PETRÓLEO
POR CELIA AZABAL
PETRÓLEO
01
02
03
PROCESO DE FROMACIÓN
¿CUÁNTOS TIPOS HAY?
¿QUÉ ES?
ESQUEMA DESTILACIÓN FRACCIONADA
04
05
06
PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS
PRODUCTOS QUE SE PRODUCEN
07
08
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
FUELS & OIL DERIVATES
¿QUÉ ES EL PETRÓLEO?
El petróleo es un recurso natural líquido y aceitoso que se suele encontrar en rocas sedimentarias del fondo del mar o de la tierra. El petróleo es un recurso natural muy importante en la economía mundial, ya que es usado especialmente en el sector energético y en la industria en general. Es un recurso mineral oscuro que se compone de un conjunto de hidrocarburos, mezclados con azufre, hidrógeno y oxígeno en proporciones variables. Puesto que, es un recurso no renovable, no se puede reutilizar, producir o regenerar para su consumo; por esa razón es escaso.
TIPOS
Se toman en consideración las medidas de su gravedad expresada en API.
- Crudo liviano: gravedad API superior a 31,2 °API
- Crudo medio: gravedad API en un rango de 22,2 a 31,2 °API
- Crudo pesado: gravedad API en un rango de 10,1 a 22,2 °API
- Crudo extrapesado: gravedad Api menor a 10,1°API
Por la densidad:
Por la composición química.
DE BASE PARAFÍNICA: Son hidrocarburos cuyo compuesto principal es la parafina. También se llaman saturados. Con él se fabrican los disolventes para las pinturas, lubricantes y gasolina. DE BASE ASFÁLTICA: Conocidos como aromáticos o nafténicos. Al refinarlos se obtiene asfalto y gran cantidad de residuos.
Por el contenido de azufre.
De muy buena calidad. De él se obtiene gasolina. El contenido de azufre es menor a 0,51%.
El contenido de azufre es menor a 1,01 %. Cuesta mucho dinero obtener gasolina. Por esta razón, se utiliza para producir diésel.
COMPOSICIÓN
La composición de los compuestos en el petróleo crudo es muy variable, la información recopilada muestra que el carbono y el hidrógeno son los más abundantes, aunque su cantidad puede variar ligeramente entre cada fuente de crudo. Esto es una variación aproximada general de dichos elementos:
- Carbono: 83 a 97%
- Hidrógeno: 10 a 15%
- Nitrógeno: 0.1 a 2%
- Oxígeno: 0.05 a 1.5%
- Azufre: 0.05 a 6.0%
- Metales: menos del 0.1%
Entre los metales más comunes encontrados están el hierro, níquel, cobre y vanadio.
El origen del petróleo es uno de los fenómenos naturales más sorprendentes. A modo de resumen, el proceso de formación del petróleo es el siguiente:
- Durante millones de años se han ido descomponiendo restos orgánicos de seres vivos (tanto de animales como de plantas) que quedaron depositados en el lecho marino y zonas lacustres.
- Estos restos orgánicos quedaron enterrados bajo muchos metros de capas de tierra y rocas.
- La presión que estas capas ejercen, fue provocando que el resultado de la descomposición en un medio sin oxígeno fuese un compuesto líquido aceitoso, viscoso, de mayor densidad que el agua y de color oscuro.
FORMACIÓN
PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS
- Peso específico: El petróleo es más ligero que el agua. Aumenta con el porcentaje de asfalto.
- Olor: Los hidrocarburos no saturados tienen un olor desagradable, debido al ácido sulfhídrico y el azufre. Los petróleos crudos tienen olor aromático.
- Color: El color del petróleo puede ser amarillo, rojo pardo y negro. Por la luz reflejada, el aceite crudo es usualmente verde, debido a la fluorescencia, los aceites medianos color ámbar y los aceites más pesados son oscuros. Por lo general, su tonalidad se oscurece con el aumento de su peso específico, que se incrementa al aumentar su porcentaje de asfalto. Los hidrocarburos puros son incoloros, pero a menudo se colorean por oxidación, especialmente los no saturados.
- Viscosidad o resistencia al flujo: Se mide por el tiempo necesario para que una cantidad dada de petróleo fluya a través de una pequeña abertura.
- Volatilidad: En el petróleo crudo, depende de los puntos de ebullición de los diferentes componentes.
- Fluorescencia: Es el aspecto que presentan los hidrocarburos líquidos y gaseosos por efecto de los rayos infrarrojos.
DESTILACIÓN FRACCIONADA DEL PETRÓLEO
La destilación fraccionada de petróleo es el proceso en el que se separan los diferentes componentes del petróleo crudo. Cuanto mayor sea la cadena de carbono, mayor es la temperatura a la que hierven estos compuestos. El petróleo crudo se calienta y se transforma en un gas. Los gases pasan a través de una columna de destilación que se enfría a medida que aumenta la altura. Cuando se enfrían los gases por debajo de su punto de ebullición, se condensan en líquidos. Los líquidos se pueden sacar de la columna de destilación a distintas alturas.
PRODUCTOS OBTENIDOS DE LA DESTILACIÓN FRACCIONADA DEL PETRÓLEO
- Gases: metano, etano, propano y butano.
- Éter de petróleo: contiene principalmente pentanos y hexanos.
- Gasolinas y naftas: Mezcla formada por hidrocarburos de cuatro a doce átomos de carbono
- Queroseno: se utiliza como combustible de aviones reactores, combustible doméstico y para la iluminación.
- Gasóleos: son combustibles para motores Diesel y para calefacción.
- Fuelóleos residuales: se utilizan como combustibles de grandes instalaciones como las centrales térmicas.
- Aceites lubricantes: lubricante en el mundo de la mecánica.
- Ceras: es sólida a temperatura ambiente.
- Asfaltos: Sólido de color negro que se utiliza para pavimentar las carreteras o como material impermeabilizante. También forman parte de los aceites lubricantes con los que se engrasan los engranajes de los motores y de todas las máquinas a fin de alargar su vida útil.
- Coc: Carbón obtenido de las fracciones más pesadas del petróleo crudo.
FUELS & OIL DERIVATES
1. Gasoline Gasoline is the most used by combustion vehicles. Taking into account that it is estimated that there are more than 1,000 million cars in the world, its importance is more than clear. 2. Diesel Diesel is another fuel similar to gasoline although, as its process of obtaining it is cheaper, its price is lower. 3. Kerosene Kerosene is used in jet engines, making it the power source for airplanes. It is believed that a total of 96,000 aircraft fly over the sky every day, so their importance is, again, enormous. 4. Asphalt Asphalt is a material in whose composition is petroleum, and it is used for the roads. 5. Plastics Since the 50s, more than 8,000 million tons of plastic have been produced, to manufacture toys, electronic devices, bottles, bags, containers and thousands of other products made with this material, which is a derivative of petroleum. 6. Lubricants Thanks to its oily nature, oil has been treated to synthesize lubricants for machinery and engines, avoiding friction between components. 7. Petroleum coke Coke is a petroleum derivative which carbon fiber and graphite are obtained from. In addition, it is used to make important electrodes in the production of aluminum and steel.
FUELS & OIL DERIVATES
8. Paraffin
The wax of the candles we use at home is another derivative of petroleum. Anyway, paraffin is also used to make lubricants, electrical insulation, sealant for bottles, candies, chewing gum…
9. Pitch
Pitch is a material obtained from petroleum that is used to obtain graphite and carbon fiber.
10. Tar
Tar is a product obtained from the distillation of petroleum. It has a very dense and sticky consistency that is used in, in addition to asphalt, drugs, waterproofing and pipe linings.
11. Paint solvent
Solvents are petroleum derivatives that serve to remove paint, especially brushes, and even grease stains.
12. Detergents
The detergents we use daily to wash our clothes are also petroleum derivatives.
13. Insecticides
All of them have petroleum products in their composition.
14. Fungicides
Fungicides are substances used to eliminate harmful fungi and molds that grow on plants and can ruin crops. Like insecticides, they are obtained from petroleum derivatives.
FUELS & OIL DERIVATES
15. Fertilizers
Fertilizers are chemicals that improve soil quality, stimulating the growth of plant species. In this sense, petroleum is used to obtain ammonia, which is a very important source of nitrogen in crops.
16. Soaps
Many soaps, both shower gels and shampoos, have petroleum derivatives in their composition.
17. Medications
Many medicines and drugs have petroleum derivatives in their composition, which help the active ingredient to develop its function more effectively or through which these active ingredients are synthesized.
18. Butane gas
Butane gas has been, for many years, the main source of energy in homes to heat water, cook and run heating.
19. Synthetic fabric
Synthetic fabrics or fibers are always derived from petroleum.
20. Perfumes
In many perfumes, the volatile substances that give it its characteristic aroma are petroleum-derived compounds.
21. Food additives
Many of the additives used in the food industry to preserve food or enhance its flavor are derived from petroleum.
FUELS & OIL DERIVATES
22. Latex
Latex is a type of plastic so it is a petroleum derivative. It is used to make gloves and condoms.
23. Vaseline
Vaseline is a type of petroleum-derived oil that can be used to lubricate parts of the body and promote hydration.
24. Fuel oil
Fuel oil is a heavier petroleum-derived fuel than gasoline, diesel and kerosene that is used as an energy source in power plants and in marine vessels.
25. Propane
Propane gas is a petroleum derivative used in homes that do not have natural gas.
26. Vitamin supplements
Certain vitamin supplements are produced by different petroleum derivatives. Vitamins are produced synthetically from petroleum, as it is cheaper than doing it through biological sources.
27. Synthetic rubber
Rubber is a polymer that is obtained from the sap of different plants and is used to manufacture tires, rims and all kinds of waterproof and elastic items. As it is not possible to cover the demand only of vegetable origin, oil is used too.
28. Solar panels
The main tool of renewable energy such as solar requires oil for its manufacture. Solar panels are manufactured, in part, through petroleum derivatives.
ADVANTAGES OF OIL ENERGY
Oil has High Energy Density.
This is one of the primary reason why it is almost impossible to use other forms of energy. You can use a small amount of natural gas to generate a giant amount of energy.
Oil is Easily Available.
Oil is available in almost all parts of the world. You can easily access it, and this has been made possible by the efficient transport systems that are available in almost all places.
Oil is Used in a Variety of Industries.
Oil is used in almost all industries. Almost all the goods that you are using have been produced using oil at some stage in their production process. Oil is one of the essential inputs in almost all industries in the world.
DISADVANTAGES OF OIL ENERGY
Emission of Greenhouse Gases.
This has been the biggest threat to using oil energy. After combustion, oil releases gases such as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse emissions. These gases are very harmful to the ozone layer. Continued destruction of the ozone layer ultimately leads to global warming.
Water Pollution.
Oil is transported in crude form. This makes water transport the most viable option for moving the oil from one place to another. This leads to spills, and they are destructive to aquatic life.
Oil Refining Produces Highly Toxic Substances.
Oil is primarily a mixture of various hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons have to be refined first to be used in various ways. During this process, various toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and solids such as plastic are emitted.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
Petróleo - Qué es, definición y concepto | 2023 | Economipedia
▷ Tipos de petróleo - ¿Cómo se clasifican? (clasificacionde.org)
¿Cuál es la composición química del petróleo? (siliseed.com)
Cómo se FORMA el PETRÓLEO - Resumen del proceso (ecologiaverde.com)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Oil Energy (4gas.com)
Los 30 derivados del petróleo más importantes (y sus aplicaciones) (medicoplus.com)
https://www.ingenieriadepetroleo.com/destilacion-fraccionada-de-petroleo/
GRACIAS.
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Celia Azabal Martín
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Transcript
PETRÓLEO
POR CELIA AZABAL
PETRÓLEO
01
02
03
PROCESO DE FROMACIÓN
¿CUÁNTOS TIPOS HAY?
¿QUÉ ES?
ESQUEMA DESTILACIÓN FRACCIONADA
04
05
06
PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS
PRODUCTOS QUE SE PRODUCEN
07
08
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
FUELS & OIL DERIVATES
¿QUÉ ES EL PETRÓLEO?
El petróleo es un recurso natural líquido y aceitoso que se suele encontrar en rocas sedimentarias del fondo del mar o de la tierra. El petróleo es un recurso natural muy importante en la economía mundial, ya que es usado especialmente en el sector energético y en la industria en general. Es un recurso mineral oscuro que se compone de un conjunto de hidrocarburos, mezclados con azufre, hidrógeno y oxígeno en proporciones variables. Puesto que, es un recurso no renovable, no se puede reutilizar, producir o regenerar para su consumo; por esa razón es escaso.
TIPOS
Se toman en consideración las medidas de su gravedad expresada en API.
Por la densidad:
Por la composición química.
DE BASE PARAFÍNICA: Son hidrocarburos cuyo compuesto principal es la parafina. También se llaman saturados. Con él se fabrican los disolventes para las pinturas, lubricantes y gasolina. DE BASE ASFÁLTICA: Conocidos como aromáticos o nafténicos. Al refinarlos se obtiene asfalto y gran cantidad de residuos.
Por el contenido de azufre.
- Dulce:
De muy buena calidad. De él se obtiene gasolina. El contenido de azufre es menor a 0,51%.- Agrio:
El contenido de azufre es menor a 1,01 %. Cuesta mucho dinero obtener gasolina. Por esta razón, se utiliza para producir diésel.COMPOSICIÓN
La composición de los compuestos en el petróleo crudo es muy variable, la información recopilada muestra que el carbono y el hidrógeno son los más abundantes, aunque su cantidad puede variar ligeramente entre cada fuente de crudo. Esto es una variación aproximada general de dichos elementos:
- Carbono: 83 a 97%
- Hidrógeno: 10 a 15%
- Nitrógeno: 0.1 a 2%
- Oxígeno: 0.05 a 1.5%
- Azufre: 0.05 a 6.0%
- Metales: menos del 0.1%
Entre los metales más comunes encontrados están el hierro, níquel, cobre y vanadio.El origen del petróleo es uno de los fenómenos naturales más sorprendentes. A modo de resumen, el proceso de formación del petróleo es el siguiente:
FORMACIÓN
PROPIEDADES FÍSICAS
DESTILACIÓN FRACCIONADA DEL PETRÓLEO
La destilación fraccionada de petróleo es el proceso en el que se separan los diferentes componentes del petróleo crudo. Cuanto mayor sea la cadena de carbono, mayor es la temperatura a la que hierven estos compuestos. El petróleo crudo se calienta y se transforma en un gas. Los gases pasan a través de una columna de destilación que se enfría a medida que aumenta la altura. Cuando se enfrían los gases por debajo de su punto de ebullición, se condensan en líquidos. Los líquidos se pueden sacar de la columna de destilación a distintas alturas.
PRODUCTOS OBTENIDOS DE LA DESTILACIÓN FRACCIONADA DEL PETRÓLEO
FUELS & OIL DERIVATES
1. Gasoline Gasoline is the most used by combustion vehicles. Taking into account that it is estimated that there are more than 1,000 million cars in the world, its importance is more than clear. 2. Diesel Diesel is another fuel similar to gasoline although, as its process of obtaining it is cheaper, its price is lower. 3. Kerosene Kerosene is used in jet engines, making it the power source for airplanes. It is believed that a total of 96,000 aircraft fly over the sky every day, so their importance is, again, enormous. 4. Asphalt Asphalt is a material in whose composition is petroleum, and it is used for the roads. 5. Plastics Since the 50s, more than 8,000 million tons of plastic have been produced, to manufacture toys, electronic devices, bottles, bags, containers and thousands of other products made with this material, which is a derivative of petroleum. 6. Lubricants Thanks to its oily nature, oil has been treated to synthesize lubricants for machinery and engines, avoiding friction between components. 7. Petroleum coke Coke is a petroleum derivative which carbon fiber and graphite are obtained from. In addition, it is used to make important electrodes in the production of aluminum and steel.
FUELS & OIL DERIVATES
8. Paraffin The wax of the candles we use at home is another derivative of petroleum. Anyway, paraffin is also used to make lubricants, electrical insulation, sealant for bottles, candies, chewing gum… 9. Pitch Pitch is a material obtained from petroleum that is used to obtain graphite and carbon fiber. 10. Tar Tar is a product obtained from the distillation of petroleum. It has a very dense and sticky consistency that is used in, in addition to asphalt, drugs, waterproofing and pipe linings. 11. Paint solvent Solvents are petroleum derivatives that serve to remove paint, especially brushes, and even grease stains. 12. Detergents The detergents we use daily to wash our clothes are also petroleum derivatives. 13. Insecticides All of them have petroleum products in their composition. 14. Fungicides Fungicides are substances used to eliminate harmful fungi and molds that grow on plants and can ruin crops. Like insecticides, they are obtained from petroleum derivatives.
FUELS & OIL DERIVATES
15. Fertilizers Fertilizers are chemicals that improve soil quality, stimulating the growth of plant species. In this sense, petroleum is used to obtain ammonia, which is a very important source of nitrogen in crops. 16. Soaps Many soaps, both shower gels and shampoos, have petroleum derivatives in their composition. 17. Medications Many medicines and drugs have petroleum derivatives in their composition, which help the active ingredient to develop its function more effectively or through which these active ingredients are synthesized. 18. Butane gas Butane gas has been, for many years, the main source of energy in homes to heat water, cook and run heating. 19. Synthetic fabric Synthetic fabrics or fibers are always derived from petroleum. 20. Perfumes In many perfumes, the volatile substances that give it its characteristic aroma are petroleum-derived compounds. 21. Food additives Many of the additives used in the food industry to preserve food or enhance its flavor are derived from petroleum.
FUELS & OIL DERIVATES
22. Latex Latex is a type of plastic so it is a petroleum derivative. It is used to make gloves and condoms. 23. Vaseline Vaseline is a type of petroleum-derived oil that can be used to lubricate parts of the body and promote hydration. 24. Fuel oil Fuel oil is a heavier petroleum-derived fuel than gasoline, diesel and kerosene that is used as an energy source in power plants and in marine vessels. 25. Propane Propane gas is a petroleum derivative used in homes that do not have natural gas. 26. Vitamin supplements Certain vitamin supplements are produced by different petroleum derivatives. Vitamins are produced synthetically from petroleum, as it is cheaper than doing it through biological sources. 27. Synthetic rubber Rubber is a polymer that is obtained from the sap of different plants and is used to manufacture tires, rims and all kinds of waterproof and elastic items. As it is not possible to cover the demand only of vegetable origin, oil is used too. 28. Solar panels The main tool of renewable energy such as solar requires oil for its manufacture. Solar panels are manufactured, in part, through petroleum derivatives.
ADVANTAGES OF OIL ENERGY
Oil has High Energy Density. This is one of the primary reason why it is almost impossible to use other forms of energy. You can use a small amount of natural gas to generate a giant amount of energy. Oil is Easily Available. Oil is available in almost all parts of the world. You can easily access it, and this has been made possible by the efficient transport systems that are available in almost all places. Oil is Used in a Variety of Industries. Oil is used in almost all industries. Almost all the goods that you are using have been produced using oil at some stage in their production process. Oil is one of the essential inputs in almost all industries in the world.
DISADVANTAGES OF OIL ENERGY
Emission of Greenhouse Gases. This has been the biggest threat to using oil energy. After combustion, oil releases gases such as carbon dioxide and other greenhouse emissions. These gases are very harmful to the ozone layer. Continued destruction of the ozone layer ultimately leads to global warming. Water Pollution. Oil is transported in crude form. This makes water transport the most viable option for moving the oil from one place to another. This leads to spills, and they are destructive to aquatic life. Oil Refining Produces Highly Toxic Substances. Oil is primarily a mixture of various hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons have to be refined first to be used in various ways. During this process, various toxic gases such as carbon monoxide and solids such as plastic are emitted.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
Petróleo - Qué es, definición y concepto | 2023 | Economipedia
▷ Tipos de petróleo - ¿Cómo se clasifican? (clasificacionde.org)
¿Cuál es la composición química del petróleo? (siliseed.com)
Cómo se FORMA el PETRÓLEO - Resumen del proceso (ecologiaverde.com)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Oil Energy (4gas.com)
Los 30 derivados del petróleo más importantes (y sus aplicaciones) (medicoplus.com)
https://www.ingenieriadepetroleo.com/destilacion-fraccionada-de-petroleo/
GRACIAS.