what does that mean

What Does That Mean?

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Treble and Bass Clef

The treble clef is a musical sign that places notes that determines the pitch of the notes. The treble clef is used to allow instrumentalists and performers to be able to read their music. The treble clef specifically allows the performers and musicians to read the notes that are above the "middle C". The bass clef is a musical sign that places notes that determine the pitch of the notes. The bass clef is used to allow instrumentalists and performers read their music specifically for the range of their intsrument. The bass clef determines notes below the "middle C" Eg. the bass clef is used for the electric bass because the range of the bass isnt high enough to be played above the middle C.

Treble: names and positions of notes on the stave

The picture on the top right is a stave. It consists of five lines that make it possible for musicians to read notes. Each line and space represents a musical note. Eg. The first space in the stave signifies the note F (treble clef). Ledger lines are used to make notes that arent on the original five lines of the stave readable to the musicians. They look like a continuation to the original five however they are much smaller. They can be above or below the original stave. They are also used to avoid wasting space and adding a new stave.

Accidentals

• The Girl from Impanema

Accidentals are used for toning the pitch of the note either up or down. With the use of flats and sharps this is made possible. Flats pitch the note down a semi tone, the sharp tones the note a semi tone above the original note. A natural sign takes the accidental and cancels it out. Composers use these to get out of the original key of the music. This allows the peice of music to more interesting. Accidentals are also used as a passing note. In this case the peice "the girl from Impanema" is in the key of F therfore the natural is used to make it more interesting and jazzy. This accidental causes a change in the note. It would be considered a jazzy note. This is because it makes the combination of the two notes sound more clustered adding a jazz element to the notes.

Intervals

There are many different types of intervals that are commonly used in music. Eg. the first cirle is a major 3rd. Intervals are used in songwriting and compositions to create more interesting and better meodies and harmonies for people to listen to. To find out what interval is present you must calculate how many tones and semitones are between the two notes. In this piece specifically, there has been a repeated use of multiple intervals. The composer has done this to create a repeated and noticable melody for the listeners to catch up on and look forward to. The repeat of the major 2nd interval going down combines well with the lyrics of "stand by me."

Intervals pt.2

This show other examples of intervals that are used constantly throughout music (treble). These intervals shown are called harmonic intervals because they are played at the same time. There are more intervals than the ones present here. 1) notes F and B flat make up a perfect 4th 2) notes A and D make up a perfect 5th 3) notes C and E make up a major 6th 4) notes A and G make up a minor 7th 5) notes G and G make up an octave

There are also augmented and diminshed major and perfect intervals. Augmenting means to widen and diminishing is to narrow. Therefore augmenting a major intercal means that you have to increase it by a semi tone. To dimish a makor interval is to take away a tone. To augment a perfect interval you need to increaes it by a semi tone. To diminish a perfect interval you need to decrease by semi tone.

Bars and bar lines

The Girl from Impanema

A bar is a section of the stave that fits a certain amount of beats inside of it. That number depends on the time signature at the beginning of the piece. They are used for perfomers to keep in time and it allows them to read what part in the music that they are in. Bar lines are the seperators of each bar. Bar lines are a clear and distinct line between each bar. There are other types of bars such as double bar lines and repeat bar lines present here. In this case the bar lines seperate each bar after four beats. In the last bar of the top line, the top line is playing a crotchet note, 3 times that equates to three beats. Combined with two quavers equate to four full beats. This is why the bar ends and a bar line is used to seperate the bar.

Time Signatures

Time signatures are tools that are made that indicate how many beats are allowed in each bar. It causes structure and organization to the music. They help performers keep in time. There are lots of different time signatures. There are the most common ones such as 4/4 and 3/4 and there are more interseting less used ones such as the 12/8 here. They are divided by simple, compound and complex time signatures. 4/4 is an example of a simple, 5/4 is an example of a complex and 12/8 is an example of a compound time signature. To read the time signature it is explained through the top and bottom number. The top number is the number of beats in each bar. The bottom number equates to the value / length of each beat. So for "We are the champions" it means that that there are 12 eigth notes in each full bar. This would be considered as a difficult compound time signature. Time signatures are significant to all music because without them there would be no structure in music and music would be almost unplayable.

Key Signatures

A key signature is placed at the beggining of every peice straight after the time signature. Its either a flat or sharp at the beginning of almost every peice of music. Some peices dont have a key signature which means the song is in the key of C. Key signatures are there for mucisians and performers to remember what notes they can and can not play. To read key signatures you need the circle of fifths. Depending on the amount of flats or sharps present in the peice will change the key signature. More experienced mucisians won't need to use the circle of fifths as they can memorize each key signature. As you can see here, "Purple Haze" is in the key signature of A flat as it has four flats. To read the cirlce of fiths C is no sharps or flats and moving to the right is D, 1 sharp, down another is D with two sharps. All the way down to the end in C sharp with 7 sharps. The same priciniple applies going left with the flats.

Note and rest values

A musical note is a notation that tells a musician to play a note and how long for. The exact same for a rest. First is a semibreve, followed by two minims and four crotchets. Then by 16 quavers, 32 semiquavers and 64 demisemiquavers. Finally there is 128 hemidemisemiquavers. All these are equvalent to 4 beats. Everything up to the semiquaver is used by composers constantly. You can find them in almost every musical composition. The same goes for the equivalent rest values. The use of demisemiquavers and hemidemisemiquavers are less frequent. If they were rests they would mostly be used for quick breath breaks for the performers to have enough air. They could also be used to create suspention within the peice. They create interesting change and create a small break to keep the listeners clued. If its a note being played it causes abrupt and precise notes to be played. This again makes the peice more enjoyable and interesting to listen to. As you can see here on "Stand by me" there is constant use of minims, crochets, quavers, semiquavers and their rest equivalents. Specifically on bar 2 there is a crochet and two of its rest equivalent right after.

Metronomome markings

Metronome markings are notations most commonly on the very top left of the peice. It is placed there so the performer understands how fast or slow they have to go to play it perfectly. They tell the musician the pace in beats per minute and associate the pace with a tempo marking. As you can see "Purple Haze" has the bpm of 112. It is clear and distinct so that the performer cant miss it. Metronome markings are crucial for proffesional mucisians that have to stay in the exact time given on the page. Jimi Hendrix's style however does not require to stay exactly in time.

Expressions (tempo)

As you can see here, there is a tempo marking asociated with a definition and a bpm. The point of these expressions is to describe the tempo to the performers. It ranges from largo - broadly/slow up to allegro - fast. These expressions are usually placed at the very beginning of the peice. However, they can also be used throughout the peice during the tempo changes. Tempo changes within the peice are used by composers to create suspense and adds variation to the music. They make it increasingly more difficult for the musicisians to play in time. As you can see here on this peice "Variations on a Waltz" the expression used is vivace. The composer has done this because in a peice like this with many crotchets used pace at 156 bpm is crucial. This is because it would be extensively boring if we would be listening to the same few notes over and over slowly. The composer has done it at this pace on purpose.

Expressions (dynamics)

Dynamics is another word for volume, or loudness. This means that if there is an expression above a line of music, it tells us that this part should be played at a certain volume. It can range from pianissimo - very quiet, all the way up to fortissimo - very loud. Another expression is crescendo and diminuendo. A crescendo tells us that the music should start to be played louder and a diminuendo tells us that the msuic should quiet down now. The length of the crescendo/diminuendo tells the musician how long the change in volume should last. As you can see here, the peice starts of in piano, relaitively quiet. Then the crescendo increases the vome over two bars of the piece into forte. This means the peice is now being played quite loudly. The composer, Beethoven has done this to increase the tension and the power of the peice to interest the listeners. He did this on purpose as the notation is repetetive and is boring.

Instrumental and vocal techniques

The proper way of breathing when singing includes: breathing and holding through your chest. This is done because it allows singers to hold their note for longer and at a louder volume. Trill symboled tr and often a squiggly line (shows the desired length of note) straight after tells the mucisan to play the note up and down a pitch repeatedly. Pedal marks is a way of signalling to the musician to press the pedal of the piano, this causes the piano play elongated or quieter notes. A spread chord is shown with a wiggly line that goes up near a chord. This means that chord should now be played strumed. A strum is when the notes are played slightly apart from eachother to hear a difference. A turn is a symbol often a sideways "S" and it indicates the note above the original note, the orignal note, the note below and back up to the original note to be played.

Instrumental and Vocal Techniques

Articulation markings

Staccato - a staccato is a note that when played needs to be short and snappy/detached. A staccato is shown by a dot either below or above the note needed. Legato - a legato is a long durated fluid note that blends into the note next to it. It is connected with a bow above or below. Glissando - a glissando is a marking that causes two notes that are next to eachother to be sli without separation, connected with a bow Slides - when an istrumentalist or vocalist slides between a series of notes. It is shown with a squiggly line. Pause - a pause sign tells us to hold the rest slightly longer than the written value. It is shown by a dot with a semi circle above it. Tie - is a combination of two notes of the same pitch that are directly next to eachother. It is shown by a connecting line.

Articulation Markings

Articulation Markings

Graphic scores

A graphic score is a way of writing music without using classical notation. Graphic scores use images and visuals to express music. It allows the musician to wonder and express themselves and their intepretation of the music when learning and playing the peice. In this score by Peter Maxwell Davies "The Lady in waiting from Eight Song for a Mad King" you can see there a 7 staves. These staves include notation that are arguably unplayable inlcuding a vertical stave that is simply for the musician to decide how to play.

Tonic Sol-Fa

Tonic Sol-Fa is a way of learning the sound of scales by using ear, voice and hand. It is most commonly used by children and beginner musicians still trying to learn the structure of scales. What sounds right and wrong etc. They also an equivalent to standard notation such as C (look below). In the piece, "SONGS OF THE PEOPLE" you can read the notation of the notes of Sol-Fa. Its in the key of D and you can see that each letter signifies a note. R stands for Re and L stands for La. The tonic sol fa is easily translatable to notation as shown below therfore mucisians only need to know the key of the peice.

Guitar Tablature

This is an example of guitar tablature. This is how to read it, each line represent a string of the guitar, starts off at E, B, G, D, A and finishes with E again. The number on each note represents the fret you need to play. If its the number 0 you should play the string itself with no fret. If it appears for multiple notes to be on the same line you should play them at the same time. In this example in "Let it be" by the beatles it shows two ways of playing the guitar piece. A regular stave with a treble clef and the guitar tab at the bottom. However what makes the guitar tab so special is that its easier to know where the notes are on the guitar. For example, knowing where the note G on the guitar immediately is practically impossible. With the tab present I am immediately told that its on the 5th fret.

Drum Notation

The bottom stave is an example of drum notation. To be able to read drum notation you have to look at each line and space, together with certain symbol to be able to understand what to play. Each space and line equate to a different drum or cymbal on the drum kit. The picture above explains all the notations. There also a few notations that are not even played such as ghost notes. In this case, "Let it Be" has lots of toms being used. This makes complete sense as the beatles drummer Ringo Starr loves using them. It is part of the Beatles "sound." The toms also create a better bounce and groove to the song. They make the repeated bars lots more interesting.

Chord Chart

This is a chord chart. At the beginning it shows all the chords present in the song. Here is how to read a chord chart. This chord here is a C major chord. The vertical lines represent each line of the guitar starting from the 6th and ennding at the 1st string. The diagonal lines and the numbers on the vertical lines represent the fret to play. The X on top shows that the string below shouldnt be played. The O represent that the line below should be played without a fret, so open string. For "Let it be" specifically, the chord chart is significant because the song is chord heavy and is important that they are played on time and correctly. The chords present in the song are C, G, Am, Fmaj7, F sharp, F and C/G.

Lead Sheet

This is a lead sheet, it can come in both ways, guitar tab and standard treble clef notation. The lead sheet is often used and usually only for the guitar. The lead sheet is more often than not the main melody of the song and is the most noticable. It is usually played the loudest out of all the instruments. Often referred as the "hook" of the song. Leads and lead sheets are constantly used in rock songs such as "All along the watchtower" by Jimi Hendrix. In this case of "Let it Be" the lead guitar is the most important and loud intrument of the song. The melody is the most noticable and is crucial for it to be played correctly. This led sheet includes the tab the regular stave. With a single melody line of the guitar.

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Sources

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