Manifest Destiny

Manifest destiny

Westward Expansion

7 California and Utah

6 Gold Rush

5 The Mexican Cession

4 The US Mexican War

3 Texas

2 Manifest Destiny

1 The Oregon Trail

INDEX

Oregon CountyOregon Country was the vast area between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, north of California. In the early 1800s, four nations claimed the territory: -United States -Great Britain -Spain -Russia

The first Americans in Oregon were fur traders. These American adventurers were called Mountain Men. Mountain men made their living trapping beaver. The annual rendezvous was the highlight of their year. Mountain man Jedediah Smith discovered the South Pass, which became the most common way to cross the Rocky Mountains to Oregon. In time Mountain Men killed off most of the beaver. Many like Kit Carson became guides for families moving to Oregon.

The first settlers to arrive in Oregon were missionaries. Their goal was to convert Native Americans to Christianity. (Marcus & Narcissa Whitman) In the early 1840s Oregon Fever swept the Mississippi Valley. Emigrants made the trip during the Great Migration.

it's manifest destiny!

The trip to Oregon was roughly 2,000 miles and took five or six months along the Oregon Trail. Families loaded up their prairie schooners and started from Independence, Missouri. From 1840 to 1845, the population of the Willamette Valley increased from 500 people to 5,000 people.

The oregon trail

Many Americans began to feel the mission of the United States was to spread freedom by occupying the entire continent. John O’Sullivan, a NY newspaper editor, declared it was America’s “manifest destiny to overspread and possess the whole of the continent which Providence has given us.”

• Settlers in Oregon wanted the U.S. to have sole ownership of the territory.
• In the election of 1844, James K. Polk supported their wishes.
• Shortly afterward, the United States and Great Britain agreed to the 49° N parallel as the border in Oregon.

Conflict in Texas began in 1803 with the Louisiana Purchase. Americans believed that Texas was part of the Louisiana Purchase. Spain protested. In the Adams-Onís Treaty (1819), America dropped all claims to Spanish Texas. Most of the residents of Texas at this time were Tejanos. To encourage settlement, the Mexican government offered land grants to empresarios.

Empresarios recruited families to settle in Texas. Moses Austin received the first land grant, but he died before he could bring settlers. Stephen F. Austin took over and recruited families. The group he recruited was called the “Old Three-Hundred.” .

The colonists who came to Texas promised to...

And obey Mexican law

Convert to Catholocism

Become Mexican Citizens

Learn Spanish

Most Texas settlers came from the United States. They soon outnumbered the Mexicans in Texas. Americans refused to adopt Mexican ways. And the U.S. In 1830, Mexico passed a decree to stop all immigration from the U.s. and placed a tax on American made goods.

Americans were furious. They were also angry over Mexico’s plans to ban slavery in Texas.

After Santa Anna refused demands to make Texas a separate state, Stephen F. Austin encouraged Texans to prepare for independence. He was arrested.Santa Anna made himself dictator and discarded the Mexican Constitution.

Come and Take it!

In October 1835 Mexican troops attempted to take a cannon in Gonzales, Texas. The Texans defended the cannon, flying the “Come and Take It” flag.They drove back the Mexicans in the first fight of the Texas Revolution, The Battle of Gonzales (Lexington of Texas).

The Texans then liberated San Antonio from the Mexican army. However, they left the city afterwards. Santa Anna was furious. He sent two forces into Texas. He led soldiers to San Antonio, and General Urrea led forces to Goliad.

Roughly 180 men were left to defend San Antonio at the Alamo. The leaders of the Texans were~Davy Crockett ~James Bowie ~William B. Travis After a twelve day siege, in February 1836, the Mexican army was able to break through the walls of the Alamo. Santa Anna said after the battle, “The Texans fought more like devils than like men.”

Texas Declared independence

On March 2nd, 1836

General Urrea, who had marched to Goliad, captured the Texans, led by James Walker Fannin. The captured Texans were executed on Santa Anna’s orders. Over 300 Texans were murdered and their bodies burned on Easter Sunday. This is known as the Goliad Massacre

-Sam Houston was elected the first president of Texas. He asked the U.S. to annex Texas. -But Texas was a slave state, and it would upset the balance between slave and free states in the Union. -James K. Polk was elected president in 1844 and supported Manifest Destiny. Texas was annexed to the United States in 1845, becoming the 28th state.

-Sam Houston was commander in chief of the Texas forces. Houston made plans to surprise Santa Anna at San Jacinto. -The Texans shouted “Remember the Alamo! Remember Goliad!” -The Mexican army lost 600 soldiers. But no Texans lost their lives. -Santa Anna was captured shortly after the battle of San Jacinto and signed a treaty recognizing Texas independence in 1836.

Texas is annexed

Summary of Texas History

New Mexico was the region between Texas and California. Because of its size, Mexico had little control.William Becknell was the first American trader to reach Santa Fe in 1821. His route became known as the Santa Fe Trail. Spanish explorers and missionaries were the first settlers in California. Missions were very important to the settlement of California. Missions were used to convert Native Americans to Catholicism.

Rancheros treated Native Americas working their land like slaves.

They built ranchos similar to plantations in the South.

Mexican settlers bought land in California.

Gaining the west

When the U.S. annexed Texas, tensions increased. In addition to claiming the annexation was illegal, they disagreed over the location of the border: Mexico: Border was the Nueces River United States: Border was the Rio Grande Polk sent John Slidell to offer $30 million for New Mexico and California. Mexico refused and announced plans to reclaim Texas.

War With Mexico...

President Polk sent Zachary Taylor to the disputed territory south of the Nueces River. The Mexican government sent troops north of the Rio Grande. After the Mexican troops attacked, James K. Polk said that Mexico had shed American blood on American soil. On May 13, 1846, Congress declared war against Mexico. Abraham Lincoln & Frederick Douglass both opposed the war with Mexico.

Take the capital, Mexico City

Seize California and New Mexico

Drive Mexico out of the disputed territory

Polk had a three part war plan: All three parts were successful. The U.S. lost 1721 men and 11,000 to disease. The war cost the U.S. $100 million.

War Ends

Mexico fared much worse than the U.S. After the war, Mexico lost half its territory.The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed in 1848 ending the Mexican War. The terms were: 1. Mexico gave up all claims to Texas and agreed to the Rio Grande as the border. 2. In the Mexican Cession Mexico ceded California and New Mexico to the U.S.

Gadsen Purchase

3. The United States paid Mexico $15 million for the territory. In 1853 the United States paid Mexico $10 million for a small strip of land along the southern edge of Arizona and New Mexico. This was called the Gadsden Purchase. With the Gadsden Purchase, America reached its present size and completed Manifest Destiny.

Gadsen Purchase

US Mexican War

In 1848 gold was discovered at Sutter’s Mill on the American River in California. 80,000 people came to California looking for gold in 1849. Those people were called forty-niners. Many gold seekers came by sea. Some came overland. The Treat of Guadalupe Hidalgo made Californios citizens of the U.S. and also guaranteed their rights to their land.

But Californios had to prove they owned the land or white settlers could move in and claim it. People built boomtowns in California and cities flourished. The Gold Rush doubled the world’s supply of gold. California became a state in 1850.

The Mormons moved to Utah to fulfill their visions of a godly life.Joseph Smith founded the Mormon Church in New York in 1830. They supported polygamy. The Mormons left New York because of opposition to their way of life and headed to Illinois. Joseph Smith was killed by a mob in Illinois. Brigham Young took over, leading the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake in Utah.

Mormons in Utah

In 1846 12,000 Mormons went to Utah in the single largest migration in American history. They settled in Deseret, later known as Salt Lake City. They planned towns, built irrigation systems, and developed industries. Utah became a territory in 1850 with Brigham Young as its governor. Because of many conflicts with the American government, Utah did not become a state until 1896.

the end

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