionary.com have also declared that hot dogs officially meet the criteria to be included in the sandwich category.

Conclusion: Restatement of thesis: Hot dogs are a unique kind of food, but the evidence makes it clear that they are indeed a type of sandwich.

1. The introduction Every five-paragraph essay begins with a thesis statement and an introductory paragraph. The thesis statement is a single sentence that clearly summarizes what the essay will be about, including your opinion on it if you’re writing an argumentative or persuasive piece. Once you have a clear thesis written, the rest of your introduction should include:

• Basic context or information about your intended topic (if necessary).
• A brief mention of the main points to be expanded on in the body of the essay.

Save the most significant information for the body paragraphs, but offer a preview of the points you intend to make in order to entice readers to read more. When put together, a strong introduction will look something like this: There’s a lot of debate about which food category hot dogs fit into, but it’s clear from the evidence that a hot dog is a type of sandwich. Hot dogs are an incredibly popular food in America. The National Hot Dog and Sausage Council estimates that we consume about 20 billion hot dogs a year. With that kind of devotion, it’s easy to see why people feel so passionate about which food category their beloved hot dogs fit into. But many experts, restaurateurs, and even the dictionary classify hot dogs as sandwiches, and it’s time to end this heated food debate once and for all.

2. Three body paragraphs The support for your thesis comes in the form of three separate body paragraphs. These paragraphs are where you include relevant details, expert quotes, citations from books or other resources, and any other information you need in order to convey your full argument or knowledge to the reader. Each of your body paragraphs should include the following:

• A topic sentence that clearly defines what the paragraph is about.

• Transition words (like first, lastly, additionally, however, etc.) to help guide the reader.

• Details that specifically support and expand on the thesis.

• Pertinent data, properly cited sources, quotes and/or relevant anecdotes.

• At least five sentences, though higher level writing may call for more.

Remember that each body paragraph should focus on one main argument or supporting detail. Including three body paragraphs means you have three separate paragraphs to write about three separate supports for your thesis. Finally, make sure the information you include is relevant. These paragraphs should be succinct and informative and not include tangential information. Here’s a sample body paragraph: To begin, hot dogs fit the dictionary definition of the word sandwich. Sandwich is defined as “two or more slices of bread with a layer of meat, fish, cheese, and whatever other filling you’d like between them.” A hot dog is a grilled or steamed sausage, usually made of pork or beef, which qualifies as a layer of meat. They can also have toppings, such as condiments or cold vegetables, just like other kinds of sandwiches might. Hot dogs are served on buns, which are a type of split sandwich roll. In many delis, other types of sandwiches are served on split rolls. Since they are served on the same bread as many sandwiches, hot dogs are clearly a type of sandwich.

Quiz 2/4

Name of subject

Fermentum vestibulum quam mattis mollis lacus dictumst suspendisse, convallis tempus posuere phasellus facilisi laoreet quis turpis, montes tempor?

Write the correct option here

Dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit libero felis tempor.

Write the wrong option here

Dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit libero felis tempor.

Write the wrong option here

Dolor sit amet consectetur adipiscing elit libero felis tempor.

Concepts

Name of subject

Place the following items in the corresponding order

A.Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet consect.

B.Adipiscing elit quis platea sapien.

C.Ornare euismod accumsan duis mus.

D.Hac arcu hendrerit tempus metus.

E.Mauris lobortis habitant facilisi inte.

F.Varius diam nibh aenean feugiat con.

check

NEWS ARTIClES

what is a news article?

A news article is a writing format that provides concise and factual information to a reader. News stories typically report on current affairs that are noteworthy—including legislation, announcements, education, discoveries or research, election results, public health, sports, and the arts. Unlike blog and opinion posts, a strong news article doesn’t include personal opinion, speculation, or bias. Additionally, the diction and syntax should be accessible to any reader, even if they’re not deeply familiar with the topic. News stories, therefore, don’t contain jargon that you might find in a research paper or essay.

There are three types of news articles:

Local: reports on current events of a specific area or community. For example “College Football Team Welcomes Legendary NFL Coach” or “School District Announces New Grading Policy.”National: reports on current affairs within a particular country. For example “NASA’s James Webb Telescope Captures Surreal Images of the Cosmos.” International: reports on social issues or current affairs of one or more countries abroad. For example “UK’s Record Heat Wave Expected to Continue Next Week.”

News articles are written to target the interest of its readers. Many newspapers are distributed or sold only in certain geographical areas, and print articles that are interesting to the residents of their particular area. Information regarding the new high school in San Francisco is unlikely to be of interest to a reader in Nashville, Tennessee, so a Nashville newspaper may decide not to print that article. Some newspapers, however, are distributed across a large area, and are read by people who live on opposite sides of the country. Newspapers must decide how large their audience is, and if a news article contains information that will benefit or be of interest to the readers.

The Goals of a News Article

Most journalists (the people who write news articles) try to follow certain guidelines in their work. These principles of journalism help make sure that when people open a newspaper, they can believe what they read.

1. A news article tells the truth: the journalist writes facts that are, to the best of his/her knowledge, true. A careful journalist only states things that he/she can prove to be true, and will ‘cite’ the source of any uncertain information. example: “According to Mrs. Brown, principal of North Oaks High School, most high school freshmen take Spanish as a second language.” In the statement above, even if it is later discovered that more high school freshmen take French instead of Spanish, the journalist has not lied. He/she has only claimed that Mrs. Brown says more freshmen take Spanish, which is still a true statement

2. News is factual: Something that is factual can be proved or disproved. For example, “Last Saturday was a rainy day,” is a factual statement, because it can be clearly shown that last Saturday either was or was not rainy. “Rainy days are depressing,” is not a factual statement, because it is a personal opinion. 3. News articles are objective: They do not reflect the personal opinions of the journalist. Quotes and opinions of witnesses and observers to events may be included in an article, but they must be cited

4. News articles related information: the information on a news article affects or is of interest to the public. Some newspapers print articles that are of interest to a smaller audience. When the audience is concentrated in a particular region, such as a particular city or state, the newspaper is known as a ‘local’ paper. 5. News articles report facts: The purpose of a news article is to report the facts of a current event or problem. Although many people enjoy reading the news, the purpose of a news article is not entertainment.

6. news articles are formal: The language used in news articles is often different from the language that is used in everyday conversation, or in stories or narratives. The style of writing is impersonal, and the vocabulary is often more formal.

main elements of a news article

There are certain elements that are common to almost all articles that you will read in the newspaper or find on the Internet. The following list explains the five major components, or parts, of a news article

headline (heading)

newspaper title

headline

The headline is the title of the news article. The headline should be short, does not include a lot of detail, and should catch the readers’ attentions. It is normally not a complete sentence, and tries to summarize the main idea or subject of the article. It is often printed in larger letters than the rest of the article, and the major words are capitalized.

headline

byline

By line

This line tells who is writing the article. It may also include the address of the author and the publication or news source for which he or she writes

sub-Headline

sub- headline

A sub-headline is like a headline but gives a bit more detail. a sub-headline helps get the readers attention and gives the reader am idea about the article. a sub-headline is optional.

sub- headline

Lead Paragraph(s)

Lead Paragraph(s) The lead paragraph is found at the beginning of the article. The lead briefly answers the questions

• “who”
• “what”
• “when”
• “why”
• “where”
• “how”

The ‘skeleton’ of the story can be found here.

supporting Paragraph(s)

These are the paragraphs which follow the lead. They develop the ideas introduced by the lead, and give more information in the form of explanations, details, or quotes. In many newspapers, these paragraphs are found on subsequent pages

how to write a news article

1. Gathering information: Perhaps the #1 rule of writing a newspaper article is that you are factual. You do not want to make assumptions or fabricate information. Before you can write your article, you must have as many of the facts as you can gather. Here are some facts that you will need to find out: What? The specific event that took place. Who? The people involved. Where? Places. When? Date and time. Why? Reasons for the event taking place. How? Connecting the facts.

2. OutliningDraft an outline for your news article. Brainstorm a snappy headline that concisely informs readers of the news topic while seizing their interest. Gather the most important points from your research. Once you have all your facts, you can begin to write your article.

3. WritingGet to writing! The paragraphs in a news article should be short, to the point, and written in a formal tone. Make sure that any statements or opinions are attributed to a credible source that you’ve vetted.

news article format A typical newspaper article contains five (5) parts: Headline: This is a short, attention-getting statement about the event. Byline: This tells who wrote the story. Lead paragraph: This has ALL of the who, what, when, where, why and how in it. A writer must find the answers to these questions and write them into the opening sentence(s) of the articles. Explanation: After the lead paragraph has been written, the writer must decide what other facts or details the reader might want to know. The writer must make sure that he or she has enough information to answer any important questions. A reader might have after reading the headline and the lead paragraph.This section can also include direct quotes from witnesses or bystanders. Additional Info: This information is the least important. Thus, if the news article is too long for the space it needs to fill, it can be shortened without rewriting any other part. This part can include information about a similar event

Lesson Completed

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